Hybrid Renewable Energy System Research Articles

Hybrid renewable energy system design for a green port using HOMER Pro: A techno-economic assessment

Maritime plays an important role in the national economy since a large number of goods in the world are transported by sea, although maritime transport is found to generate the largest greenhouse gas emission among transportation means. For maritime activities, the port is considered the key chain in logistics, thus, the transformation of ports into sustainable energy centres has emerged as a major need in the worldwide initiative to decarbonize marine activities. This research provides a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) for Thi Nai Port, Vietnam, utilizing HOMER Pro software. The suggested system seeks to eradicate dependence on fossil fuels by including solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, a biogas generator, and sophisticated battery storage, therefore providing operational robustness. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that an ideal configuration, consisting of a 6,175-kW photovoltaic array, a 500-kW biogas generator, and a 2,357-kW converter, results in a net present cost of 44.6 million USD and a levelized cost of energy of 0.394 USD/kWh. Renewable sources constitute 100% of the installed and operational capacity, with yearly carbon dioxide emissions diminished to a modest 1,286 kg. The research verifies that hybrid renewable solutions may provide competitive economic returns, with a payback period of eight to ten years, while delivering substantial environmental advantages. The study portrays Thi Nai Port as a scalable paradigm for green port transformation, offering a repeatable framework for other mid-sized ports in Southeast Asia pursuing sustainable energy solutions.

Multi-objective optimal performance of a distribution system based on integrating renewable energy sources and hybrid energy systems

Multi-objective optimal performance of a distribution system based on integrating renewable energy sources and hybrid energy systems

Hybrid renewable energy systems design and techno-economic analysis for isolated rural microgrid using HOMER

Hybrid renewable energy systems design and techno-economic analysis for isolated rural microgrid using HOMER

Multi-objective and multi-level models to optimize integration of hybrid renewable energy systems

Multi-objective and multi-level models to optimize integration of hybrid renewable energy systems

Optimization study of a hybrid renewable energy system for co-production of electricity and heat at a hydrogen refuelling station

Optimization study of a hybrid renewable energy system for co-production of electricity and heat at a hydrogen refuelling station

Design and performance analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems using a novel approach for efficient load demand prediction and cost minimization

Design and performance analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems using a novel approach for efficient load demand prediction and cost minimization

Optimum sizing of hybrid renewable energy system with biomass backup of Egypt’s Western Desert

Optimum sizing of hybrid renewable energy system with biomass backup of Egypt’s Western Desert

Renewable energy conversion systems for global emission neutralization

Fossil fuel power plants still play an essential role in providing energy worldwide, but their environmental impact will contribute significantly to emissions and environmental pollution. To reduce these emissions, renewable energy offers a solution to reduce global emissions. This study proposes a renewable energy modeling system using hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) simulation on renewable energy systems for economic savings. This simulation can combine photovoltaic (PV), wind power (WP), and converter systems. The hybrid combination of PV and WP is the most appropriate and economical choice at the research location. The results showed that the modeling of the renewable energy hybrid system made a significant contribution, with an initial investment cost of IDR 107,474.43 million and an annual operating cost of IDR 22,540.23 million, 41% lower on condition now with an estimated return on investment of 11 years. The results of this study can be used as recommendations for similar conditions in other places. Policymakers can use this model to provide incentives and have a positive impact on hybrid power plants (HPS) in neutralizing global emissions.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (Solar–Wind–Battery) for Off-Grid Electrification

Abstract: The rising demand for reliable and clean electricity in remote and off-grid areas has intensified the focus on hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES), particularly combinations involving solar, wind, and battery storage. This study investigates the feasibility, performance, and cost-effectiveness of an integrated solar–wind–battery system designed for off-grid electrification. The research applies statistical modeling, regression analysis, and predictive simulations using MATLAB and HOMER software to evaluate system behavior under varying climatic and load conditions. Results demonstrate that a properly sized HRES significantly enhances energy reliability, reduces reliance on fossil fuels, and achieves favorable cost metrics. The paper contributes by offering predictive insights, optimal configuration parameters, and economic metrics that inform scalable deployments in rural and remote settings. Keywords: Keywords: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Off-grid Electrification, Solar-Wind-Battery, Energy Storage, Regression Analysis, Cost Optimization, Rural Electrification

A Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) with a Proportional-Resonant (PR) Controlled Inverter

This paper investigates the effectiveness of Proportional-Resonant (PR) controllers in Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES), which integrate solar and wind components to optimize energy reliability and efficiency. The study addresses the research question regarding the extent to which PR controllers enhance performance and efficiency in managing power quality, system stability, and frequency-specific control in grid-connected applications. Experimental evaluations further validate that variations in load conditions, such as those from RL loads, have minimal impact on output performance, underscoring the robustness of the PR approach. Additionally, the development and testing of a small-scale hybrid wind-solar microgrid, including tailored power electronic converters, control algorithms, and an energy management system, illustrate the practical applicability of these advanced control strategies in both standalone and dynamic operational environments

Modeling of Energy Management System for Fully Autonomous Vessels with Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control via Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm

This study presents a multi-objective predictive energy management system (EMS) for optimizing hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) in autonomous marine vessels. The objective is to minimize fuel consumption and emissions while maximizing renewable energy usage and pure-electric sailing durations. The EMS combines nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) with metaheuristic optimizers—Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)—and is benchmarked against a conventional rule-based (RB) method. The HRES architecture comprises photovoltaic arrays, vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs), diesel engines, generators, and a battery storage system. A ship dynamics model was used to represent propulsion power under realistic sea conditions. Simulations were conducted using real-world operational and environmental datasets, with state prediction enhanced by an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Performance is evaluated using marine-relevant indicators—fuel consumption; emissions; battery state of charge (SOC); and emission cost—and validated using standard regression metrics. The NMPC-GWO algorithm consistently outperformed both NMPC-GA and RB approaches, achieving high prediction accuracy and greater energy efficiency. These results confirm the reliability and optimization capability of predictive EMS frameworks in reducing emissions and operational costs in autonomous maritime operations.

Energy Transition Framework for Nearly Zero-Energy Ports: HRES Planning, Storage Integration, and Implementation Roadmap

Ports are vital nodes in global trade networks but are also significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Their transition toward sustainable, nearly zero-energy operations require comprehensive and structured strategies. This study proposes a practical and scalable framework to support the energy decarbonization of ports through the phased integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) and energy storage systems (ESS). Emphasizing a systems-level approach, the framework addresses key aspects such as energy demand assessment, resource potential evaluation, HRES configuration, and ESS sizing, while incorporating load characterization protocols and decision-making thresholds for technology deployment. Special consideration is given to economic performance, particularly the minimization of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), alongside efforts to meet energy autonomy and operational resilience targets. In parallel, the framework integrates digital tools, including smart grid infrastructure and digital shadow technologies, to enable real-time system monitoring, simulation, and long-term optimization. It also embeds mechanisms for regulatory compliance and continuous adaptation to evolving standards. To validate its applicability, the framework is demonstrated using a representative case study based on a generic port profile. The example illustrates the transition process from conventional energy models to a sustainable port ecosystem, confirming the framework’s potential as a decision-making tool for port authorities, engineers, and policymakers aiming to achieve effective, compliant, and future-proof energy transitions in maritime infrastructure.

Scientific Mapping of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas: A Bibliometric Analysis

This bibliometric study examines the research landscape on renewable energy in rural areas, analyzing publication trends, key contributors, thematic clusters, and emerging research directions from 1979-2025. Utilizing the Scopus database, VOSviewer, and R software's Bibliometrix package, this paper applies the PRISMA methodology to analyze 3,332 peer-reviewed publications. Findings revealed a consistent annual growth in research and considerable academic influence. India dominates global contributions, followed by China, the United States, and European countries, with institutions like the Indian Institute of Technology, North China Electric Power University, and Tsinghua University playing leading roles. Thematic analysis points to three dominant research clusters: climate change and biomass, rural energy access and electrification, and solar power and hybrid systems, evidencing an interdisciplinary effort with visions of technology, economics, and policy. New research areas such as hybrid renewable energy systems, digital infrastructure, and decentralized energy alternatives speak to increased interest in scalable and sustainable options for rural communities. Collaboration networks exhibit established research centers, but there are opportunities for further interdisciplinary and cross-border collaboration development, especially in developing countries. These results strongly impact policymakers, academics, and the industry in demanding a joined-up approach toward deepening rural electrification and boosting global energy transition objectives.

Integrating Hybrid Energy Solutions into Expressway Infrastructure

To explore the feasibility of renewable hybrid energy systems for expressway infrastructure, this study proposes a scenario-based design methodology integrating solar, wind, and hydropower resources within the expressway corridor. A case study was conducted on a highway service area located in southern China, where a solar/wind/hydro hybrid energy system was developed based on the proposed approach. Using the HOMER Pro 3.14 software platform, the system was simulated and optimized under off-grid conditions, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate performance variability. The results demonstrate that the strategic integration of corridor-based natural resources—solar irradiance, wind energy, and hydrodynamic potential—enables the construction of a technically and economically viable hybrid energy system. The system includes 382 kW of PV, 210 kW of wind, 80 kW of hydrokinetic power, a 500 kW diesel generator, and 180 kWh of battery storage, forming a hybrid configuration for a stable and reliable energy supply. The optimized configuration can supply up to 1,095,920 kWh of electricity annually at a minimum levelized cost of energy of USD 0.22/kWh. This system reduces CO2 emissions by 23.2 tons/year and NOx emissions by 23 kg/year. demonstrating strong environmental performance and long-term sustainability potential.

Sensitivity analysis and techno-commercial evaluation of hybrid renewable energy system for Garha Village in Uttar Pradesh, India

The present analysis is focused on two distinct cases in the village community, in view of sufficing the daily energy requirement of 834.38 kWh and a peak demand of 117.20 kW, pertaining to major factors viz. system efficiency, financial viability and ecological consequences. The major research highlights of this study obtained from HOMER software reveal that the optimised hybrid system of Case 1, solar, wind, biomass, energy storage unit comprise 256 kW solar photovoltaic, 115 kW wind turbine, 20 kW biogas generator, 700 kWh energy storage unit with nominal capacity and 99.3 kW converter to sustain for energy needs of the nominated place. This system has a minimum cost of energy of 0.257 $/kWh with a net present cost of $963,671 along with operating cost 47,381 $/year and net carbon dioxide emission of 427 kg/year. Additionally, optimised hybrid system of Case 2, solar, wind, biomass, diesel generator energy storage unit, comprised of 125 kW solar photovoltaic, 126 kW wind turbine, 50 kW diesel generator, 20 kW biogas generator, 250 kWh energy storage unit with nominal capacity and 51.8 kW converter to sustain for energy needs of the nominated place. The minimum cost of energy is 0.236 $/kWh with a net present cost of $884,361 along with operating cost 50,954 $/year and net carbon dioxide emission of 31,754 kg/year.

Assessment of reliability and efficiency of network topologies with hybrid renewable energy systems in remote areas

PurposeThis paper aims to develop the original approach to assessing the reliability and efficiency of network topologies that incorporate hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) to ensure sustainable production of green energy and a reliable power supply to the consumer in remote areas across diverse topologies and operational scenarios. The main advantage of the original approach is the use of relatively simple calculation algorithms, which allow obtaining reliable results that are not inferior to the results of simulation modeling.Design/methodology/approachThe use of the mathematical tools of probability theory along with special characteristics such as “weight,” “significance” and “contribution” of the component facilitates a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis of the reliability and efficiency of network topologies with HRESs in remote areas.FindingsThe research reveals that the networks with HRESs in remote areas represent large multi-level engineering systems with a complex structure, characterized by multi-functionality and redundancy. Therefore, they cannot be assessed by a single classical reliability index. Single and even double failures of components normally do not lead to the failure of the entire network topology and disruption of power supply to all consumers. The presence of territories with overlapping service areas of HRESs enables a reliable power supply to consumers under various topologies and operational scenarios. This arrangement, however, does lead to a decrease in network efficiency. The study is illustrated by examples of reliability and efficiency calculations made for various network topologies incorporating HRESs.Research limitations/implicationsThe approach developed to assess the reliability and efficiency of network topologies with HRESs in remote areas will enable a technically optimal selection when designing them. Additionally, it is necessary to create a comprehensive range of standard solutions tailored to meet varying consumer requirements for the reliability of power supply. This approach will significantly simplify and accelerate the design process of network topologies with HRESs.Practical implicationsThis study corroborates the choice of the efficiency criterion for comparative evaluation of various network topologies with HRESs in remote areas. We propose using special characteristics of individual components, such as “weight,” “significance” and “contribution” when analyzing the reliability and efficiency of network topologies with HRESs. The necessity for both qualitative and quantitative analysis when choosing network topologies depending on consumer requirements for reliability of power supply is established. The approach devised to identify overlapping and non-overlapping regions within the HRESs coverage areas enables the choice of consumer backup solutions. The method developed to assess the efficiency of network topologies with overlapping HRESs coverage areas facilitates reliable power supply to consumers under various topology and operating conditions.Originality/valueThe developed approach allows informed design technical decisions regarding the network topology options, the number of HRESs and electricity backup strategies for consumers in remote areas depending on their power supply reliability requirements. Conducting comparative calculations of the reliability and efficiency for the network topologies in remote areas is essential for the construction, reconstruction and identification of causes behind power supply disruptions for consumers.

An Optimal Sizing Methodology for a Wind/PV Hybrid Energy Production System for Agricultural Irrigation in Skikda, Algeria

This paper presents an innovative solution to address agricultural irrigation needs through a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that was specifically designed for a farm located in the Skikda region of Algeria. This system is tailored to irrigate 830 fruit trees spread across 3 hectares with a total perimeter of 770 m. The proposed approach integrates two main renewable energy sources (while eliminating the use of traditional batteries for electrical energy storage): solar and wind. Instead, a large water reservoir is employed as an energy storage medium in the form of potential energy. Utilizing gravity, this reservoir directly powers the irrigation system for the fruit trees, thereby reducing the costs and environmental impacts associated with conventional batteries. This innovative design not only enhances sustainability, but also improves the system’s energy efficiency. To ensure precise and customized sizing of the system for the irrigation area, a detailed mathematical modeling of the key system components (solar panels, wind turbines, and reservoir) was conducted. This modeling identifies the critical design variables required to meet technical specifications and irrigation needs. A multi-objective optimization approach was then developed to determine the optimal configuration of the HRES, and this was achieved by considering both technical and economic constraints. The optimization algorithm used was tailored to the formulated problem, ensuring reliable and applicable results. The robustness of the optimization approach was shown by the precise match between energy production (24 kWh at 16,119.40 $) and the minimum demand. This alignment prevents over- or under-designing the system, which increases costs and reduces energy use. The findings highlight the relevance and effectiveness of the proposed methodology, demonstrating its practical utility and significant potential for generalization and adaptation to different agricultural zones with varying conditions. This work paves the way for sustainable and innovative solutions for agricultural irrigation, particularly in remote areas or regions lacking traditional energy infrastructure.

Optimization of Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Hydrogen Refueling Stations

Optimization of Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Hydrogen Refueling Stations

Assessing the Potential of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System: MSW Gasification and a PV Park in Lobito, Angola

This study investigates a hybrid renewable energy system combining the municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and solar photovoltaic (PV) for electricity generation in Lobito, Angola. A fixed-bed downdraft gasifier was selected for MSW gasification, where the thermal decomposition of waste under controlled air flow produces syngas rich in CO and H2. The syngas is treated to remove contaminants before powering a combined cycle. The PV system was designed for optimal energy generation, considering local solar radiation and shading effects. Simulation tools, including Aspen Plus v11.0, PVsyst v8, and HOMER Pro software 3.16.2, were used for modeling and optimization. The hybrid system generates 62 GWh/year of electricity, with the gasifier contributing 42 GWh/year, and the PV system contributing 20 GWh/year. This total energy output, sufficient to power 1186 households, demonstrates an integration mechanism that mitigates the intermittency of solar energy through continuous MSW gasification. However, the system lacks surplus electricity for green hydrogen production, given the region’s energy deficit. Economically, the system achieves a Levelized Cost of Energy of 0.1792 USD/kWh and a payback period of 16 years. This extended payback period is mainly due to the hydrogen production system, which has a low production rate and is not economically viable. When excluding H2 production, the payback period is reduced to 11 years, making the hybrid system more attractive. Environmental benefits include a reduction in CO2 emissions of 42,000 t/year from MSW gasification and 395 t/year from PV production, while also addressing waste management challenges. This study highlights the mechanisms behind hybrid system operation, emphasizing its role in reducing energy poverty, improving public health, and promoting sustainable development in Angola.

Optimal Sizing and Cost Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Kirkuk City Using HOMER Software

This project aims to design a hybrid system that combines various conventional renewable energy sources, including solar power, wind energy, and electricity from diesel generators, using the HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) software. This system designed to supply the city of Kirkuk in Iraq with electrical power during hour's outages. Data have been taken for solar and wind energy were obtained from NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Which is provided by the Homer, and load shedding data for Kirkuk in 2018 year from Power Generation Stations from Baghdad. Several strategies were created, with the best being a hybrid design that includes solar panels, converters, and batteries over a 25 year at a cost of 5 billion dollar.