Problem Statement. In the current context of war and European integration, Ukrainian universities face the challenge not only of preserving their educational and scientific functions but also of redefining their societal role becoming institutions capable of ensuring resilience, solidarity, and humanitarian support. The traditional model of the university as a center of knowledge is being replaced by the concept of a “university that serves”, where the third mission – social, cultural, and civic engagement – becomes a systemic mechanism for social recovery and human capital development. The comprehension and practical implementation of this mission determine a new paradigm for the development of higher education in Ukraine. Purpose of the Study. The purpose of the study is to theoretically generalize and practically comprehend the implementation of the third mission of universities under the conditions of war and European integration, using the National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute” as a case study, and to define its role as a factor of resilience, social cohesion, and the development of the innovative potential of higher education in Ukraine. Object of the Study. The third mission of the university as a mechanism for ensuring the sustainable development of higher education in the context of war and European integration. Methods Used in the Study. Systemic, synergistic, axiological, and activity-based approaches; case study method, content analysis, comparative analysis of European and Ukrainian practices, and analytical generalization. Main Hypothesis of the Study. Institutional resilience of the university is formed through the integration of educational, scientific, and social functions, where the third mission becomes a practical mechanism of service to society and implementation of European values. Presentation of the Main Research Material. The evolution of the university’s third mission from social responsibility to the paradigm of service has been analyzed. A model of a sustainable-type university is proposed, combining value-based, operational, and global dimensions of activity. Examples of practical implementation of the third mission in education, humanitarian support, inclusion, digitalization, and international partnership are presented. Originality and Practical Significance of the Study. For the first time, an integrated concept of the university’s third mission as a mechanism of sustainable development under wartime conditions has been developed. The results can be used to design university development strategies, improve internal quality assurance systems in higher education, and elaborate ESG-related policies. Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research. The third mission is a key factor in ensuring institutional resilience, humanitarian cohesion, and the European integration-driven development of universities. Further research should focus on developing indicators for assessing the social impact of universities and modeling the effectiveness of third mission implementation in higher education.

The article analyses the experience of cooperation between the civic sector and local authorities in Slovakia regarding the provision of humanitarian and integration assistance to Ukrainian war migrants during the period 2022–2025. The research draws upon the preliminary results of the project “Best partnership practices of NGOs with local authorities in advocacy Ukrainian refugees’ issues”, implemented by the International Institute of Education, Culture and Diaspora Relations (MIOK) with the financial support of the International Visegrad Fund. It is further supplemented by empirical observations of the activities of Slovak non-governmental organisations covering the subsequent period from the summer of 2024 to the autumn of 2025. The study examines the dynamics of migration processes to Slovakia since the onset of the full-scale invasion according to quantitative, age-related, and gender-based criteria. The state’s response and the role of civil society regarding the events in Ukraine are outlined. Furthermore, the legal and regulatory framework for granting temporary protection status to newly arrived Ukrainians is investigated. The paper presents examples of partnership projects implemented through interaction between municipalities, civic associations, and (where applicable) international bodies. The author operationalises the concept of “cooperation between state and non-state institutions” through various scientific concepts, allowing this interaction to be viewed as a form of crisis governance. Drawing on the activities of organisations such as People in Need, the Human Rights League, Equita, MEMO 98, and CVEK, the study demonstrates how partnerships with local and regional authorities facilitated the institutionalisation of humanitarian support and the transition from short-term responses to sustainable integration practices. It is concluded that this format of cooperation, whilst not the sole mechanism for assisting migrants, is characterised by the highest level of inclusivity, as it ensures broader engagement of state, civic, educational, religious, and international actors. It is also noted that the Slovak experience represents an effective model of multi-level governance, combining the institutional stability of the state with the flexibility of the non-governmental sector. This may serve as a reference point for other countries when formulating social integration policies regarding forced migrants, not limited to those from Ukraine.

This article examines the processes of consolidation within the Ukrainian community in Greece following the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. It explores how self-organized initiatives by Ukrainians in Greece during the initial phase of the full-scale war transformed into institutionalized forms of civic and volunteer engagement, and assesses their contribution to providing humanitarian assistance to Ukraine as well as supporting Ukrainians granted temporary protection in Greece. The study highlights the activities of Ukrainian civil society organizations, grassroots initiatives and volunteers, focusing on the collection and delivery of humanitarian aid, the implementation of information campaigns in support of Ukraine, and the provision of comprehensive assistance to newly arrived Ukrainians. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between these structures, the Embassy of Ukraine in the Hellenic Republic, Greek governmental institutions, and local civil society organizations, which facilitated effective coordination, optimized resource allocation, and strengthened the overall capacity of the Ukrainian community. A pivotal moment in the development of the Ukrainian diaspora in Greece was the 2022 unification of various Ukrainian associations into a United Ukrainian Diaspora in Greece. This consolidation enhanced communication, organizational coherence, and the visibility of the Ukrainian community within Greek society. The article also traces the role of diaspora institutions in preserving Ukrainian identity through Sunday schools, cultural initiatives, educational programs, and artistic projects. The findings suggest that the consolidation of the Ukrainian community in Greece has not only been a critical factor in increasing the volume and effectiveness of humanitarian support to Ukraine but has also served as a vital mechanism for developing a robust civic resource capable of playing a significant role in the post-war reconstruction and development of Ukraine.

Editorial: Refugees and humanitarian support in the Global South: challenges in repatriation and social cohesion

The Russia-Ukraine conflict is not only taking place on the battlefield, but also developing into a narrative battle in the digital space. Digital diplomacy has become a strategic instrument for Ukraine in shaping international public opinion, mobilizing global support, and countering Russian disinformation during the period 2014–2022. This research aims to analyze the role, strategy, and effectiveness of Ukraine's digital diplomacy from the annexation of Crimea to the full-scale invasion in 2022. Through a descriptive-qualitative approach, this study examines the digital communication practices of the Ukrainian government, in particular the use of social media by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, crowdsourced campaigns such as UNITED24, as well as collaborations with global civil networks and the OSINT community. The findings of the study show that Ukraine's personalized, decentralized, and participatory communication model has succeeded in building international solidarity more effectively than Russia's strategy that relies on centralized disinformation and bot networks. Ukraine's digital diplomacy is also capable of converting soft power into significant political, military, and humanitarian support from various countries and international organizations. Thus, digital diplomacy has proven to be Ukraine's main tool for maintaining legitimacy, strengthening bargaining positions, as well as protecting national interests in asymmetric conflicts with Russia.

The prolonged crisis conditions triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine have profoundly transformed the landscape of volunteer activity and the management of civil society organizations. Under martial law, volunteer organizations have become pivotal actors in addressing humanitarian, logistical, social, and military support challenges. However, sustaining volunteer engagement and preventing burnout amid persistent uncertainty has emerged as a critical challenge for managers and leaders. This paper offers a conceptual exploration of adaptive management and leadership practices that support the long-term involvement of volunteers within crisis-driven organizations in Ukraine. Drawing on contemporary management and leadership theories, including adaptive leadership, transformational and servant leadership, and crisis management frameworks, the paper develops a multidimensional conceptual model linking organizational adaptability, motivational mechanisms, and sustained volunteer participation. It argues that effective volunteer management during wartime requires flexible decision-making, decentralized coordination, transparent communication, and a strong sense of shared purpose. Adaptive management enables organizations to adjust internal processes, redistribute resources, and realign priorities in response to rapidly evolving conditions. In contrast, adaptive leadership fosters psychological safety, collective efficacy, and moral resilience among volunteers. The proposed conceptual framework emphasizes three interrelated dimensions essential for sustaining engagement: managerial adaptability – the capacity to institutionalize learning and modify operational routines; leadership responsiveness – the ability to provide meaning, trust, and empowerment; and volunteer motivation and retention – grounded in intrinsic values of solidarity and civic responsibility rather than external incentives. By synthesizing insights from crisis management, nonprofit leadership, and volunteerism studies, this work contributes to the theoretical understanding of how civil society organizations can maintain operational continuity and human commitment during extreme disruptions. While focusing on the Ukrainian context, the conceptual implications extend to other crisis-affected regions, offering guidance for strengthening the resilience and sustainability of volunteer engagement in volatile environments. Keywords: adaptive management, crisis leadership, volunteer engagement, volunteer management, organizational resilience, civil society organizations, wartime volunteering.

Abstract Measuring levels of political, financial, military, and humanitarian support for Ukraine has been an unescapable subject since Russia carried out a full-scale invasion of its neighbor in February 2022. Donald Trump’s return to the White House in January 2025 added a new inflection point to the war including his efforts to end it. European states’ capacities to lend such support have been offset by individual countries’ resources including chances of falling into recession. With the passage of time, European publics are skeptical whether support for Ukraine should continue. The rhetoric of their political elites, by contrast, appears to ignore their uncertainties. Comparing levels of support by political elites and public attitudes is important in both theory and practice. Traditional representative government in the political West may produce anti-democratic politics. Relying on data from February 2022 to mid-summer 2025 allows us to explore how the elite-versus-public framework has oscillated. A case study of Poland focusing on its assistance for Ukraine raises additional historic questions about World War II history, its ethics, the role of state power, and personal disputes between Polish and Ukrainian leaders. The overarching question remains whether politicization separating high office holders from public attitudes holds sway in Ukraine’s war against Russia.

Abstract The conflict from 2020 to 2022 in Tigray, Ethiopia, has deepened food insecurity, particularly for female-headed urban households, which are 24.33% more likely to experience hunger than those are led by men. Drawing on data from 740 urban households collected in mid-2024, this study used gender-disaggregated analysis to examine the patterns and drivers of food insecurity. Findings reveal that female-headed households face significantly higher vulnerability, with mild food insecurity exceeding that of men by 10.55 percentage points, largely due to unequal access to education, income, and humanitarian support. Conflict conditions widen this gender gap by 43.89%, whereas education and aid help reduce it by 23.33% and 19.38%, respectively. Despite these influences, nearly half of the disparity remains unexplained, indicating deeper structural inequalities. Marital status also plays a role, with divorced and widowed female-headed households experiencing higher food insecurity, and larger dependency ratios worsening this gap. Only 17% of urban households remain food secure, with female-headed households disproportionately affected by market disruptions and caregiving duties. These findings highlight the urgent need for policy action, including vocational training, tailored aid delivery, and microfinance opportunities, to address gendered vulnerability in conflict-affected urban areas and shift responses from short-term relief to long-term equity.

Summary This urban ethnography examines state-led social work's role in engaging precaritized migrants experiencing homelessness within Northern and Western European welfare states. These migrants navigate constrained access to social rights while contending with intersecting forms of class- and race-based discrimination. Integrating the concepts of precarity and social work as a human rights-based profession, the study focuses on outreach social workers in Ghent, Belgium, through participant observations and qualitative interviews with 14 practitioners. Findings The findings reveal complex layers of precarity shaped by global, state, and market dynamics, identifying four strategies employed by outreach social workers: adopting a spatial and lifeworld-oriented approach, fostering an inclusive interpretation of citizenship, facilitating access to humanitarian and charity-oriented support, and addressing precarious legal statuses. Despite their efforts, outreach social workers operate within a welfare system that fails to recognize the rights of those they support, leaving them vulnerable to the challenges posed by prevalent anti-migrant and anti-homelessness sentiments, which threaten their human rights orientation. Applications These findings underscore the need to expand outreach social worker theorization beyond its current welfare state framework, presenting a critical decision point: either continue within a harm reduction logic or prioritize advocacy for more inclusive legal frameworks within government policy. Staying true to their human rights approach, such a shift is essential to resisting the existing hierarchical perception of human worth and the criminalization of homelessness. Moreover, taking this stance would ultimately support individual social workers by reducing their vulnerability to the negative perceptions of precarious migrants experiencing homelessness present in broader society.

Humanitarian Kidney Support Program: Responding to Evolving Needs

An interpretable two-stage adaptive deep learning model for humanitarian aid information prediction and emergency response support

This study offers a comprehensive examination of the Sanctuary Movement, which emerged in the 1980s to protect and support Central American refugees who fled to the United States to escape civil wars and political repression. It focuses in particular on the movement’s origins, characteristics, and historical significance. Although the sanctuary movement began as a religious and humanitarian initiative, it openly and directly challenged the U.S. government by defying immigration laws that refused to recognize Central Americans as legitimate refugees and instead mandated their arrest and deportation. The movement demanded redress of the inequitable refugee policies enforced by the federal government and further called for changes in U.S. foreign policy linked to Central American refugee issues. Ultimately, it developed into a multifaceted and multilayered movement that sought not only humanitarian protection and support for refugees but also reform of refugee policy and a reconfiguration of the foreign policies that had distorted it. In this sense, the sanctuary movement represented a comprehensive endeavor that combined religious, humanitarian, and political dimensions, and it may also be understood as a precursor to today’s ‘pro-immigrant’ and ‘immigrant rights’ movements.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront issues of international humanitarian cooperation with unrecognized states, demonstrating the need to overcome political barriers in the field of healthcare and hu-manitarian aid. The article examines the international legal foundations and practical mechanisms for provid-ing humanitarian aid to populations of unrecognized states, analyzes the activities of international organiza-tions during the pandemic, and considers legal problems and ways to resolve them. The research novelty con-sists in examining how humanitarian cooperation influences the international status of unrecognized states under conditions of a massive humanitarian challenge posed by the global COVID-19 pandemic. It is estab-lished that universal principles of human rights protection, peremptory norms of international humanitarian law, and erga omnes obligations form a legal basis for providing humanitarian support to populations of territories regardless of their legal status. At the same time, it is substantiated that unrecognized states have a special international legal personality in the field of humanitarian cooperation. It is precisely the territorial administra-tions of unrecognized states that possess real administrative and organizational powers in the relevant sphere.

In order to improve the outcomes of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), access to and quality of comprehensive acute and chronic care services in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) must be improved. To identify and summarise the characteristics of models of care for T1DM in children and adolescents in LMIC. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Index Medicus from inception to 11 December 2023 without restrictions. We conducted a scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. We included all study types describing the implemented organisation (setting, healthcare facilities, financial resources) and delivery of T1DM care (treatment, self-management support, clinical monitoring) for the management of T1DM in children and adolescents in LMIC. Two review authors independently screened and selected eligible studies, and charted relevant data from the included studies. The charted data were presented in a descriptive format. We included 40 studies that described models for T1DM care in 19 LMICs across the different WHO regions. African Region We identified models of care in Cameroon, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, largely supported by international initiatives like Changing Diabetes in Children (CDiC) and Life for a Child (LFAC). Models were implemented between 2004 and 2012, and aimed to enhance infrastructure and care delivery, including access to insulin, glucose monitoring supplies, and diabetes education for patients and caregivers. Multidisciplinary teams provided care across urban and rural settings, with some countries offering tele-support and diabetes camps. Financial and logistical barriers persisted despite governmental and humanitarian support. Region of the Americas We identified models of care in Brazil and Cuba, focusing on reducing complications, training human resources, and supporting psychosocial development. In Brazil, care was delivered at a secondary-level facility by a multidisciplinary team. In Cuba, care was provided by a tertiary-level childhood diabetes clinic. Both models emphasised diabetes education for patients and families, regular specialist consultations, and community awareness initiatives. Unique features included holiday camps in Cuba and internship programs for healthcare professionals in Brazil. Diabetes care in Brazil was free, with additional resources for those in need. South-East Asia Region We identified models of care in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, with implementation between 2009 and 2015. These models aimed to improve access to care, self-management education, and awareness amongst healthcare workers and communities, particularly for children below the poverty line. Supported by initiatives such as CDiC, LFAC, and Action4Diabetes (A4D), the models delivered outpatient care through multidisciplinary teams, providing free insulin and supplies in most countries. Regular HbA1c monitoring, diabetes education, and psychological support were key components, along with community awareness initiatives in four countries. Financial barriers remained significant, particularly in Bangladesh and Thailand. European Region We identified models of care in Kazakhstan and Turkey, aiming to provide comprehensive diabetes care and improve patient well-being. In Kazakhstan, care included free insulin, glucose meters and test strips, and a monitoring system for hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis was in place. Turkey's National Childhood Diabetes Program, initiated from 1994 onwards, delivered care through multidisciplinary healthcare teams and included initiatives like the Diabetes at School Program to raise awareness. Financial barriers persisted in both countries concerning certain supplies and technologies. Eastern Mediterranean Region We identified a model of care in Morocco, implemented in 1986, that had expanded from a single tertiary-level facility to nine provincial secondary-level hospitals, covering a third of the country's young patients with T1DM. Care was delivered by multidisciplinary teams and included initial in-hospital treatment, followed by outpatient consultations every three months. Education in self-management was emphasised, with group sessions, holiday camps, and tailored resources for illiterate parents. A database system supported electronic data monitoring. Financial support was provided for low-income families through sponsors and associations, although insurance coverage was limited to insulin costs. Western Pacific Region We identified models of care for Cambodia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Laos, supported by the A4D program. T1DM care included free insulin, glucose meters, HbA1c testing, and emergency funds, with care delivered through tertiary and secondary-level facilities, except in Vietnam where a single tertiary-level clinic provided care. Multidisciplinary teams were present in Cambodia, Malaysia, and Vietnam, but not in Laos. Screening for diabetes complications varied, with the most comprehensive screening offered in Cambodia and Laos. Ongoing diabetes training for healthcare workers, and electronic patient databases were integral to the model of care. Financial barriers persisted in Laos, where certain screening assessments required out-of-pocket payment. In many countries included in this review, substantial improvements in T1DM care have been made, particularly through international partnerships. However, the sustainability, consistency, and comprehensiveness of care remain a consistent challenge for further improving life expectancy and quality of life for children and adolescents with T1DM. World Health Organization (WHO) REGISTRATION: Registration: OSF, via doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JZ65G.

This study conducted with major objective to investigate the impact of conflict and displacement on household food security in rural areas, of district North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose, a total of 128 sample households were selected through a multistage sampling technique, and primary data were collected using interviews schedule method and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage and graphs), Food Security Index (FSI), and a binary logit regression model. The study results indicated that most sampled household heads were middle-aged (41–50 years), with high (43%) illiteracy rates and large family sizes, alongside predominantly low incomes. The overall Food Security Index (FSI) was (0.70), representing moderate food security, but with unfavorably low food availability (0.09) due to interrupted agriculture production and supply chains. The results of binary logit model indicated the co-efficient and significant values of independent variables such as age of the respondents (β = 0.150, p = 0.006), family size (β = 0.353, p = 0.008), and losses of market infrastructure (β = 2.854, p = 0.056) had positively and significantly increased vulnerability to food insecurity in the study area while, respondents education (β = −0.211, p = 0.010), food received from aid organization (β = −2.121, p = 0.039), and involvements in non-farm activities (β = −4.298, p = 0.003) had statistical significantly abridged the adverse effects of conflict and displacement on food security. The model overall explained 79% of variation in food security outcomes, emphasizing the strong effect of socio-economic factors. Based on the study findings it is recommended that improving education and infrastructure, restoring livelihoods, and ensuring timely humanitarian support are essential to enhancing resilience in conflict affected rural sites.

Since 2014, Ukraine has undergone a major decentralisation reform with the aim of strengthening local self-government, through the transfer of powers, responsibilities and fiscal resources from the central to the local level. However, the full-scale Russian invasion in 2022 has significantly disrupted this process. The ongoing war has caused severe financial instability across all levels of government and led to a functional and fiscal transformation of local self-government bodies. The present article examines the impact of Ukraine's financial crisis on the legal framework, functions and practical operations of local self-government bodies, focusing in particular on three areas: the shift in local functions during wartime, the impact of the financial crisis on local budgets, and the suspension of participatory budgeting and citizen engagement. The study is based on a combined legal and economic analysis, including national legislation and financial data. It is evident that local self-government bodies were obliged to adopt emergency roles, including humanitarian support and civil protection, despite the absence of explicit legal functions in these domains and inadequate financial resources. The crisis has also resulted in a considerable decline in own-source revenues and substantial reductions in interbudgetary transfers. Whilst legal provisions under martial law did indeed allow for a certain degree of flexibility, they also created risks for transparency, democratic accountability, and institutional overload. Notwithstanding the challenges faced, the article emphasises the resilience and adaptability demonstrated by local self-government bodies in Ukraine. The text calls for improved integration of legal safeguards and fiscal stability during periods of crisis, and argues for the urgent need to restore participatory tools during the post-war recovery phase. The findings contribute to broader discussions on decentralisation under the martial law, and offer policy recommendations for strengthening local self-government within the framework of Ukraine's European integration. By examining this critical period, the article provides insight into how local democracy can be protected and rebuilt in times of war and uncertainty.

This study critically examines the application of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in Non-International Armed Conflicts (NIACs), with specific focus on South Sudan. The study explores the legal limits of protection afforded under IHL during internal armed conflicts, the practical challenges to its implementation, and the broader implications for civilian protection and accountability. South Sudan, plagued by recurring internal conflicts since gaining independence in 2011, offers a compelling case study for understanding the operational gaps between legal norms and the realities on the ground. The study utilizes a doctrinal legal methodology, focusing on primary sources like Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Convention. Additional Protocol II of 1977, and Customary International Law. Secondary sources including reports by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and academic commentaries offer contextual foundations. The analysis situates these legal frameworks within the South Sudanese context, where protracted civil war, ethnic-based violence, and state fragility complicate the enforcement of humanitarian norms. Key findings reveal that while IHL provides a minimum standard of protection in NIACs, its effectiveness in South Sudan is severely hindered by fragmented armed groups, lack of state capacity, limited dissemination of IHL, and persistent impunity for violations. The absence of robust accountability mechanisms and inadequate domestic incorporation of international norms further erode protection for civilians and humanitarian personnel. The study recommends the reinforcement of legal and institutional frameworks in South Sudan to align with IHL obligations, increased training for state and non-state actors, and the establishment of hybrid or regional accountability mechanisms. Additionally, enhanced humanitarian coordination and support for transitional justice initiatives are essential to bridge the gap between IHL in principle and in practice. Through this legal analysis, the study contributes to broader discourses on the operationalization of IHL in fragile and conflict-affected states.

The persistent prevalence of armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa has necessitated the continuous deployment of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions aimed at maintaining peace and facilitating post-conflict recovery. Despite these efforts, the region remains plagued by violence, state fragility, and recurring crises, raising critical questions about the actual impact of UN peacekeeping missions on conflict resolution. This study investigates the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations in resolving conflicts and fostering sustainable peace in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anchored in liberal institutionalism and conflict transformation theory, the research assesses the extent to which UN interventions have achieved their intended goals. Employing a qualitative, case study approach, the study draws on secondary data from UN reports, academic literature, and policy analyses. It examines four key missions: MONUC/MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of Congo, UNMISS in South Sudan, MINUSMA in Mali, and MINUSCA in the Central African Republic. The findings reveal mixed outcomes: while the missions have contributed to civilian protection, humanitarian support, and the reduction of open hostilities, they have often fallen short in addressing the root causes of conflict, facilitating political reconciliation, and achieving long-term peace. Key challenges identified include mandate ambiguity, limited resources, lack of local ownership, and complex political environments. The study concludes that while UN peacekeeping missions play a critical role in stabilising conflict zones, their effectiveness in achieving comprehensive conflict resolution remains constrained by operational, structural, and political limitations. To enhance their impact, the study recommends clearer mandates, stronger collaboration with regional organisations such as the African Union, greater investment in peacebuilding, and increased inclusion of local actors in the peace process. The paper contributes to ongoing debates on global peacekeeping practices and offers insights for policymakers and international actors involved in African conflict resolution.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of Western Armenians were subjected to genocidal policies carried out by the Ottoman Empire. These policies resulted in significant human losses and widespread deportations. Thousands of Western Armenians, particularly women and children, lost their families and support networks, leaving them orphaned and displaced. The Armenian diaspora required a coordinated programme of humanitarian and social assistance, which began to be implemented not only by Armenian charitable organisations and individual benefactors, but also with the involvement of various international institutions and missionary groups. In this context, the 'Near East Relief' organisation played a particularly significant role through its large-scale, systematic activities, making substantial contributions to the social protection, education and healthcare of displaced populations. The Near East Relief organisation's legacy significantly impacted the socio-economic development of the region, improving local economies and promoting educational advancement. Its programmes aimed to provide humanitarian aid and ensure long-term social stability in the area. During its fifteen years of operation, the organisation demonstrated a high level of humanitarianism and responsibility, contributing to the region's comprehensive development. Over its fifteen years of activity, Near East Relief grew into a major organisation that invested more than $116 million in saving Armenian refugees and 132,000 orphans. This powerful humanitarian institution spared no effort or resources during and after the Armenian Genocide, providing refugees with food, clothing and shelter. Combined with the humanitarian support of the American government and people, the efforts and resources of Near East Relief made it possible to save hundreds of thousands of Armenians and other people in need in the Near East from imminent destruction. Near East Relief's advocacy and practical measures made a significant contribution to protecting and supporting tens of thousands of refugees and orphans resulting from the Armenian Genocide, further strengthening the organisation's importance in the region. The study combines historical-comparative and analytical methods to achieve the goals and objectives set by the authors.

Humanitarian support is anchored on the philosophy of saving lives and alleviating human suffering. However, targeted efforts towards sustainable livelihoods of the assisted communities remain a missed target. Priority has been on short-term relief measures focused on immediate life-saving needs, while neglecting long-term recovery, resilience-building, and livelihood sustainability. Integrating development programming anchored on annals of resilience and sustainability, therefore, remains unfulfilled. Authors opine that such initiatives within displaced populations’ contexts need to be aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Goal 1 (end poverty in all its forms everywhere), and Goal 8 (decent work and economic growth) to underscore the integration of livelihoods support into humanitarian programmes. Humanitarian support theory, a composite framework that informs the design and delivery of humanitarian support in crisis settings, forms the conceptual underpinning. A pragmatist mixed-methods approach, known for enhancing the explanatory power of findings by triangulating quantitative and qualitative data, was employed. A sampling strategy blended out of census, random, and purposive sampling was deployed, and a sample size of 400 was picked. Generally, health services were ranked best by both study sites on account of the humanitarian support for displaced populations, averaged at 93%. Cash support and Vocational training were rated poorly, signaling inadequacy of these humanitarian supports across both counties. Ironically, these could have improved the endowment of displaced populations and the sustainability of the humanitarian support. The study recommends the programming of humanitarian support packages to address this inadequacy for the sustainability of the livelihoods of the displaced populations.