Hybrid Silica Research Articles

2-Amino-4-chlorophenol based Schiff base allied organosilatrane and its silica nanoparticles: Sensing of Cu(II) ion and urease inhibitory activity via spectroscopic and molecular docking study

In this manuscript, 2-amino-4-chlorophenol based Schiff base allied organosilatrane was synthesized using click silylation approach. Then, an astonishing movement was made by encapsulation of compound 5 over silica nanoparticles (Si-NPs) to synthesize hybrid silica nanoparticles acknowledged as AP-NPs and were characterized through various techniques. The colorimetric as well as UV–Vis absorption studies were carried out to recognize the sensing behavior of probes 5 and AP-NPs towards array of metal ions. The probes 5 and AP-NPs detected Cu2+ ion across wide range of other co-existent metal ions recommending highly selective nature. Further, the possible binding modes between ligand 5 and CuCl2 were inspected experimentally through FT-IR and also, approved theoretically by DFT. Moreover, the molecular docking studies were performed to rationalize the highly preferred modes of interaction of ligand 5 with active site of urease.

Influence of anions on the structural and catalytic properties of CTA-MCM-41

CTA-MCM-41 — Mobil Composition of Matter 41 with cetyltrimethylammonium cations (CTA+) — is a hybrid silica known for its high basic catalytic activity due to anionic silanolate sites (Si−O-) that are bound to CTA+. The synthesis of this material depends on the properties of CTA+ micelles in aqueous dispersion which, in turn, depend on the surrounding anions. Thus, this study investigated different types and amounts of anions in the synthesis of CTA-MCM-41. Chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), iodide (I-), nitrate (NO3-) and hydroxide (OH-) anions in sodium form were added to the synthesis mixture, and the obtained silicas were tested in the transesterification reaction. It is hereby presented a comprehensive study on how micelles-anion interfaces play a key role in the synthesis of this important hybrid silica catalyst, and it was possible to synthesize a more active basic catalyst than the conventional CTA-MCM-41, just by exploring such surface chemistry effects. Three significant features are highlighted: (1) improved catalytic activity of CTA-MCM-41 applied in transesterification; (2) Synthesis of CTA-MCM-41 with higher retention of cations per silica and higher amount of silanolate basic sites; (3) deepening knowledge of the synthesis mechanism of materials from the MCM-41 family. The effects are more pronounced in the order I- > NO3- > Cl-, in accordance with the Hofmeister ion series. Hydroxide anions, however, led to the greatest increase in the number of sites and basic catalytic activity (up to 52.4 %). These results reinforce the validity of the {S+, X-, I-} (S: surfactant; X: anion; I: silica) silica formation mechanism and reveal a synthesis with hydroxide anions that produces a catalyst more active than conventional CTA-MCM-41.

Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection

Abstract This study presents two alternative fluorescent nanoparticle-based oxytetracycline (OTC) detection methods in milk samples. Rhodamine 6G-coated fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles and fluorescent magnetic/silica nanoparticles functionalized with anti-OTC antibodies were used in this test. The sandwich test format was utilized to compare anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica nanoparticles with OTC/OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles in an Eppendorf tube with magnetic separators. The magnetic separator helps to quickly retain all of the OTC captured by fluorescent magnetic core–shell nanoparticles in the milk sample. As a result, the assay time was dramatically shortened. The obtained linear range was 1.34 × 10−6 to 2.10 × 10−8 (M) (R 2 = 0.9954), the detection limit was 4.76 ng/mL, and the total assay time was 90 min. This approach was used to determine the OTC concentration in milk samples, and the maximum percentage (%) of interference was less than 3.0%, with a recovery rate of greater than 97.0%. This approach offers a high potential for residue detection in milk samples. With a total analysis period of less than 90 min, this approach provided the best way to determine the capture and detector nanoparticles’ response.

High-Performance Flexible Hybrid Silica Membranes with an Ultrasonic Atomization-Assisted Spray-Coated Active Layer on Polymer for Isopropanol Dehydration.

Organic-inorganic hybrid silica materials, incorporating an organic group bridging two silicon atoms, have demonstrated great potential in creating membranes with excellent permselectivity. Yet, the large-scale production of polymer-supported flexible hybrid silica membranes has remained a significant challenge. In this study, we present an easy and scalable approach for fabricating these membranes. By employing a sol-gel ultrasonic spray process with a single-pass method, we deposited a thin and uniform hybrid active layer onto a porous polymer substrate. We first optimized the deposition conditions, including substrate temperature, the binary solvent ratio of the silica sol, and various ultrasonic spray parameters. The resulting flexible hybrid silica membranes exhibited exceptional dehydration performance for isopropanol (IPA)/water solutions (IPA: 90 wt%) in the pervaporation process, achieving a water flux of 0.6 kg/(m2 h) and a separation factor of around 1300. This work demonstrates that the single-pass ultrasonic spray method is an effective strategy for the large-scale production of polymer-supported flexible hybrid silica membranes.

Organic–inorganic hybrid silica systems: synthesis strategies and optical applications

Organic–inorganic hybrid silica systems: synthesis strategies and optical applications

Hybrid sol-gel coatings doped with phytic acid-urea salt for fire protection of polyester/cotton blend fabrics

It is highly desirable to construct a sustainable hybrid silica coating to enhance the flame retardant (FR) properties of polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics. In this study, a novel urea phytate salt was synthesized and used to prepare a phosphorus/nitrogen-doped hybrid silica sol system. The hybrid silica coating was then applied to the T/C fabric to develop a highly efficient FR-coated T/C fabric with improved washing durability. The surface morphology, size distribution, and condensation degree of the hybrid silica sol particles were characterized. The thermal stability, heat release, flame retardancy, and mode of action of the coated T/C fabrics were also investigated. The coated T/C fabrics exhibited self-extinguishing performance, with the damaged length decreasing from 30 cm to 8.5 cm and the LOI increasing from 17.1% to 30%. The desirable flame retardancy of the coated T/C fabric was well maintained even after 10 washing cycles. The remarkably inhibited heat release ability suggested a decreased fire hazard. A potential condensed-phase flame retardancy mechanism was proposed based on TG and char residue analyses. This study presents an eco-friendly and efficient hybrid silica coating that effectively reduces the fire hazard of T/C fabrics.

Swellable hybrid silicas for the removal of rhodamine B dye from aqueous phase

This study is focused on the use of a hybrid organic-inorganic silica (Silica-SOM) for the removal of Rhodamine B dye (RhB) from water media. Because of its hybrid structure, Silica-SOM has the unique property of being swellable in the presence of an organic solvent, thus increasing the volume available for pollutants adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the Silica-SOM to adsorb RhB from water media has been determined. In particular, if the material is previously swollen with an organic solvent, it is able to sequester more than 99 % of dye molecules in a 1.0 × 10−5 M RhB solution in less than 1 h at ambient conditions. In addition, the ability of Silica-SOM to be re-generated by mild sonication in ethanol after one RhB adsorption cycle was tested for the first time: the material was easily regenerated and used for six consecutive adsorption cycles; in each of them there is no loss in adsorption performance, which remains quantitatively high and extremely fast.

Self-healing glassy hybrids based on imidazole-functionalized silica nanoparticles with zinc complexes using dynamic and reversible cross-linking

Self-healing glass materials can potentially overcome the inherent limitations of glass, such as brittleness and difficulties in repairing broken sections while maintaining its critical properties. This paper reports a structural design and synthetic strategy for preparing glassy self-healing hybrids with high silica contents. The developed hybrids exhibited excellent self-healing properties based on dynamic and reversible crosslinking owing to the high density of zinc/imidazole units on the silica surface. First, core–shell silica nanoparticles with small multifunctional imidazole/butyl units (diameter: approximately10 nm) and good processability (homogeneous colloidal dispersions in common organic solvents) were synthesized. Afterwards, imidazole-functionalized silica nanoparticles were fabricated using Zn species to obtain self-healing hybrids with high silica contents (>60 wt%). These nanoparticles served as multifunctional and reversible crosslinking sites that dissipated energy, resulting in excellent mechanical, thermal, and healing characteristics. The obtained zinc/imidazole-based silica hybrids remain solid with high storage elasticity in the temperature range of 25–160 °C and high thermal stability corresponding to a 5 wt% weight loss above 280 °C, which were critical for self-healing glass applications. They also exhibited a moderate Young’s modulus of 330 MPa and a self-healing recovery efficiency of 87%. The findings of this study provide new insights into the roles of reversible interactions (metal/ligand exchange reactions) at particle–particle interfaces and high surface functionalities that serve as non-covalent crosslinking points. The prepared hybrids with high silica contents remain solid over a wide temperature range, which can open new avenues for self-healing glass materials.

The Impact of Water as an Additive on the Elution of Some Basic Organic Compounds in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.

In this study, water was used as an additive in the methanol-modified carbon dioxide-based eluent for the elution of some basic organic compounds from a hybrid silica column via supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The experiments were applied to sulfonamides, propranolol, and other organic nitrogen compounds involving aromatic rings from different classes of amine, pyrimidine, and purine with different pKa values (the pKa values for the studied analytes range from 4.6 to 10.4). The results revealed different responses to the different percentages of water addition. Adding 1~2% of water to the modifier (methanol) led to a positive effect manifested by more symmetrical peak shapes and reduced retention times for most compounds. The key factor for this improvement in the properties of chromatographic peaks is due to the adsorption of water on the silanol groups of the stationary phase, consequently resembling the phenomena observed in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). Moreover, the availability of hydrogen bond acceptor and donor sites in the analyte structure is an important factor to be considered when adding water as an additive to the modifier for improving the chromatographic peaks. However, introducing water in an amount higher than 3% resulted in perturbed chromatographic signals. It was also found that water as an additive alone could not successfully elute propranolol from the hybrid silica column with an acceptable peak shape; thus, the addition of a strong base such as amine salts was also necessary. The proposed use of a particular amount of water in the mobile phase could have a positive effect compared to the same mobile phase without water, improving the chromatographic peak properties of the elution of some basic organic compounds from the hybrid silica column.

Scalable synthesis of ultrasmall hybrid silica colloidal particles through balanced solvophobic interaction and electrostatic repulsion

Scalable synthesis of ultrasmall hybrid silica colloidal particles through balanced solvophobic interaction and electrostatic repulsion

Facile synthesis of amine hybrid silica aerogel globule via wet casting assisted self-catalysed sol-gel process for CO2 capture including direct air capture

Amine hybrid silica aerogel globule (AHSAG) for CO2 capture including direct air capture (DAC) was firstly synthesized via wet casting assisted self-catalyzed sol-gel process. AHSAG has abundant interpenetrating macropores, which favors diffusion of CO2 into internal amine sites and can enhance CO2 adsorption kinetics and capacity. The optimal CO2 adsorption capacity of AHSAG with dry 100% and 400 ppm CO2 are 3.82 (30 °C) and 1.86 mmol/g (55 °C), respectively. Corresponding amine efficiencies are 0.478 and 0.233. The effect of temperature on CO2 adsorption capacity is attributed to simultaneous enhancement of mass transfer kinetics and adsorption thermodynamics. The highest CO2 adsorption rate of AHSAG is achieved at 70 and 55 °C with 100% and 400 ppm CO2, respectively. The trend of CO2 adsorption rate with temperature is attributed to the synergistic effect of diffusion kinetics and desorption. Based on experimental CO2 adsorption kinetics, adsorption mechanism in 400 ppm CO2 was estimated with different diffusion models. Both film diffusion resistance and intraparticle diffusion resistance are involved in CO2 capture of AHSAG from air under given condition to control the overall adsorption process. Three kinetics models were used to fit the experimental data of AHSAG for DAC, and the Avrami model showed the best fitting within the whole adsorption period. Comparing with its state-of-the-art counterparts, AHSAG offers significant advantages for practical DAC, such as high adsorption capacity and amine efficiency, fast adsorption kinetics, and excellent cyclic stability.

Efficient Inhibition of Deep Conversion of Partial Oxidation Products in C-H Bonds' Functionalization Utilizing O2 via Relay Catalysis of Dual Metalloporphyrins on Surface of Hybrid Silica Possessing Capacity for Product Exclusion.

To inhibit the deep conversion of partial oxidation products (POX-products) in C-H bonds' functionalization utilizing O2, 5-(4-(chloromethyl)phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(perfluorophenyl)porphyrin cobalt(II) and 5-(4-(chloromethyl)phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(perfluorophenyl)porphyrin copper(II) were immobilized on the surface of hybrid silica to conduct relay catalysis on the surface. Fluorocarbons with low polarity and heterogeneous catalysis were devised to decrease the convenient accessibility of polar POX-products to catalytic centers on the lower polar surface. Relay catalysis between Co and Cu was designed to utilize the oxidation intermediates alkyl hydroperoxides to transform more C-H bonds. Systematic characterizations were conducted to investigate the structure of catalytic materials and confirm their successful syntheses. Applied to C-H bond oxidation, not only deep conversion of POX-products was inhibited but also substrate conversion and POX-product selectivity were improved simultaneously. For cyclohexane oxidation, conversion was improved from 3.87% to 5.27% with selectivity from 84.8% to 92.3%, which was mainly attributed to the relay catalysis on the surface excluding products. The effects of the catalytic materials, product exclusion, relay catalysis, kinetic study, substrate scope, and reaction mechanism were also investigated. To our knowledge, a practical and novel strategy was presented to inhibit the deep conversion of POX-products and to achieve efficient and accurate oxidative functionalization of hydrocarbons. Also, a valuable protocol was provided to avoid over-reaction in other chemical transformations requiring high selectivity.

Halloysite nanotubes-based hybrid silica monolithic spin tip for hydrophilic solid-phase extraction of sulbactam, cefoperazone, and cefuroxime in whole blood

In this study, we proposed a novel method utilizing polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)-based hybrid silica monolithic spin tip to analyze hydrophilic β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamases inhibitors in whole blood samples for the first time. HNTs were incorporated directly into the hybrid silica monolith via a sol-gel method, which improved the hydrophilicity of the matrix. The as-prepared monolith was further modified with PEI by glutaraldehyde coupling reaction. It was found that the PEI-modified HNTs-based hybrid silica monolith enabled a large adsorption capacity of cefoperazone at 35.7 mg g−1. The monolithic spin tip-based purification method greatly reduced the matrix effect of whole blood samples and had a detection limit as low as 0.1 − 0.2 ng mL−1. In addition, the spiked recoveries of sulbactam, cefuroxime, and cefoperazone in blank whole blood were in the range of 89.3–105.4 % for intra-day and 90.6–103.5 % for inter-day, with low relative standard deviations of 1.3–7.2 % and 4.9–10.5 %, respectively. This study introduces a new strategy for preparing nanoparticles incorporated in a hybrid silica monolith with a high adsorption capacity. Moreover, it offers a valuable tool to monitor sulbactam, cefoperazone, and cefuroxime in whole blood from pregnant women with the final aim of guiding their administration.

Modification of amino functionalized silica nanoparticles with L-proline and furanacrylic acid as novel composites for the efficient removal of methyl orange

The present study deals with the preparation of new composites in which L-proline (LP) and furnacrylic acid (FA) have been grafted on surface of amino functionalized silica nanoparticles (AFS). At first, AFS were prepared by sol-gel approach using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silica source and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as silica modifiers. Taking the advantage of amino group on AFS surface, LP and FA were easily grafted on silica surface to obtain LP grafted silica (AFS-LP) and FA grafted silica (AFS-FA) nanocomposites by post modification approach. As prepared composites were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The evidence of LP and FA on AFS was elucidated from the FTIR bands found at 1650–1698 cm−1 related to carbonyl group CO) of amide. Additionally, peaks observed at 2965 cm−1 (C-H stretching) of propyl groups and at 1050 cm−1 (Si-O-Si) indicated that the backbone of the material is preserved as silica. The micro images of SEM depicted that the AFS are spherical in shape and have more degree of monodispersivity whereas the SEM images of composites (AFS-LP and AFS-FA) have larger particle size and less degree of monodispersivity. Likewise, XRD peaks at 2θ (∼12°) revealed the mesoporosity of silica as well as hybrid silica and further depression in this peak in case of AFS-LP and AFS-FA depicted the existence of organic moieties on silica. TGA analysis depicted three decomposition steps (high weight loss) in case of AFS-LP and AFS-FA in contrast to two decomposition steps observed in case of AFS. The higher weight loss observed in the case of hybrid composites depicted the grafting of organic molecules on AFS. The prepared composites AFS-LP and AFS-FA were deployed to investigate their adsorption capacity to remove methyl orange (MO) from aqueous media. Experiments revealed that the composites have high adsorption capacity in acidic media (pH=2) with % removal of 85.05 % for AFS-LP and 81.70 % for AFS-FA. The experimental data was evaluated for adsorption isotherms and value of correlation factor (R2) was close to unity in case of Freundlich representing that the adsorption follows Freundlich isotherm. The data was also evaluated for kinetic models and higher values of R2 as well as closeness of experimental and calculated values of Qe predicted that adsorption of MO followed pseudo-second order kinetic model.

Novel Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Hybrids Based on Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Osteoinductive Properties.

Inorganic-organic hybrid biomaterials have been proposed for bone tissue repair, with improved mechanical flexibility compared with scaffolds fabricated from bioceramics. However, obtaining hybrids with osteoinductive properties equivalent to those of bioceramics is still a challenge. In this work, we present for the first time the synthesis of a class II hybrid modified with bioactive glass nanoparticles (nBGs) with osteoinductive properties. The nanocomposite hybrids were produced by incorporating nBGs in situ into a polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) and silica (SiO2) hybrid synthesis mixture using a combined sol-gel and cationic polymerization method. nBGs ~80 nm in size were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The structure, composition, morphology, and mechanical properties of the resulting materials were characterized using ATR-FTIR, 29Si MAS NMR, SEM-EDX, AFM, TGA, DSC, mechanical, and DMA testing. The in vitro bioactivity and degradability of the hybrids were assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF) and PBS, respectively. Cytocompatibility with mesenchymal stem cells was assessed using MTS and cell adhesion assays. Osteogenic differentiation was determined using the alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), as well as the gene expression of Runx2 and Osterix markers. Hybrids loaded with 5, 10, and 15% of nBGs retained the mechanical flexibility of the PTHF-SiO2 matrix and improved its ability to promote the formation of bone-like apatite in SBF. The nBGs did not impair cell viability, increased the ALP activity, and upregulated the expression of Runx2 and Osterix. These results demonstrate that nBGs are an effective osteoinductive nanoadditive for the production of class II hybrid materials with enhanced properties for bone tissue regeneration.

Brake Fluid Condition Monitoring by a Fiber Optic Sensor Using Silica Nanomaterials as Sensing Components.

In the automotive industry, there has been considerable focus on developing various sensors for engine oil monitoring. However, when it comes to monitoring the condition of brake fluid, which is crucial for ensuring safety, there has been a lack of a secure online method for this monitoring. This study addresses this gap by developing a hybrid silica nanofiber mat, or an aerogel integrated with an optical fiber sensor, to monitor brake fluid condition. The incorporation of silica nanofibers in this hybrid enhances the sensitivity of the optical fiber glass surface by at least 3.75 times. Furthermore, creating an air gap between the glass surface of the optical fiber and the nanofibers boosts sensitivity by at least 5 times, achieving a better correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.98). In the case of silica aerogel, the sensitivity is enhanced by 10 times, but this enhancement relies on the presence of the established air gap. The air gap was adjusted to range from 0.5 mm to 1 mm, without any significant change in the measurement within this range. The response time of the developed sensor is a minimum of 15 min. The sensing material is irreversible and has a diameter of 2.5 mm, making it easily replaceable. Overall, the sensor demonstrates strong repeatability, with approximately 90% consistency, and maintains uncertainty levels below 5% across specific ranges: from 3% to 6% for silica aerogel and from 5% to 6% for silica nanofibers in the presence of an air gap. These findings hold promise for integrating such an optical fiber sensor into a car's electronic system, enabling the direct online monitoring of brake fluid quality. Additionally, the study elucidates the effect of water absorption on the refractive index of brake fluid, as well as on the silica nanomaterials.

Effect of hybrid reinforcements on the curing kinetics and mechanical properties of light‐cured polymer composites

AbstractLight‐cured polymer composites incorporating particle reinforcements have been adopted for a wide range of engineering applications. Nevertheless, micro‐filled composites exhibit insufficient strength despite good abrasion resistance. Conversely, nano‐filled counterparts possess enhanced strength but easily generate particle agglomeration. Hybrid filling has therefore been utilized in previous studies to combine the advantages of different components, but conclusive results have not been obtained. Within this study, the effects of hybrid filling on the strengthening mechanism and curing kinetics of light‐cured polymer composites were investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests, in‐situ near‐infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and finite element simulations. It was found that hybrid filling led to an average increase in Young's modulus by ~3.94%, the hardness by ~5.81%, the tensile strength by ~10.44%, and the degree of conversion by ~2.54% compared to micro‐filling at the same filler content. Besides, hybrid filling showed more reduced particle agglomeration compared to nano‐scale filling. Finite element analysis revealed that hybrid filling effectively enhanced the load‐bearing capacity of the matrix. Overall, the experimental results unveil a mechanism of particle reinforcement that can be extrapolated to various particle‐filled polymers across different length scales. These findings provide a versatile manufacturing technique for composites with heightened mechanical reinforcement and are expected to guide the application in the field of photo‐polymeric materials.Highlights Light‐cured polymer composites incorporating hybrid silica particles were prepared. The strengthening mechanism was investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests. Hybrid filling could lead to an increase in material strength compared to micro‐filling. Hybrid filling exhibited reduced particle agglomeration in comparison to nano‐filling.

Fostering wider application of anti-soiling strategies in existing solar power plants: A comparative study of novel quaternarized silica hybrids with commercial self-cleaning coatings

The global financial impact of soiling on solar power plants is enormous. Anti-soiling coatings offer a promising alternative to reduce labor expenses, minimize water usage, and deter soiling. However, most commercial coatings do not meet the requirements of contemporary solar power applications. This study presents a simple method for developing ambiently cured transparent hydrophobic anti-soiling coatings for PV modules and CSP mirrors based on quaternarized silica hybrids. The coatings were examined in terms of surface energy, microstructure, durability, transmittivity, and reflectance. The soiling rate during real-field exposure was also evaluated. It was found that the proposed coatings present a promising alternative to contemporary anti-soiling strategies by being able to be periodically rejuvenated during regular maintenance of solar power plants, thus ensuring sustained functionality over an extended period.

Advancing mechanical performance in sustainable engineering: Synergistic effects of graphene oxide/nano‐silica hybrid nanofiller via latex coagulation in natural rubber composites

AbstractThis research investigates the utilization of a hybrid nanofiller comprising graphene oxide (GO) and amine‐modified nano silica in natural rubber matrix via the latex stage coagulation method. The resulting novel composite materials were characterized comprehensively for their static and dynamic mechanical properties. The hybrid nanofiller exhibited excellent dispersion within the rubber latex, facilitating the formation of a well‐interconnected network structure. The formed network resulted in remarkable improvements in tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus of the composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the hybrid filler (GO/nano‐silica hybrid (GO/NS)) could effectively reinforce the rubber matrix by constraining the mobility of rubber chains, leading to increased stiffness and mechanical strength. In fact, the confinement effect of the nanofillers has been carefully evaluated from dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. The increased glass transition temperature of the rubber nanocomposites specifies the restricted segmental mobility of the rubber chains. Moreover, the hybrid composites displayed significantly low rolling resistance, particularly GO/NS 2 (31% reduction), indicating their potential application as tire treads for fuel‐efficient and green tire manufacturing. The mechanical and rolling resistance properties achieved in these composites can be attributed to the efficient dispersion of the GO/nano‐silica hybrid(GO/NS) nanofiller and the resulting network formation within the rubber matrix. Findings emphasized the composites' viability as sustainable and eco‐friendly tire materials, potential for enhanced fuel efficiency, and reduced environmental footprint in tire manufacturing technology.Highlights The hybrid nanofiller (GO/nano silica hybrid) exhibited excellent dispersion within the rubber latex, leading to the formation of a well‐interconnected network structure. The resulting network structure significantly improved the tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus of the composite materials. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that the hybrid filler effectively reinforced the rubber matrix, increasing stiffness and mechanical strength by constraining the mobility of rubber chains. Our hybrid composites displayed a remarkable reduction in rolling resistance, particularly GO/NS2, with a 31% reduction, indicating their potential application as tire treads for fuel‐efficient and green tire manufacturing. The study emphasized the composites viability as sustainable and eco‐friendly tire materials, offering potential benefits for enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced environmental footprint in tire manufacturing technology.

Characterization of antibody surface properties and selection of a diverse subset for development of a generic size-exclusion chromatography method

Aggregates are an important quality attribute for biotherapeutics because they can affect the safety and efficacy of the drug and they are therefore routinely monitored, mainly with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). However, there is often a need to tailor a SEC method to a specific molecule. This study describes the development of a generic SEC method tested on 138 antibodies with the variable domains taken from clinical stage antibodies. We report on the discovery of a subset of 12 antibodies that represents the full range of physiochemical properties found in the 138 antibodies. This subset is shown to be an efficient and reliable test set when developing chromatographic methods for antibodies. An understanding of the nature of the analyte-stationary phase interactions was gained when using this set with its wide range of physiochemical properties. Highly hydrophobic antibodies interact strongly with some modern silica hybrid materials causing the elution time to increase significantly, while a hydrophilically modified hybrid surface showed highly reduced interactions for the hydrophobic antibodies. Highly hydrophilic antibodies, on the other hand, exhibited asymmetric peaks to a certain extent on all stationary phases, while the elution time was not affected. The developed SEC method was shown to have satisfactory performance in terms of linearity, repeatability, range, and accuracy and exhibit very narrow distributions of elution time and peak symmetry when testing the 138 antibodies indicating its generic performance.