Accumulation Of Hyaluronic Acid Research Articles

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts

Human skin fibroblasts were exposed to 3 anti-inflammatory steroids in order to study their effects on the glycosaminoglycan metabolism. The potent glucocorticoids, fluocinolone acetonide and budesonide, even at low concentrations strongly reduced the accumulation of hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the medium, at the cell surface, and in the cells. Hydrocortisone had considerably less effect. The 3 compartments were not influenced to the same extent and the least inhibition was noted in the cell surface pool. Dermatan sulfate was decreased to the same relative extent in all 3 compartments, while hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate were specifically retained at the cell surface, explaining why this compartment was less affected than the others. Dermatan sulfate was studied in more detail regarding effects on its copolymeric structure. Glucocorticoid treatment changed the uronosyl composition of the polysaccharides so that a relative decrease of glucuronic acid residues and a relative increase of iduronic acid residues were noted. This change was most evident in dermatan sulfate of the medium and of the cell surface. Thus, glucocorticoid treatment not only reduces the quantity of various glycosaminoglycans but also changes the distribution, the relative proportion, and the structure of connective tissue proteoglycans. These effects probably contribute to the development of skin atrophy, which often is observed after long-term treatment with potent glucocorticoids.

Quantitation of glycosaminoglycans of rabbit lung during delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and granuloma formation

The specificity and kinetics of hyaluronic acid (HA) accumulation in relation to other glycosaminoglycans (GASs) were determined in rabbit lungs during an allergic granulomatous response to BCG, an allergic nongranulomatous response to tuberculoprotein, and during a foreign-body granulomatous response to carrageenan. Hyaluronic acid was the only GAG detected in the lung lavage fluids. Hyaluronic acid occurred in the airways on day two of the allergic granulomatous response, but its presence in the airway did not correlate with ensuing granuloma formation in the parenchyma. Generalized increases in GAG of the parenchyma also peaked on day two of the DTH responses. Generalized increases in GAG peaked on day five during the foreign-body granulomatous response to carrageenan. A persistently elevated level of HA in the lung tissue correlated with granuloma formation but not with the intensity of the response.

Stimulatory Effect of Exogenous Hyaluronic Acid Distinguishes Cultured Fibroblasts of Marfan's Disease from Controls

Fibroblasts cultured from patients with Marfan's disease show metachromasia with toluidine blue and accumulate increased amounts of glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Compared to fibroblasts from controls, more of the newly synthesized GAG is hyaluronic acid. Cycloheximide has a modest inhibiting effect on GAG accumulation compared to protein inhibition while serum depletion has a greater effect on inhibiting GAG accumulation than on reducing synthesis of new protein. Exogenous hyaluronic acid restores new accumulation of hyaluronic acid in serum depleted Marfan-derived cultures towards baseline while having almost no effect on cultures derived from controls. The effect is specific for hyaluronic acid as chondroitin sulfate or dextran sulfate are not stimulatory and is not due to stimulation of new protein synthesis.

Interrelationship between stimulation of prostaglandin E and hyaluronate production by poly (I) . poly (C) and interferon in synovial fibroblast culture.

The interferon-inducer, polyinosinate . polycyctidylate [Poly (I) . Poly (C)] stimulated both prostaglandin E (PGE) and hyaluronic acid (HA) production by human cultured synovial fibroblasts. Increased accumulation of PGE in the medium was noted within 3 hours of culture, while accumulation of HA was observed only after a 24 hour lag period. The stimulation of PGE and HA production by Poly (I) . Poly (C) was prevented by aspirin and indomethacin. Human interferon was also effective in stimulating both PGE and HA production. Concomitant addition of cortisol to culture medium abrogated the stimulatory effect of Poly (I) . Poly (C) and interferon on both PGE and HA production. Exogenous PGE2, however, overcame the inhibitory effect of cortisol on HA production. The present results suggest that the stimulatory effect of both interferon and Poly (I) . Poly (C) on HA production may be mediated by PGE. Prostaglandins may thus play a role in the inflammatory process associated with viral infections.

Enhanced synthesis and extracellular accumulation of hyaluronic acid during stimulation of quiescent human fibroblasts by mouse epidermal growth factor.

The effect of mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins by human fibroblasts has been studied. The addition of physiological concentrations (10(-9)M) of mEGF to quiescent cultures preincubated in the absence of serum was found to elicit an increased incorporation of 3H-glucosamine into the glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins of both the cellular and extracellular fractions. Although the growth response to the factor, as measured by DNA replication, was minimal under these conditions as compared with the effect of serum, the mEGF-induced incorporation of glucosamine into these cellular constituents and into the extracellular glycoproteins was comparable to that elicited by serum shift-up. Serum, however, caused a significantly larger incorporation of glucoasimine into extracellular, acid-soluble glycosaminoglycans, which were shown to contain hyaluronic acid as the major component. As previously demonstrated, the growth response to mEGF can be enhanced several fold by an mEGF-binding arginine esterase, which is normally associated with the factor in vivo, and by ascorbate. The esterase was found to increase markedly the mEGF-induced incorporation of glucosamine into extracellular hyaluronic acid, while the addition of ascorbic acid did not significantly alter glucosamine incorporation.

Goniocytes in Tissue Culture

The corticosteroids may influence the ocular pressure by decreasing the transport by pinocytosis and the formation of transcellular canals in the goniocytes. There may also be an accumulation of hyaluronic acid due to the absence of fusion between the primary lysosomes containing hyaluronidase and the granules of hyaluronic acid. The catabolism of hyaluronic acid being so reduced, a mucoid oedema of the goniocytes and of the inner wall of Schlemm’s canal appears.

Metabolism of acid mucopolysaccharides in hepatoma and in normal liver.

The metabolism of acid mucopolysaccharides in Novikoff hepatoma and in hepatoma BW7756 was studied using the precursors -35S-sulfate, -H-glucosamine and -14C-galactosamine. There is an active formation of sulfated mucopolysaccharides at the mitochondria and cell membrane level. Hepatoma cells synthesize heparin to a lower rate than liver cells. In ascitic as well as in solid tumors there is a considerable accumulation of hyaluronic acid which does not seem to be elicited by the tumor cells but by the surrounding tissues. The possible implication of the low heparin production in the cell membrane characteristics is discussed.

The early development of the pars distalis of human foetal pituitary gland.

A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the early development of the adenohypophysis was carried out on a human material. Special attention was paid to an accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfate in the mesenchyma; its role in morphogenesis of the Rathke's pouch is discussed. The role of the vessels as a “critical factor” in the budding of the parenchyma and in the differentiation of secretory cells is discussed. Canalicular extensions from the original lumen of the pouch into the core of parenchymal buds, which migrate into the mesenchyma, is a new observation. The participation of canaliculi in formation of follicular structures of pars distalis is described and discussed. The primitive cell type lining the pouch is also found in the wall of canaliculi and follicular structures. The cell type is described and its role as the real progenitor cell of the adenohypophysis is discussed. Three types of colloid are noticed in pars distalis: 1. In the follicular structures, 2. in the slits or clefts caused by partial occlusion of the lumen of the pouch, and 3. mesenchymal extravasal colloid presumably representing material squeezed out from the aforementioned clefts or slits. It is concluded that the colloid contains material secreted from different types of granulated cells as well as material from the surface coat of the luminal cells.

Effects of menstrual cycle and sex hormones on beta-glucuronidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase activities in the "The Baboon Sex Skin".

β-Glucuronidase and β-acetylglucosaminidase activities in the baboon sex skin were measured during the normal menstrual cycle and in ovariectomized baboons injected with female sex hormones. β-Glucuronidase has an unusually acid pH optimum around 3.1, while that for β-acetylglucosaminidase is around 4.8. Hyaluronic acid has a marked inhibitory effect on the former but only a slight effect on the latter. The mechanism of β-glucuronidase inhibition is of the partially competitive type. In the normal menstrual cycle, the activities of both enzymes were low during sex-skin turgescence when the accumulation of hyaluronic acid occurs. Highest activities were observed during deturgescence, which is associated with the mobilization of this substance. Estrogen injections in ovariectomized baboons lowered enzyme activities, whereas their withdrawal produced an overshoot in activity, followed by a gradual return to pre-estrogen levels. Progesterone injections into estrogen-primed animals produced an earlier rise in ...

The accumulation of hyaluronic acid in cultured fibroblasts of the Marfan syndrome

The accumulation of hyaluronic acid in cultured fibroblasts of the Marfan syndrome

Some physical investigations of the behaviour of bacterial surfaces: V. The variation of the surface structure of Streptococcus pyogenes during growth

1. 1. A study of the electrophoretic mobility of Matt and Glossy variants of Streptococcus pyogenes, Type 6, during growth in liquid medium, revealed changes that could be correlated with the accumulation of hyaluronic acid on the bacterial surface during the active growth phase followed by its removal during the stationary phase. 2. 2. The hyaluronic acid is firmly attached to the surface of the Matt variant, but is easily removed, by washing, from the Glossy variant. 3. 3. The pH-mobility curves of the two variants suggest that a protein-hyaluronic acid complex may form an important part of the streptococcal surface.