Strain Y3T, a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile rod capable of producing yellow pigments, was isolated from the intestinal tract of Scomberomorus niphonius collected in Fangchenggang, Guangxi Province, China (21° 33' 11.6″ N, 108° 25' 42.5″ E). Optimal growth conditions were observed at 30°C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 1478 bp sequence of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain Y3T belongs to the genus Chryseobacterium (family Weeksellaceae), exhibiting the highest sequence similarity to Chryseobacterium buanense DSM 22323T (98.69%) and Soonwooa purpurea JCM 31880T (98.10%). The draft genome size was determined to be 2,806,243 bp with a DNA G+C content of 35.2%. Digital DNA-DNA hybridisation and average nucleotide identity values between strain Y3T and its closely related species were 19.9-44.1% and 70.29-91.23%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids were identified to be iso-C15:0 (51.6%) and iso-C17:0 3-OH (14.3%). Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was identified as the sole respiratory quinone in this strain. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified lipids, two unidentified glycolipids, and an unidentified aminolipid. Strain Y3T demonstrated capabilities for nitrate and nitrite reduction, which is corroborated by the identification of denitrification-related genes within its genome. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic analyses, strain Y3T is proposed as the type strain of a novel species, designated as Chryseobacterium intestini sp. nov. The type strain is Y3T (= JCM 37830T = GDMCC 1.5522T).

Gelidimonas denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Gelidimonas diazotrophica sp. nov. psychrophilic bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle in tundra soils of South Spitsbergen.

In this article we explore how adolescent self-identifying Chewa girls in Mbare, Harare, negotiate traditional and contemporary sources of sexual knowledge through the lens of chinamwali, a female initiation rite performed to prepare girls for marriage. We examine how initiates interpret, adapt and recontextualise the rite’s teachings in an era where digital technologies, such as WhatsApp, Facebook and other internet platforms circulate competing sexual scripts. During four months of ethnographic fieldwork, we drew on qualitative methods involving fifteen purposively selected participants. These included in-depth life history interviews with ten adolescent girls who had undergone chinamwali, as well as key-informant interviews with five older self-identifying Chewa women (anamkungwi) who serve as custodians of the initiation rite. We reveal both continuity and transformation in the meaning and practice of this form of initiation. While some initiates (anamwali) rely on digital media to supplement or reinforce ritual knowledge, others express ambivalence about the rite’s contemporary relevance. We show that chinamwali is undergoing symbolic and structural reconfigurations in its duration, secrecy and normative authority. Rather than a rupture between tradition and modernity, we show that young women actively synthesise teachings from chinamwali with digital knowledge, producing hybrid identities that reflect a dynamic interplay between cultural rites and contemporary urban life in Zimbabwe.

Abstract In Acts, Joseph Barnabas is depicted as a key mediator between the Jerusalem and Pauline missions, simultaneously an insider and outsider. Barnabas is largely overlooked in scholarly literature, most commentary concentrating on his nickname. For many commentators, the narrative aside in Acts 4:36 (ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον υἱὸς παρακλήσεως) has obfuscated rather than clarified its meaning. Prior attempts to assign a single definition have overlooked the inherently multifaceted nature of nicknames. This paper argues that the significance of Barnabas’ nickname lies not only in its linguistic definition, but also in the social process of nicknaming. This study reexamines Barnabas’ nickname by analysing Jewish onomastics, drawing on social-scientific studies of nicknaming and migration, and considering Greco-Roman ethnic stereotypes of Cyprus. Barnabas’ nickname illustrates Luke’s narrative strategy of legitimising hybrid identities within the early Christian movement.

This mixed-methods study examines the interrelationships among cross-cultural psychological adaptation, identity construction, and resource utilization strategies from 62 international Chinese language learners (survey sample) and a 42-participant interview subsample in mainland China. Quantitative analyses revealed moderate to moderately high adaptation levels across psychological, sociocultural, and language dimensions, with notable variations by cultural background and proficiency level. Cluster analysis of the interview subsample (n = 42) identified four identity configuration types: cultural integration (38.1%), cultural assimilation (21.4%), cultural separation (23.8%), and cultural marginalization (16.7%). Path analysis indicated that adaptation dimensions were significantly associated with identity construction both directly and indirectly through resource utilization strategies, with social-affective strategies emerging as the strongest mediator. Qualitative findings illuminated dynamic negotiation processes through which learners constructed hybrid identities via critical incidents and strategic resource engagement. The integrated theoretical framework positions cross-cultural psychological adaptation as the foundational context within which identity construction and resource utilization unfold reciprocally. Findings suggest that successful adaptation is associated with constructing coherent bicultural identities through strategic mobilization of social networks, digital media platforms, and metacognitive capacities. Practical implications emphasize the necessity of comprehensive institutional support addressing psychological well-being, explicit strategy instruction, and identity-aware pedagogy that recognizes language learning as fundamentally involving personal transformation.

A novel actinomycete, designated as NUM-3379T, was isolated from seeds of Anabasis brevifolia collected from Urgun Soum, Dornogovi Province, Mongolia. The cells of the strain were aerobic, Gram-positive, motile, non-spore-forming, and coccus-shaped. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain NUM-3379T belonged to the genus Kineococcus and showed the highest similarity to Kineococcus glutinatus DSM 26692T and Kineococcus xinjiangensis DSM 22857T, with both sharing 98.87% sequence similarity. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strain NUM-3379T were consistent with those of the genus Kineococcus. The diagnostic diamino acid for peptidoglycans was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The whole-cell sugars included glucose, galactose, mannose, and arabinose. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile was comprised of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified phospholipids. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH. In contrast, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values revealed low relatedness between strain NUM-3379T and other type strains of the genus Kineococcus. Furthermore, strain NUM-3379T exhibited several phenotypic properties that distinguished it from other closely related species. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain NUM-3379T represents a novel species within the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus anabasis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NUM-3379T (=NBRC 117252T = TBRC 21100T).

This study explores the identity construction of youth in terms of dietary practice from Han-Hui-Muslim intermarried families in China. Drawing on Hermans' Dialogical Self Theory, this research centers on dietary practices, a core symbolic field where cultural boundaries are enacted, to examine how multiple "I-positions" interact dynamically to shape hybrid identities. Empirical data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observations with 28 adolescents (9-17 years old, 16 boys and 12 girls) from 17 Han-Hui intermarried families (Han mothers and Hui fathers) in Lanzhou, a city in northwest China. The findings reveal three distinct identity types emerging from dialogical negotiations: Hui-Muslim identity, Hui-and-Han identity, and Hui-as-registered-Han-in-practice identity. Dietary decisions centered on "what to eat," "where to eat," and "with whom to eat" serve as the primary dialogical arena, reflecting power dynamics between I-positions and external social contexts. By focusing on dietary practices which mediate cultural conflicts and construct multi-voiced and adaptive self, the study analyzes how the teenagers' negotiation practices function as a strategy for interacting with family members, relatives, and friends within the context of their daily lives (micro) against the backdrop of Han-Hui-Muslim intermarriage in a context Han-dominated society and Hui-Islamism community (macro). Practically, the findings provide critical insights for supporting the psychological well-being of intermarried offspring and promoting inter-ethnic harmony in multi-ethnic societies.

Land conversion associated with renewable energy expansion generates profound socio-cultural transformations in agrarian communities. This study aims to analyze how wind power development reshapes agrarian identity, social capital configuration, and the meaning of land within rural society from an anthropology of development perspective. This research applies qualitative literature-based analysis supported by recent peer-reviewed scholarship on land use change, rural transformation, social capital, and political ecology. Conceptual synthesis integrates sustainable livelihood framework, identity negotiation theory, and energy landscape analysis to construct an interpretive analytical model. Findings indicate that agricultural land conversion produces deagrarianization, occupational shifts, and reconfiguration of social stratification. Land is redefined from a genealogical and productive space into infrastructure and investment asset. Social capital grounded in kinship networks, customary institutions, and local organizations functions as a resilience mechanism through risk redistribution, collective solidarity, and participatory negotiation. Energy landscapes restructure symbolic and material relations between community and territory, generating both hybrid identities and conflict dynamics. Inclusive governance determines whether renewable energy fosters adaptive transformation or deepens commodification and exclusion. Renewable energy transition in rural areas requires socio-cultural recognition beyond technical implementation. Integrating local identity, participatory governance, and community ownership strengthens just and sustainable transformation pathways.

Stenotrophomonas is a genus of Gram-stain-negative bacteria commonly found in the environment, while the species Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen with intrinsic resistance to carbapenems. A Gram-stain-negative rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 9AT, was isolated from the faecal material of a wild turtle in Wisconsin. The genome of the isolate was sequenced by Illumina whole-genome sequencing. Ribosomal multilocus sequence typing showed that it belonged to the Stenotrophomonas genus without a match to a valid species. In addition, Tetra Correlation Search results showed that the valid species with the highest Z-score (0.98784) was Stenotrophomonas forensis DFS-20110405T. The 16S rRNA gene pairwise sequence analysis showed that the closest species was Stenotrophomonas lactitubi M15T with a similarity percentage of 99.57%. However, whole-genome and phylogenomic analyses showed that strain 9AT represented a novel species within the genus Stenotrophomonas. The species that had the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity based on blast+ (ANIb) values between strain 9AT and type strains of other valid Stenotrophomonas species was S. forensis DFS-20110405T, with a dDDH value of 34.4% and an ANIb value of 87.29%. Both values are below the accepted species cutoff values of 70% and 95%, respectively. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the most prevalent cellular fatty acid was iso-C15 : 0 (32.4%), which is consistent with other members of the genus Stenotrophomonas. In addition, C 16 : 0 (8.8%), anteiso-C15 : 0 (8.6%) and products present in summed feature 3 C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c (9.6%) were present in moderate amounts. In silico screening for polar lipid biosynthesis identified enzymes associated with the biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol, respectively. Based on biochemical, phylogenetic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic criteria, the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Stenotrophomonas for which the name Stenotrophomonas testudinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is strain 9AT (=CCUG 77186T=ATCC TSD-430T).

ABSTRACT This study explores how Asian international students in China exercise agency and engage in self-formation during their international higher education experiences. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with nine students across diverse programmes and regions, the analysis applies Marginson’s self-formation framework to examine how participants navigate linguistic, cultural, and institutional challenges. The findings highlight students’ reflexive agency, identity negotiation, self-regulated learning, and future-oriented aspirations. This study contributes to international education research by revealing how students’ agentic practices shape their hybrid identities and educational trajectories within and beyond the Chinese context.

Two Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, aerobic bacteria, designated SDU82T and SDU101, were isolated from garden soil at the Central Campus of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China. Both strains grew at 4-40 °C, with 0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0-10.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that SDU82T and SDU101 were most closely related to Luteimonas composti CCUG 53595T, with the sequence similarity of 98.71% and 98.77%, respectively. The draft genome sizes were 3.90 Mbp for SDU82T and 3.97 Mbp for SDU101, with G+C contents of 70.07 mol% and 69.82 mol%, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10%) of both strains were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and summed feature 9 (C16 : 0 10-methyl and iso C17 : 1 ω9ϲ). The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the major menaquinone identified was ubiquinone-8 for both strains. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between the two strains were 95.30% and 98.37%, while the values between SDU82T and L. composti CCUG 53595T were 31.00% and 86.23% and SDU101 and L. composti CCUG 53595T were 31.40% and 86.41%. Based on phenotypic, physiological and phylogenetic results, strains SDU82T and SDU101 represent a novel species of the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas campi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SDU82T (=CGMCC 1.61917T=KCTC 8582T).

This study addresses the limited research on how translanguaging operates within playful talk in audiovisual digital environments, particularly in relation to identity construction and authenticity negotiation. While previous studies have examined translanguaging in educational or written digital contexts, little attention has been given to its role in informal, multimodal interactions on platforms such as YouTube. This study aims to analyze how multilingual speakers employ translanguaging practices to construct social identities and negotiate authenticity in playful talk. This research adopts an interpretive qualitative approach using a case study design. The data were collected from one episode of the Playful Talk YouTube channel, focusing on a single participant (GS1). Data sources include video recordings and a semi-structured interview, which were analyzed using thematic and discourse-oriented analysis. The findings reveal that translanguaging functions as a structured communicative strategy rather than a random language alternation. English is predominantly used for affective expression and stance-taking, while Indonesian provides contextual elaboration and narrative grounding. These language choices enable the participant to construct hybrid identities that integrate local and transnational orientations. Furthermore, multimodal resources such as gestures and facial expressions are systematically aligned with linguistic shifts, reinforcing meaning-making and authenticity in interaction. This study contributes to digital sociolinguistics by demonstrating that translanguaging is not only linguistic but also multimodal and interactional. It offers a more integrated framework for understanding multilingual communication in digital environments and highlights the role of playful talk as a site of identity negotiation.

The rapid proliferation of digital communication has fundamentally altered the processes through which linguistic identities are constructed and negotiated. This study investigates the role of linguistic patterns in digital discourse in shaping identity across social media platforms, including Twitter (X), Instagram, and TikTok. Utilizing a qualitative discourse-analytic methodology, this research examines a corpus of 250 user-generated posts, concentrating on key features such as code-switching, translanguaging, lexical innovation, multimodality, and platform-specific language use. The findings indicate that identity in digital contexts is dynamic, fluid, and performative, emerging through the strategic deployment of linguistic resources and semiotic resources. Multilingual practices, particularly code-switching and translanguaging, enable users to construct hybrid identities that reflect both local affiliations and global orientations (García, 2009; Canagarajah, 2011). Lexical innovation and informal language serve as indicators of group membership and digital belonging (Crystal, 2006; Coulmas, 2005), whereas multimodal elements such as emojis and hashtags enhance affective expression and social positioning (Herring, 2004). The study further underscores the impact of platform affordances and audience design on linguistic behavior, demonstrating that identity construction is socially and technologically mediated (Androutsopoulos, 2015). Finally, the findings contribute to sociolinguistic and digital discourse research by illustrating how language functions as a flexible and strategic resource for constructing identity in digitally mediated environments.

This study emerges from the borderlands—zones of epistemic marginalization where both knowledge and subjectivities are rendered peripheral. It positions itself against the epistemological imperialism of mainstream, positivist educational leadership research, which continues to colonize scholarly discourse through managerialist logics and methodological monism. At the same time, it draws from a literal and symbolic borderland: public schools in Türkiye's southern provinces where refugee students from Syria experience profound epistemic exclusion within national education systems. These schools are not only geographical peripheries, but also sites where hybrid identities and knowledge forms struggle for recognition. Framed through the lens of cognitive justice, the study interrogates how school leaders engage—or fail to engage—with the cultural and epistemological presence of refugee students. Drawing on a qualitative case study in Mersin, it employs critical realist thematic analysis to examine leadership responses to these borderland conditions. Three thematic strata are identified: (1) experiential practices shaped by institutional constraints, (2) inferential patterns that align with assimilationist discourses and perpetuate epistemicide, and (3) dispositional logics embedded in neoliberal and neoconservative governance regimes. Despite structural limitations, moments of critical reflexivity surface, revealing a nascent epistemic sensitivity among some school leaders. These moments suggest the possibility of reimagining school leadership as dialogical, decolonial, and grounded in epistemological plurality. By voicing from within the margins, this study challenges dominant paradigms and calls for an educational leadership that not only accommodates diversity but affirms the epistemic agency of those long positioned at the edges of knowing.

A novel bacterium, strain SANAT, was isolated from a xenic culture of a bacterivorous protist which was obtained from the sulphidogenic bottom sediment of saline Lake Hiruga in Fukui, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain SANAT clustered with members of the family Gottschalkiaceae. The closest relative of the strain SANAT was Andreesenia angusta MK-1T with 16S rRNA gene sequence identity of 91.75%, suggesting that SANAT is a novel genus. Values of digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (< 29.7%) and average nucleotide identity (< 67.6%) between strain SANAT and species in the families Gottschalkiaceae and Tissierellaceae were lower than threshold for species delineation. Cells were strictly anaerobic, non-motile rods and gave a negative Gram-stain reaction. Cells first elongated, and then the elongated cells were divided in the presence of either serum components, glucose, fructose or maltose but not uric acid. Na+ was required to grow SANAT. Growth was observed at pH 6.0-9.0 and at temperature between 10 and 25°C. The major cellular fatty acids were C16:1 cis 9, C14:0, C16:0, C16:0 DMA and summed feature 6 (C16:1 cis 7 DMA or anteiso-C15:0 3-OH). The genomic G + C content of strain SANAT was 42.1%. Based on the genetic and phenotypic features, strain SANAT represents a novel species of a novel genus within the novel family Kamagatellaceae fam. nov., for which the name Kamagatella elastica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain SANAT (= DSM 120061T = JCM 39611T).

ABSTRACT This paper explores how local football supporters in Thailand negotiate identity, loyalty, and belonging in a globalized sporting landscape. Focusing on Buriram United, a club rebranded under the leadership of political figure Newin Chidchob, it examines how fandom intersects with political symbolism, regional development, and cultural participation. Drawing on interviews, ethnographic observation, and media analysis, the research finds that supporters co-construct hybrid identities rooted in place-based pride, emotional governance, and symbolic resistance to globalized fandom. Stadium rituals, regional branding, and political patronage emerge as key mechanisms sustaining allegiances. The study argues that football in Thailand operates as both a cultural form and a political instrument, advancing localized forms of legitimacy and identity-making. By situating a non-Western case within broader debates on globalization and fandom, this research contributes original insights into how ordinary supporters experience football not just as entertainment, but as a vehicle for civic pride and socio-political change.

A novel bacterial strain, designated HK31-PT, was isolated from a deep subsurface geothermal aquifer in southwestern Iceland. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that the strain was affiliated to the genus Phreatobacter. Cells of the strain were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile by means of a polar flagellum and granule-containing. Colonies were small, circular, convex, smooth and white in colour. Growth under chemoorganoheterotrophic and aerobic conditions was observed at the following ranges: 20-35 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C), pH 7-9 (optimum, 8) and 0-0.5% salinity (optimum, 0%). The strain was also capable of growing under chemolithoautotrophic and (micro)aerobic conditions with Fe(II) as an electron donor. The major respiratory quinone identified was ubiquinone Q-10 (97.0%), and the predominant fatty acid was C18:1 ω7c. The dominant polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminophospholipid, along with several unidentified glycolipids, phospholipids and lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain HK31-PT was 67.66 mol%, and its complete genome was 4.34 Mbp in size. The values of the digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity indices between strain HK31-PT and the type species of the genus Phreatobacter ranged, respectively, from 21.30 to 27% and from 78.25 to 86.32%. These values are well below the accepted species delineation thresholds, thereby clearly indicating that strain HK31-PT represents a distinct genomic species within the genus Phreatobacter, strongly supporting that the former represents a new species belonging to the genus Phreatobacter. Therefore, based on this polyphasic approach, strain HK31-PT represents a new species within the genus Phreatobacter, for which the name Phreatobacter aquiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HK31-PT (DSM 116433T=UBOCC-M-3430T).

Introduction . The study of the problems of self-identity formation of Dagestan youth in a multi-ethnic confessional environment is relevant in modern conditions. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the problem of youth self-identification in the Republic of Dagestan through the prism of interaction of key social institutions, identifying the role of the institution of the family, the educational environment, the language situation and digital reality as key factors affecting the process of self-identification of modern youth. Materials and Methods . This study is based on the methodology of systematic analysis and synthesis of relevant scientific publications on this issue. Such general theoretical methods of scientific research as analogy, generalization and systematization were used. Results . Research shows that ethnic identity in Dagestan continues to be the core element of self-perception, but its content and formal markers are significantly transformed. Empirical evidence suggests the complex nature of the interaction between family attitudes and the values of a multinational environment. Along with ethnic, linguistic, cultural components in the formation of identity, religious identification remains one of the basic elements of the formation and development of the personality of a Dagestani. The identification environment in Dagestan is a system where traditions and innovations coexist. Discussion and Conclusion . The analysis suggests that the problem of youth self-identification in Dagestan is not reduced to a binary choice between tradition and modernization. What is meant here is the formation of a complex, multilevel and situationally determined hybrid identity that integrates various, sometimes contradictory, elements. A modern young Dagestani man or woman often combines several identities: local (clan, village), ethnic (Avar, Dargin, Lezgin, etc.), all-Dagestan (as a resident of a multi-ethnic republic), all-Russian civic and, increasingly, global (through digital environments and academic mobility). The contradiction between traditional and global values, being a creative conflict, acts as a catalyst for personal growth and the formation of multicultural competence.

The 1923 Greek–Turkish Population Exchange (Mubadele in Turkish), formalized through the Lausanne Convention, remains one of the most consequential cases of compulsory migration in modern history. This systematic review synthesizes a century of scholarship across political, legal, social, cultural, and historiographical dimensions. Findings indicate that the exchange not only legitimized forced displacement under international law but also reinforced authoritarian state-building in Turkey and exacerbated political instability in Greece. The social consequences included trauma, marginalization, and the emergence of heterogeneous refugee identities, while cultural memory oscillated between nationalist silencing and transnational remembrance. Urban landscapes and demographic structures were profoundly reshaped, producing visible legacies in contemporary cities. Furthermore, assimilation policies formalized the integration of populations, influencing the development of national identities in both Turkey and Greece. Historiographical trajectories diverged, with Greek scholarship emphasizing refugee struggles and Turkish scholarship foregrounding nation-building. Recent studies highlight hybrid identities and transgenerational redefinitions of belonging. This review underscores the necessity of integrating political, social, and memory studies to capture the multi-layered impacts of the exchange, offering a comprehensive account of its enduring relevance for migration, nationalism, and memory studies in Southeast Europe.

ABSTRACT This study traces the viral trajectory of the Chinglish meme ‘You swan, he frog’ from Chinese social media to institutional discourse, highlighting its cultural, linguistic, and pedagogical significance. Drawing on the World Englishes framework, it argues that Chinglish is no longer seen simply as flawed English but as an emergent variety characterized by creativity, hybridity, and youth identity. Using discourse-centered online ethnography and summative content analysis, the study examines the meme’s circulation across Xiaohongshu, China Daily, and national English examinations. The findings reveal three forms of institutional reframing: Chinglish as an expression of cultural confidence and soft power, a marker of linguistic hybridity, and a pedagogical resource. Public responses further point to shifting language ideologies, with Chinglish increasingly viewed as humorous, empowering, and meaningful in local contexts. Overall, the study demonstrates how digital creativity is reshaping English in contemporary China, positioning Chinglish as a legitimate, culturally resonant mode of expression.