This paper presents the multicultural, multilingual milieu of Hungarian literature in Vojvodina, focusing on the works of Dezső Kosztolányi and Danilo Kiš. The multicultural milieu of Subotica is important for both authors, but they do not have the multilingual experience of the Subotica milieu, the couleur locale. In Kosztolányi’s case, the assimilationist linguistic approach prevalent during the Monarchy, but in Kiš’s case, the cultural politics of Yugoslavia determined the representations of multilingualism. The paper poses questions about the changes in literary language in the wake of historical events in the twentieth century, the way multilingual literature gains legitimacy, and the ideological constraints it was subjected to in the Yugoslav context, additionally addressing the question whether there is any monolingual literature at all.

The subject of our research is the ornamentation en graved into the chalk-and-size ground and then gilded on the back and sides of the altar shrine, on the predella, and on the background of the wing paintings, as well as the realistically painted patterns of the clothes and dra peries on the wing paintings. Here the textile design was applied using a commercially available, popular and widely used aid contrived on the basis of Italian silk and velvet fabrics, the so-called perforated tracing paper (Lochpaus). Since in this case it is not only a question of the artistic elaboration of these details, but also of their mechanical transfer and reproduction, it is necessary to determine (if sufficient data are available) the criteria which, in addition to stylistic identification, can be used to establish the identity of the master or workshop (deck ungsgleich, i.e. overlapping identity, where the designs superimposed on each other on the film do not show sig nificant differences, or the degree of difference in detail is acceptable for related or similar categories), and which indicate the distribution of the design in question. The complete catalogue of patterns that is planned and will be compiled in the future will add another aspect to the European connections of medieval Hungarian winged al tarpiece art, in addition to the stylistic connections, and will also spectacularly demonstrate the domestic distri bution of textile patterns.In the rich foreign literature on the subject, an important methodological precedent and aid to our research is the catalogue of textile samples of Swabian winged altars collected by the staff of the Württembergisches Landes-museum in Stuttgart in 1996. The samples were drawn directly from the artefacts on transparent plastic film, indicating the differently textured surfaces, as this method is the most accurate for comparison.The fragmentation of the memorial material in Hungary due to the destruction of the major artistic centres and the central part of the country by the Turkish battles does not allow for large-scale conclusions, a large “corpus” like that of Stuttgart cannot be created. What can be determined in most cases is only the spread and popularity of the given textile. The fabric samples illustrated in this way are a good addition to the fragmentary material in textile collections, and at the same time provide important data for research into the history of costume and interior design, as well as trade relations.A review of selected foreign and detailed Hungarian literature also reveals the specific situation of research on the textile patterns depicted on medieval Hungarian winged altarpieces using various techniques - painting, engraving, etc. This is also confirmed by the analysis of the group of patterns which were widely and long used in Europe and which appear on three altarpieces made in the workshop of the Master of Jánosrét. This small collection can provide an important contribution to this research topic, complementing the rich catalogue of samples collected so far.

Aim: Examining how the Hungarian eID card and its electronic signature function as well as the National Digital Citizenship Program appear in the Digital Culture textbooks approved by the Hungarian Office of Education. Methodology: Drawing conclusions through the review, analysis and evaluation of national and international legislation, international efforts and Hungarian literature related to the topic. Performing keyword analysis on digital culture textbooks. Findings: The Digital Culture textbooks provide a good foundation and structure for the basic concepts examined in this study. They contain few practical tasks and examples that the target age groups encounter in their everyday lives. Value: The results can contribute to the further development of Digital Culture teaching materials.

New or recently confirmed localities of more than 50 rare or poorly known taxa (including 10 ferns) are presented from the territory of Budapest and adjacent territories. Some of those records are new for the spontaneous flora of particular territories, specifically: Anthericum liliago (Szentendre Island), Artemisia alba (Tétény Highland), Cerastium lucorum (Buda Mts, Börzsöny), Epipactis albensis (Budapest, Pilis), E. futakii (Börzsöny), E. moravica (Börzsöny, Visegrád Mts), Hippophae rhamnoides (Szentendre Island), Myosotis discolor (Börzsöny). The new localities of Cnidium dubium, Platanthera chlorantha, Spiranthes spiralis, Sternbergia colchiciflora, Veronica jacquinii and Viola stagnina are also noteworthy. Some species are discussed in more detail in relation to their former Hungarian literature records.

Regarding the limited availability of comprehensive Hungarian literature on this topic, this paper aims to collect tools of information security utilised by all involved parties and present them to the professional audience in a structured manner. Involved parties consist of users of information infrastructures who a re exposed to threats, defence personnel contributing to the maintenance of security level, and attackers that probe the effectiveness of security systems. Tools are widely mapped, including concepts that belong to the logical layer of cybersecurity, as well as physically manifested devices, systems, networks and programs. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to describe the tools by main dimensions and detailed characteristics in a way that, according to these attributes, a comprehensive analysis of comparison can be performed. As a result of the analysis since tools are collected both from military and civil background the author makes efforts to determine ways of classification of information security tools, in order to facilitate more successful targeting of further researches of the topic both within military, administrative (public service) and civil context.

In Hungary, situated in Central-Eastern Europe, the historical and cultural investigation of its relationship with the Balkans holds particular relevance due to the country’s unique and shifting historical position. Hungary has experienced distinct phases in its history: as a medieval middle power, later as a territory under Austrian rule, and subsequently as a state-forming entity within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. This progression has shaped Hungary’s perception of its neighbors and its role within European ideological currents, particularly those influenced by Orientalist discourses. The portrayal of the Bosnian (primarily identified – and subject to historical debate – as "Bogomils")in Hungarian historical literature is a compelling case in point. While not explicitly tied to imperial expansionist ambitions, such representations reflect European tendencies of “Othering,” where the “heretics” – often dismissed as heretics, tribal, or primitive – were situated in opposition to Western or Catholic norms. This dynamic was further complicated by Hungary’s intermediary status between Western Europe and the Balkans, creating a cultural and epistemological space that was neither fully “Orientalized” nor wholly part of the Western Occident. Hungary’s historical entanglement with the Balkans, therefore, offers a nuanced vantage point from which to examine Orientalist tendencies. These explorations are further elevated by the ideological debates surrounding the continuity between the medieval Bogomils and the later Bosnian Muslim population. The widely challenged notion that the Bogomils would have been "predecessors" of Bosnian Muslims adds another layer of ideological tension, particularly within critiques of Islam, which often bear a degree of ideological saturation. At first glance, Hungary’s portrayals of the Bosnian Christians cannot be isolated from broader European perceptions of Islam, where the historical Crusades, medieval animosities, and Enlightenment-era Orientalist narratives intersect. However, the Hungarian corpus itself rarely engages with the Bogomils as proto-Muslims, a narrative more prevalent in earlier Western and later Balkan discourses. Instead, Hungarian representations tend to emphasize the "sect"’s heretical nature, aligning more closely with medieval historiographical traditions than with ideological critiques of Islam. In this context, Hungary’s role as both a subject and an actor in these historical frameworks underscores the relevance of analyzing its cultural and literary portrayals of the Balkans and the Bosnia’s legacy. This dual position allows for critical insight into the hierarchical nature of Orientalism while also accounting for Hungary’s unique historical trajectory and its layered relationship with both “East” and “West.”

Our study aimed to expand the data available about two little-known species of Ascomycota in Hungary. The data were collected from 2015 to 2023. The samples collected in the field were identified by using determinantal books and a light microscope. One of the species examined on poplars was Gemmina gemmarum. We present five new records of it from several parts of the country, in each case accurately identifying the Populus species on whose decaying bud scales the fungus appeared. The other species we studied was the Lophodermium foliicola, about which, in addition to new data, we report its appearance on the leaves of Pyrus pyraster as a new result. We also observed that the species prefers the leaves of Crataegus laevigata among the hawthorns. For each species, we carried out precise substrate identification and described the type of habitat of the collection sites according to the ÁNÉR, thus expanding the knowledge of the distribution and substrate preference of Hungarian Ascomycota species.

The question of language relationship and its terminology in Sámuel Pápay’s literary history writing It is likely that Sámuel Pápay’s A’ Magyar Literatúra’ esmérete (The knowledge of Hungarian literature) was the first Hungarian textbook in which János Sajnovics’s Demonstratio appeared as a historical linguistic work. Although a significant portion of the publication is related to the def- inition, description and characterization of the origin of the Hungarian lan- guage, it has so far escaped the attention of our historical linguists. Despite the numerous analyses that have been written about it, these works have primarily examined the text from the perspective of literary history. A detailed analysis of Pápay’s work supports the idea that the author was well-acquainted with Demonstratio and that Sajnovics’s work strongly in- fluenced his ideas on the origin of our language. In the paper, after a brief introduction to the structure of the volume, I focused on the chapters related to language comparison and language relationship, primarily examining the author’s terminology. Keywords: Sámuel Pápay, János Sajnovics, language relationship, Saami (Lapp) languages

The culture of Hungary held Neo-Latin literature in a unique place, which was closely tied to the special status of the Latin language in the country. Latin was not only encouraged for cultural, scientific, or diplomatic purposes, but it also served as the language of public life until 1844. As a result, a significant part of Hungarian literaturę was written in Latin, even in the nineteenth century. The language of the first comprehensive works on the history of Hungarian literature—the manuals of the so-called historia litteraria tradition—was also Latin. In this paper, an exploration is made of how the Neo-Latin tradition appears in the handbooks on the history of Hungarian literature published since the beginning of the eighteenth century. It is investigated whether authors reflect on the Latinity of a particular cultural segment in Hungary, whether they consider it as part of the national literature, and if so, in what framework and with what methodology they attempt to present and process it. The first handbook examined is the first (Latin) lexicon dedicated to Hungarian literature, Specimen Hungariae Literatae, virorum eruditione clarorum natione Hungarorum, Dalmatarum, Croatarum, Slavorum atque Transylvanorum, vitas, scripta, elogia et censuras ordine alphabetico exhibens, published by Dávid Czvittinger in 1711. The latest compendium investigated is the Magyar irodalom (The Hungarian literature), edited by Tibor Gintli, published in 2010 Together with the volumes published in the intervening period, a three-hundred-year history of Hungarian Neo-Latin Studies is presented based on a review of nearly fifteen literary history manuals and five literary lexicons. The context of changes is reflected upon, such as the relationship with the development of academic disciplines, the relationship with the change in the concept of the nation, and the methodological context, including the interaction with positivist, and other research methodologies. In the view of the author, the historical overview of Hungarian Neo-Latin studies may be considered a paradigmatic example not only for Hungary but also for the Central and Eastern European region.

In our study, we explore the issue of safety among homeless women. While the question of safety for homeless people is addressed by several domestic studies, these typically do not separately examine women's experiences. In addition to reviewing international and Hungarian literature, we present three pieces of research conducted among users of the Budapest Methodological Centre of Social Policy and its Institutions. First, we present data obtained from secondary analysis of social work documentation regarding the previous experiences of homeless women. Then, we discuss relevant findings from the Needs Assessment survey conducted among women using its services. Finally, we analyse the responses related to safety from the Customer Satisfaction survey. We consulted with employees of several organizations about these findings and incorporated their feedback and observations into our Conclusions. These recommendations, along with best practices, can be important not only for organizations providing services to the homeless but for any social service that supports women.

Background and introduction: The East and Southeast Asian newly industrialized economies have shown spectacular economic development by their export-oriented development policies during recent decades, which resulted in not only economic wealth but enabled them to be technology exporters and investors. Their products, their flagship brands today are well-known and recognized throughout the world. It is not surprising that the Hungarian government—by its Hungarian Eastern Opening strategy—intended to focus on these economies, even though that with most of them there were intensive and broad co-operation in the fields of business, investment, culture, education and tourism. The new strategy gave a focus on increasing the diplomatic and trade relationship with the wider region, new embassies and trade representation offices were opened or re-opened in several locations with the view of intensifying the business and the people-to-people contacts. Even though the pandemic of Covid 19 and the energy crisis caused disruption in international trade, it can be said the trade and investment relations with these economies have still been growing, especially on the import side. The prospects of the growth of Hungarian exports to these destinations are modest which is hindered by the huge geographic distance, the peculiar consumer preferences, the merely different market conditions and the sharp competition. Objective: The aim of this paper to illustrate by statistical figures the state of the trade and investment relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Methodology: Bibliographic and data analysis, focusing on the relevant international and Hungarian literature and databases, especially the trade and investment statistics of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO/KSH).

Translated into several languages, Kelemen Mikes’ Letters from Turkey is one of the masterpieces of 18th-century Hungarian literature. This paper explores genre-historical contexts of the Letters, with particular regard to French epistolary works published between about 1620 and 1720. The paper distinguishes five main types of the literary use of the epistolary form: 1) editions of letters missives; 2) epistolary theories and manuals of letter writing; 3) fictional or partially fictional letter collections and letter series; 4) letters in the novel; 5) epistolary novels. The paper argues that the French epistolary tradition emerging at the same time as the Letters from Turkey or earlier was much more complex than Hungarian research has so far assumed. This epistolary culture is one of the primary genre contexts for Letters from Turkey. It appears that Mikes must have had knowledge of epistolary manuals and florilegies that were used for learning the French language, and often included letters and phrases applicable in letter writing as well. In the French source material, we find several examples of the defining features of Mikes’ work: fictional or semi-fictional collections of letters based on one voice, a direct, chatty tone, epistolary turns of gallantry, fictionalization of the addressee, and the depiction of the situation of exile. There is a wide range of literary devices that give the appearance of real correspondence, many which were used by Mikes.

The collection comprises 28 papers written in the wake of the scholarly conference hosted by the University of Pannonia (Veszprém, Hungary) in 2021 in celebration of the bicentennial anniversary of Dostoevsky’s birth. The book’s objective is to accomplish a comparative study of his works and determine their influence on the worldview of the region’s literature and culture, as well as identify current and potential areas of Dostoevsky studies. Papers in the first section contain semantic and intertextual analyses of Dostoevsky’s artistic images, motifs, and ideologemes. The second section deals with the reception and interpretation of Dostoevsky’s oeuvre in Hungary. Papers in the third section examine Dostoevsky’s influence on Hungarian ideology and literature and draw parallels between works of European (F. Nietzsche, R. M. Rilke, L. Rebreanu, J. Andrzejewski, E. T. A. Hoffmann) and Hungarian (Dezső Kosztolányi, Zsigmond Móricz, and Géza Gárdonyi) literature — and Dostoevsky’s texts. The final section explores the constant exchange between Pilinszky’s poetry and Dostoevsky’s writings.

To gain a better understanding of the biology of the Weasel, we collected and evaluated the literature on this species based on publications related to hunting, wildlife management and zoology in Hungary. The evaluation was based on 267 articles published in ten journals in the period between the 19th and 21st centuries, covering morphology, ethology, habitat, veterinary aspects, reproduction and nutritional biology. The importance of each topic, such as the importance of issues related to the biology and perception of the species, was assessed by the number of publications in that topic. The highest proportion of mentions related to nutritional biology was published in the national press (44.6%). We also had the opportunity to compile a taxon list summarising the potential food components of the Weasel based on the mentions published in the papers. Reports on the habitat of the species were the next most important topic (23.2%), but also a significant proportion of publications on the morphology of the species (12.0%), similar to the studies on reproduction (10.5%). Publications on animal health and ethology represented a smaller proportion (4.9%) of the publications on the biology of the Weasel. It is clear from the summarised works that the focus of the authors' work was on outlining the role of wildlife management, since a realistic assessment of the role of this species requires a basic understanding of the range of species preyed upon and the habitat types they prefer. Based on these studies, a comprehensive picture of the biology of the Weasel has been obtained, which is a gap in the Hungarian zoological literature on this understudied small carnivore in Europe

Abstract Šimon Ondruš’s wide scope of linguistic interests included the etymology of Hungarian words. In a ten-part series of articles published in the 2004 and 2005 issues of the journal Slovenské pohľady na literatúru, umenie a život, he published entries of varying lengths on the etymologies of more than a 100 Hungarian words, including proposed etymologies of some words of unknown origin. One such Hungarian word is gyenge ‘weak, feeble, powerless’, which, according to Ondruš, is of Slovak origin. In a rather short article, he points out some facts that he believes prove this relationship, but Ondruš did not write a detailed etymology. The present paper reviews Ondruš’s arguments as well as those that can be found in the Hungarian literature about the origin of this word.

Hungarian literary texts in translation have been consistently successful in the Czech Republic in the past 25 years, as the Magnesia Litera prize for the best translated book in 2024 awarded to Marta Pató’s translation of László Szilasi’s A harmadik híd [The Third Bridge] and a whole range of other Czech prizes awarded to translations of Hungarian texts illustrate. This decades-long success story contests assertions that Hungarian literature is relatively unknown internationally due to its weak translations, untranslatable expressions, and cultural specificity. The essay revisits Mihály Szegedy-Maszák’s (2003) article on this topic as a text that is symptomatic of a range of persistent beliefs about the factors that hinder the successful translation of Hungarian literary texts. Besides criticizing several such claims about translation quality and national specificity, however, it also advocates for a change of focus on supranational and subnational communities and the multilingual, multicultural, and multiethnic nature of cultural spaces, and it calls for a new approach to both studying and translating “small” literatures.

The Ugocsa estates of the Perényi family, Korolevo and the castle of Nyaláb, became Renaissance monuments of national importance in the 16th century. The era was defined by ominous events: the Dózsa Rebellion, the invasion of Ottoman Turks, and the country’s division into three parts. As a result of political events, manorial centres on the periphery of the Kingdom of Hungary paradoxically sometimes had more opportunities for development than the central areas of the country. The battles raged, but the wealthy Perényi family, which gained national influence and played a decisive role in the north-eastern counties, donated to literature and art because they wanted to develop the Hungarian language. It was important for them to be the first ones to read the letters of Saint Paul in print in their native language; they encouraged and sponsored the publication of Benedek Komjáthy’s Bible translation; and they supported the intellectual activity of the first Reformers. In addition, the traveling singer Péter Ilosvai Selymes also started and finished his career with them, and even Bálint Balassi was connected to the Perényi family. Support for the publication of psalms, religious songs, secular poems, and stories is connected to the family. In addition to the men of outstanding individuality and charity (Gábor Perényi, János P., István P., etc.), there was the caring mother, a woman who also dealt with economic matters in her widowhood: Katalin P. Frangepán. In addition to supporting literature, the activities of this noble family in supporting the fine arts cannot be neglected either. Stone carvings and stove tiles with the Perényi coat of arms or Renaissance flower motifs made in the castle of Nyaláb can be compared to the works of art in Sárospatak and elsewhere. Thanks to the activities of the Perényi family who donated to art and science and tolerated the culture of other ethnicities in addition to the Hungarian, such unique spiritual treasures as, for example, the Gospel of Korolevo – one of the oldest written records of Transcarpathia and Ukraine, were able to survive to this day. It can be said that Korolevo and the castle of Nyaláb became one of the cradles of Hungarian literature born at the beginning of the 16th century during the time of the Perényi family.

Abstract For most of the 20th century, Hungarian literary history disregarded decadence as a thematic or stylistic marker and refused to acknowledge that it was a significant cultural driving force of the fin-de-siècle Hungarian literature. I propose to interpret decadence not as a mere stylistic, moral or temporal category, but as a cultural trope, a modernist way of perceiving the world and creating art. I hypothesize that the Hungarian reception of French and English decadence at the end of the 19th century produced a uniquely reflexive version of this phenomenon. I aim to understand how decadence integrates into and presents itself in Hungarian literature and to uncover significant works hidden by the cultural forgetfulness of Hungarian literary history.

The study draws on minor literature theory and cultural theory of literary translation. As a case study, it analyses Olivér Rácz’s Csillagsugárzás (1978), an anthology of translations from world literature into Hungarian in Slovakia, and also compares it with the volumes by László Cselényi (1986) and Árpád Tőzsér (2002). In Hungarian literature, the anthologies compiled during the modernist period can be attributed mainly to the oeuvre of the poets who grouped around the literary journal Nyugat, and like the journal, these anthologies are linked to Western literature, complemented by the canon of classical antique literature. This initial tendency changed radically, especially after the Second World War, when the ruling ideology expected the literature of the socialist bloc to be represented. The collection of poems under analysis draws on this tradition but also seeks to incorporate Slovak and Czech literature into the world literary canon, given its minority position, while also making use of ideological and manipulative gestures.

The debut volume of Anna Vörös is a unique and solitary voice in contemporary Hungarian literature referring to the representation of refugees. The author is actively practicing psychology and worked as a volunteer in hot zones of the migrant crisis, so she had the chance to learn about different aspects of the crisis from the inside. By collecting experiences, she built out a literary universe with an authentic voice. Her narrative can be defined as close to the triple structure of distant suffering theory by Luc Boltanski. The model of Boltanski features three categories of which the third is the “distantiated spectator”: who instead of playing the role of furious and delivering justice, rather interprets and experiences mediatized suffering in its historical context and process. The cycle of prose featuring the Syrian heroine in its metaphors and symbols avoids the traps of topoi and common places of storytelling based on “contentless pathos” and “colonizing, colonial and postcolonial point of view”. Anna Vörös in a revealing and documentarist tone approaches the arrival experience of masses coming to Europe – this experience may be described by sociological, cultural anthropological, and spatial theories while using various topics and situations. In her model motifs like the moment of spotting the sea or land, crossing them, and winning the battle over physical barriers, are melted into contemporary European refugee literature as well as tendencies in film, fine art, as well as media representations of the topic. The paper is an attempt to discover this question in its complexity.