Tick-borne Diseases In Humans Research Articles

Development of targeted whole genome sequencing approaches for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most prevalent human tick-borne viral disease, with a reported case fatality rate of 30% or higher. The virus contains a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genome consisting of the small (S), medium (M) and large (L) segments encoding respectively the nucleoprotein (NP), the glycoproteins precursor (GPC) and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). CCHFV is one of the most genetically diverse arboviruses, with seven distinct lineages named after the region they were first reported in and based on S segment phylogenetic analysis.Due to the high genetic divergence of the virus, a single targeted tiling PCR strategy to enrich for viral nucleic acids prior to sequencing is difficult to develop, and previously we have developed and validated a tiling PCR enrichment method for the Europe 1 genetic lineage.We have developed a targeted, probe hybridisation capture method and validated its performance on clinical as well as cell-cultured material of CCHFV from different genetic lineages, including Europe 1, Europe 2, Africa 2 and Africa 3. The method produced over 95% reference coverages with at least 10x sequencing depth. While we were only able to recover a single complete genome sequence from the tested Europe 1 clinical samples with the capture hybridisation protocol, the data provides evidence of its applicability to different CCHFV genetic lineages.CCHFV is an important tick-borne human pathogen with wide geographical distribution. Environmental as well as anthropogenic factors are causing increased CCHFV transmission. Development of strategies to recover CCHFV sequences from genetically diverse clades of the virus is of paramount importance to monitor the presence of the virus in new areas, and in public health responses for CCHFV molecular surveillance to rapidly detect, diagnose and characterise currently circulating strains.

Tick-Borne Diseases—Still a Challenge: A Review

Tick-borne diseases account for a large proportion of vector-borne illnesses. They include, for example, a variety of infections caused by bacteria, spirochetes, viruses, rickettsiae, and protozoa. We aim to present a review that demonstrates the connection between the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and the significance of certain emergency tick-borne diseases in humans and their clinical–epidemiological features. This review covers three diseases: anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. The emergence of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis is become more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in numbers and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir and tick populations are high. They belong to the order Rickettsiales and the family Anaplasmataceae, and the clinical manifestations typically coexist. Furthermore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are critical to the patient’s recovery. Similar to malaria, babesiosis causes hemolysis. It is spread by intraerythrocytic protozoa, and the parasitemia dictates how severe it can get. Left untreated, some patients might have a fatal outcome. The correct diagnosis can be difficult sometimes; that is why an in-depth knowledge of the diseases is required. Prevention, prompt diagnosis, and treatment of these tick-borne diseases depend on the understanding of their clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features.

Prevalence of ixodid ticks on goats and risk factors for tick-borne diseases in humans in the Kyasanur forest disease endemic area of Kerala, India.

In India, tick-borne diseases are prevalent in many states due to the presence of tick vectors. However, information on disease-causing ticks from domestic animals and the associated risk factors for residents living in the disease-endemic area is lacking. Therefore, we conducted this study to identify ixodid ticks in goats and human risk factors in three villages of the Wayanad district of Kerala. We examined 202 goats and collected 741 ticks, of which 69.8% were ticks belonging to the genus Haemaphysalis. The maximum number of ticks was collected from Thirunelli (81.3%), followed by Noolpuzha (76.27%) and Pulpally (45.6%). Overall, H. bispinosa Neumann, 1897 (54.6%), was the most common species, followed by H. turturis Nuttall and Warburton, 1915 (38.0%), H. spinigera Neumann, 1897 (5.4%), and H. intermedia Warburton and Nuttall, 1909 (1.8%). We included 428 participants (men and women) in this study. The average age of the respondents was 43years. We found significant associations between accessing the forest for cattle grazing and other activities and tick-borne diseases (χ2 = 9.5, p = 0.002), between workers who were bitten by ticks and tick-borne diseases (χ2 = 3.8, p = 0.05), and between number of tick bites per day > 6 and tick-borne diseases (χ2 = 12.1, p = 0.001). The high frequency of Haemaphysalis spp. found in goats highlighted the risk of tick exposure and tick-borne diseases, such as Kyasanur forest disease in humans, and the need for the development and implementation of effective measures to control ticks.

Human Tick-Borne Diseases and Advances in Anti-Tick Vaccine Approaches: A Comprehensive Review.

This comprehensive review explores the field of anti-tick vaccines, addressing their significance in combating tick-borne diseases of public health concern. The main objectives are to provide a brief epidemiology of diseases affecting humans and a thorough understanding of tick biology, traditional tick control methods, the development and mechanisms of anti-tick vaccines, their efficacy in field applications, associated challenges, and future prospects. Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose a significant and escalating threat to global health and the livestock industries due to the widespread distribution of ticks and the multitude of pathogens they transmit. Traditional tick control methods, such as acaricides and repellents, have limitations, including environmental concerns and the emergence of tick resistance. Anti-tick vaccines offer a promising alternative by targeting specific tick proteins crucial for feeding and pathogen transmission. Developing vaccines with antigens based on these essential proteins is likely to disrupt these processes. Indeed, anti-tick vaccines have shown efficacy in laboratory and field trials successfully implemented in livestock, reducing the prevalence of TBDs. However, some challenges still remain, including vaccine efficacy on different hosts, polymorphisms in ticks of the same species, and the economic considerations of adopting large-scale vaccine strategies. Emerging technologies and approaches hold promise for improving anti-tick vaccine development and expanding their impact on public health and agriculture.

Tick-borne pathogens in questing adults Dermacentor reticulatus from the Eastern European population (north-eastern Poland)

Dermacentor reticulatus is tick species with an expanding geographical range in Europe, which creates the possibility of spreading microorganisms of significant veterinary and medical importance. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp., Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in adult D. reticulatus ticks from the Eastern European population in the urban and the natural biotopes of north-eastern Poland. Microorganisms were detected by PCR and identified by DNA sequencing. The overall infection rate of at least one of the pathogens was 29.6%. The predominantly was Rickettsia spp. (27.1%) (with R. raoultii—9.1%) followed by Babesia spp. (2.4%) with B. canis (1.5%) as the most frequent. Based on 18S rRNA gene sequence, three B. canis genotypes were revealed. The prevalence of R. raoultii and B. canis was significantly higher in ticks from natural biotopes. The infection rates of B. afzelii and A. phagocytophilum were determined at 0.9% and 0.3%, respectively. Co-infections were detected in 3.8% of infected ticks. In diagnosing tick-borne diseases in humans, tick-borne lymphadenopathy should not be excluded. The prevalence of different genotypes of B. canis suggests differences in the clinical picture of canine babesiosis in the area.

Evidence of zoonotic rickettsiae in ixodid ticks of domestic animals in some communal farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

The abundance of tick populations in South Africa represents a probable risk for both animal and human health. Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. are well-known agents of emerging human tick-borne infectious diseases worldwide. Nevertheless, the epidemiology of their infections has been underreported in South Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to profile zoonotic Rickettsia and Borrelia species from ticks infesting domesticated animals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Morphological and molecular identification techniques were conducted on 1,200 tick samples collected from domestic animals before screening for the target bacterial pathogens. The molecular identification of the tick samples was based on the amplification of the 12S rRNA mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid. At the same time, those of Rickettsia and Borrelia species were carried out by amplifying fragments of gltA and ompB genes for Rickettsia and flaB gene for Borrelia spp. Thereafter, the positive amplicons for Rickettsia ompB were sequenced and further analyzed. Borrelia PCRs were negative; therefore, sequencing could not be performed. Eight species of ticks belonging to three genera; Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Haemaphysalis, were identified. A total of 27% (320/1,200) samples were confirmed positive for Rickettsia, of which 23% (74/320) were positive for ompB genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ompB revealed a high homology to rickettsial reference strains from GenBank, with no positive result for Borrelia. The generated sequences showed homology with R. africae-KX227790 (100%), R. parkeri-KY113111 (99.8%), R. peacockii (99.3%), and R. slovaca-JX683122 (99.1%) representative sequences in GenBank. The findings from this study revealed that ticks harbored Rickettsia species with possible zoonotic potential.

RESULTS REGARDING SEASONAL ACTIVITY, TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS OF THE EXISTENCE OF IXODUS TICKS AND THEIR ROLE AS TRANSMITTERS OF LYME DISEASE

SUMMARY. Over the last 10 years, some countries in Europe have been troubled by the spread of infectious agents that are transmitted by ixodes ticks. Lyme disease is the most frequent ixodes tick-borne human disease in the world, with an estimated 85.500 patients annually.
 The aim – to analyze the relationships between Lyme disease appearance and Ixodes tick bites number, air temperature, and their role in the transmission of Lyme disease.
 Material and Methods. 798 ticks of Ixodes Ricinus were investigated. All ticks of the first type were found mainly in the city of Ternopil and Ternopil region, as well as some ticks were brought from Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Rivne regions. The study was carried out using optical and electronic system SEO-IMAGLAB. Investigation of epidemiological state was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using amplifier method “ROTOR Gene-6000” in real time.
 Results. Our studies showed, that about 30 % of ticks removed from humans are carriers of pathogens. Females of ticks are more carriers of Borrelia Burgdorferi, and the nymphs are carriers of Anaplasma phagocytophilium and Borrelia Miyamotoi. Larvae can be human ectoparasites and tolerate all three pathogens of infectious diseases. Including a complex carrying, that is the simultaneosus transfer of pathogens of the two diseases. Taking into consideration the dynamics of the frequency of infection with ticks of Ixodes ricinus, were observed an increase number of females and nymphs that are carries of pathogens in the period of May-July, and then, decrease the frequency of their infection in August-October. Obviously, the main cause of these fluctuations is the temperature regime, which changes in the spring-summer-autumn periods. Thus, the average temperature in May-June was 18–23 °C, in July-August – 25–27°C, in September-October – 20–15°C. At a temperature of 10–12°C, the number of patients affected by ticks decreased. As a result of studies on the influence of seasonal changes on the degree of infection with ticks of Ixodes ricinus by pathogens of infectious diseases, it`s direct dependence on the temperature regime: at a temperature of about 18–15°C, the degree of infection in the nymph is 14%, and in females – 22 %, while at 25–28°C in the nymph this figure is 37 %, and in females – 72 %.
 Conclusions. Geographic and seasonal distribution of Lyme borreliosis, patient`s age, sex, and profession has disease-related effects on incidence.

Bacterial Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Approach. A Review

Abstract One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environments. The main goal of this paper is to highlight the significance of the One Health concept in relation to the large group of diseases that transmits through arthropods and their worldwide distribution, with a closer look at the zoonoses. The importance of knowledge increases as the globalization and climate changes increases the likelihood of transmission, as both cause favourable conditions for transmission of bacteria and viruses. The increase in reservoir abundance, climate change, changing habitat structure, socio-political changes, and import of animals for welfare reasons, trade and traveling are considered to be potential factors for the pathogen and vector introductions to new areas. This article highlights the selected agents of bacterial zoonoses as sources of human and animal diseases and shows the number of cases of Lyme disease, which is the most common bacterial tick-borne disease in humans in Slovakia and Norway, and the trend in incidence over the past twelve years.

Rickettsial Infection in the COVID-19 Era: The Correlation between the Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Ticks and Storytelling Photography of a Presumable Human Rickettsiosis Case.

Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection is an emerging human tick-borne disease with only a few recorded cases. We reported a presumable autochthonous case of rickettsiosis in an Italian cattle breeder associated with a Hyalomma marginatum bite. Rickettsia aeschlimannii DNA was detected in both the tick specimen from the patient and the grazing cattle close to his farm.

Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa.

Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.

Recovery of complete genome sequences of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) directly from clinical samples: A comparative study between targeted enrichment and metagenomic approaches

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most prevalent human tick-borne viral disease, endemic to the Balkans, Africa, Middle East and Asia. There are currently no licensed vaccines or effective antivirals against CCHF. CCHF virus (CCHFV) has a negative sense segmented tripartite RNA genome consisting of the small (S), medium (M) and large (L) segments. Depending on the segment utilised for genetic affiliation, there are up to 7 circulating lineages of CCHFV. The current lack of geographical representation of CCHFV sequences in various repositories highlights a requirement for increased CCHFV sequencing capabilities in endemic regions. We have optimised and established a multiplex PCR tiling methodology for the targeted enrichment of complete genomes of Europe 1 CCHFV lineage directly from clinical samples and compared its performance to a non-targeted enrichment approach on both short-read and long-read sequencing platforms. We have found a statistically significant increase in mapped viral sequencing reads produced with our targeted enrichment approach. This has allowed us to recover near complete S segment sequences and above 90% of the M and L segment sequences for samples with Ct values as high as 31.3. This study demonstrates the superiority of a targeted enrichment approach for recovery of CCHFV genomic sequences from samples with low virus titre. CCHFV is an important vector-borne human pathogen with wide geographical distribution. The validated methodology reported here adds value to front-line public health laboratories employing genomic sequencing for CCHFV Europe 1 lineage surveillance, particularly in the Balkan and Middle Eastern territories currently monitoring the spread of the pathogen. Tracking the genomic evolution of the virus across regions improves risk assessment and directly informs the development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.

Can protection motivation theory predict protective behavior against ticks?

BackgroundCases of reported tick-borne diseases in humans have increased over the past decades. Strategies informing the public about ticks, their associated diseases, and preventive measures are often highlighted as important in limiting pathogen transfer and disease. However, knowledge about the motivation for people to apply preventative measures is sparse.MethodsThe aim was to examine if Protection Motivation Theory, a model of disease prevention and health promotion, can predict the use of protective measures against ticks. Ordinal logistic regression and Chi-square tests were used on data from a cross-sectional survey with respondents from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (n = 2658). We examined the effect of (1) the perceived seriousness of tick bites, Lyme borreliosis (LB), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), and (2) the perceived probability of getting a tick bite, Lyme borreliosis, and tick-borne encephalitis on protection against ticks. Finally, we examined if there was an association between the use of a protective measure and the perceived efficacy of that measure.ResultsThe perceived seriousness of a tick bite and LB significantly predict who is more likely to apply protective measures for all three countries combined. The perceived seriousness of TBE did not significantly predict the level of adoption of protective measures applied by respondents. The perceived likelihood of getting a tick bite within the next 12 months and the perceived likelihood of getting LB if bitten by a tick significantly predicted the application of protective measures. However, the increases in the likelihood of protection were very small. The application of a certain type of protection was always correlated with the perceived efficacy of the same protective measure.ConclusionSome variables of PMT may be used to predict the level of adoption of protection applied against ticks and tick-borne diseases. We found that the perceived seriousness of a tick bite and LB significantly predict the level of adoption protection. The perceived likelihood of getting a tick bite or LB also significantly predicted the level of adoption of protection, although the change was very small. The results regarding TBE were less clear. Lastly, there was an association between applying a protective measure and the perceived efficacy of the same measure.

Retrospective study of the epidemiological risk and serological diagnosis of human babesiosis in Asturias, Northwestern Spain

BackgroundBabesiosis is a globally growing tick-borne disease in humans. Severe babesiosis caused by Babesia divergens has been reported in two patients from Asturias (Northwestern Spain), suggesting an undetected risk for the disease. To analyze this risk, we retrospectively evaluated the seroprevalence of babesiosis in the Asturian population from 2015 through 2017, a period covering the intermediate years in which these two severe cases occurred.MethodsIndirect fluorescent assay (IFA) and Western blot (WB) were performed to detect B. divergens IgG antibodies in 120 serum samples from Asturian patients infected with the tick-transmitted spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, a condition that indicates exposure to tick bites.ResultsThis retrospective study confirmed a B. divergens seroprevalence rate of 39.2% according to IFA results. B. divergens incidence was 7.14 cases/100,000 population, exceeding previously reported seroprevalence rates. No differences in epidemiology and risk factors were found between patients infected solely with B. burgdorferi s.l. and those infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. and with IgG antibodies against B. divergens. This last group of patients lived in Central Asturias, had a milder clinical course and, according to WB results, developed different humoral responses against B. divergens.ConclusionsBabesia divergens parasites have circulated for several years in Asturias. Epidemiological evidence of babesiosis makes Asturias an emerging risk area for this zoonosis. Human babesiosis could also be relevant in other Spanish and European regions affected by borreliosis. Hence, the potential risk of babesiosis on human health in Asturias and other European forest regions needs to be addressed by the health authorities.Graphical

Bacterial Agents Detected in 418 Ticks Removed from Humans during 2014–2021, France

Monitoring of tickborne diseases is critical for prevention and management. We analyzed 418 ticks removed from 359 patients during 2014-2021 in Marseille, France, for identification and bacteria detection. Using morphology, molecular methods, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we identified 197 (47%) Ixodes, 136 (33%) Dermacentor, 67 (16%) Rhipicephalus, 8 (2%) Hyalomma, 6 (1%) Amblyomma, 2 (0.5%) Argas, and 2 (0.5%) Haemaphysalis tick species. We also detected bacterial DNA in 241 (58%) ticks. The most frequent bacterial pathogens were Rickettsia raoultii (17%) and R. slovaca (13%) in Dermacentor ticks, Borrelia spp. (9%) in Ixodes ticks, and R. massiliae (16%) in Rhipicephalus ticks. Among patients who were bitten, 107 had symptoms, and tickborne diseases were diagnosed in 26, including scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy after tick bite and Lyme borrelioses. Rapid tick and bacteria identification using a combination of methods can substantially contribute to clinical diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of tickborne diseases.

Dairy milk from cow and goat as a sentinel for tick-borne encephalitis virus surveillance.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most severe human tick-borne diseases in Europe. It is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which is transmitted to humans mainly via bites of Ixodes ricinus or I. persulcatus ticks. The geographical distribution and abundance of I. ricinus is expanding in Sweden as has the number of reported human TBE cases. In addition to tick bites, alimentary TBEV infection has also been reported after consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. So far, no alimentary TBEV infection has been reported in Sweden, but knowledge about its prevalence in Swedish ruminants is scarce. In the present study, a total of 122 bulk tank milk samples and 304 individual milk samples (including 8 colostrum samples) were collected from dairy farms (n=102) in Sweden. All samples were analysed for the presence of TBEV antibodies by ELISA test and immunoblotting. Participating farmers received a questionnaire about milk production, pasteurization, tick prophylaxis used on animals, tick-borne diseases, and TBE vaccination status. We detected specific anti-TBEV antibodies, i.e., either positive (>126 Vienna Units per ml, VIEU/ml) or borderline (63-126 VIEU/ml) in bulk tank milk from 20 of the 102 farms. Individual milk samples (including colostrum samples) from these 20 farms were therefore collected for further analysis. Our results revealed important information for detection of emerging TBE risk areas. Factors such as consumption of unpasteurized milk, limited use of tick prophylaxis on animals and a moderate coverage of human TBE vaccination, may be risk factors for alimentary TBEV infection in Sweden.

Understanding Habitats and Environmental Conditions of White-Tailed Deer Population Density and Public Health Data to Aid in Assessing Human Tick-Borne Disease Risk.

The extent of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in the United States is largely unknown and underreported. Equitable diagnostic and treatment options may vary by geographic location. Triangulating multi-modal data sources informed by a One Health approach provides robust proxies for human TBD risk. Using data from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources collected from hunters during the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hunting season and other sources, we employ a mixed-methods approach based on thematic mapping and mixed effects modelling to determine if deer population density aligns with official disease data at the county level from (1) positive canine serological reports for, anaplasmosis, and Lyme Disease (LD); (2) positive human cases of ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, LD, and Spotted Fever rickettsioses; and (3) tick infectivity. We propose the need for multimodal data analysis using a variety of potential proxies to better estimate disease risk and inform public health policy and practice. We find similar spatial distributions between deer population density and human and canine TBDs in northeastern and southern Indiana, which are rural and mixed geographic areas. Overall, LD is more prevalent in the northwest, central-western, and southeastern counties, while ehrlichiosis is more common in the southern counties. These findings hold true across humans, canines, and deer.

Impacts Over Time of Neighborhood-Scale Interventions to Control Ticks and Tick-Borne Disease Incidence.

Background: Controlling populations of ticks with biological or chemical acaricides is often advocated as a means of reducing human exposure to tick-borne diseases. Reducing tick abundance is expected to decrease immediate risk of tick encounters and disrupt pathogen transmission cycles, potentially reducing future exposure risk. Materials and Methods: We designed a placebo-controlled, randomized multiyear study to assess whether two methods of controlling ticks-tick control system (TCS) bait boxes and Met52 spray-reduced tick abundance, tick encounters with people and outdoor pets, and reported cases of tick-borne diseases. The study was conducted in 24 residential neighborhoods in a Lyme disease endemic zone in New York State. We tested the hypotheses that TCS bait boxes and Met52, alone or together, would be associated with increasing reductions in tick abundance, tick encounters, and cases of tick-borne disease over the 4-5 years of the study. Results: In neighborhoods with active TCS bait boxes, populations of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) were not reduced over time in any of the three habitat types tested (forest, lawn, shrub/garden). There was no significant effect of Met52 on tick abundance overall, and there was no evidence for a compounding effect over time. Similarly, we observed no significant effect of either of the two tick control methods, used singly or together, on tick encounters or on reported cases of tick-borne diseases in humans overall, and there was no compounding effect over time. Thus, our hypothesis that effects of interventions would accumulate through time was not supported. Conclusions: The apparent inability of the selected tick control methods to reduce risk and incidence of tick-borne diseases after years of use requires further consideration.

A One Health Ecosystem Approach for Understanding and Mitigating Spill-Over of Tick-Borne Diseases in India’s Degraded Forests

Exposure to zoonotic diseases can trade-off against livelihood-critical activities, particularly for tropical forest-dependent communities. Inter-disciplinary ecosystem approaches are critical to understanding this zoonotic spillover since the ecological and socio-political processes that make people vulnerable are jointly studied across degraded ecosystems. Moreover, One Health co-production of research and tools with cross-sectoral stakeholders can bridge gaps in knowledge and disease management between sectors. The MonkeyFeverRisk project applied these approaches to a case study of human viral tick-borne disease, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), affecting forest-dependent communities in the Western Ghats, south India, to inform management. Multiple tick species and vertebrate hosts are involved in Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus transmission, including wild rodents and shrews, monkeys and birds, while humans are “dead-end” hosts contracting the disease when bitten by infected ticks. By sampling across habitats within fragmented forests, we found that the risk of human exposure to infected ticks extends outside forests to forest edges, plantations, houses and gardens. The highest risk of human spillover was found in diverse agro-forestry landscapes, created when the moist evergreen forest is replaced with plantations and rice cultivation. Risks and impacts of KFD were highest for socially vulnerable, marginalised groups (e.g. lower caste, landless, elderly-headed households), exposed to ticks through occupations in forests, plantations and cropland. Aside from mortality, disease impacts include long-term, debilitating health issues, loss of income and reduced forest access. Key barriers to effective KFD prevention within these communities included limited information about KFD and its transmission, low efficacy of and mistrust in currently available vaccines and tick repellents, and livelihood concerns. Co-production delivered web-based tools to guide management, identifying high-risk areas, and education materials for local communities, health workers and managers detailing risks from ticks and tick-bite prevention measures.© The Authors 2023. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Impact of tick-borne pathogens on the health risk of soldiers.

Vector diseases are common in Europe, including Poland. Every year, 77,000 Europeans are infected with transmissive diseases as a result of contact with infected vectors. In Poland, ticks are vectors of great epidemiological importance. The most important etiological factors causing disease in humans and transmitted by ticks include bacteria of the genus Borrelia and the species Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma phagophytophilum and Coxiella burnetii; as well as tick-borne encephalitis viruses. The level of the number of diagnosed cases of vector diseases in humans is influenced by environmental conditions, the most important of which is the COVID-19 pandemic that has been spreading for two years. The aim of the review was to assess knowledge about tick-borne diseases in humans, as well as etiological factors, epidemiology of these diseases in Poland and other European countries. Infection with pathogens can occur both during recreation in nature and during work related to a profession. Professional groups include those particularly exposed to contact with vectors and pathogens - foresters, farmers and soldiers. A comprehensive assessment was conducted of extant publications. The results of the literature research revealed that in recent years an increase in the number of people suffering from tick-borne diseases has been recorded, possibly influenced by the changing climate. The vector diseases of the greatest importance for the inhabitants of Poland include Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. Soldiers, as a professional group who perform their duties in an environment where there is a high risk of exposure to infected ticks, are particularly at risk of acquiring transmission of vector diseases.

Determinants of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus exposure dynamics in Mediterranean environments.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne human disease in Spain. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics and exposure risk determinants of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in animal models is essential to predict the time and areas of highest transmission risk. With this goal, we designed a longitudinal survey of two wild ungulate species, the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), in Doñana National Park, a protected Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot with high ungulate and CCHFV vector abundance, and which is also one of the main stopover sites for migratory birds between Africa and western Europe. Both ungulates are hosts to the principal CCHFV vector in Spain, Hyalomma lusitanicum. We sampled wild ungulates annually from 2005 to 2020 and analysed the frequency of exposure to CCHFV by a double-antigen ELISA. The annual exposure risk was modelled as a function of environmental traits in an approach to understanding exposure risk determinants that allow us to predict the most likely places and years for CCHFV transmission. The main findings show that H. lusitanicum abundance is a fundamental driver of the fine-scale spatial CCHFV transmission risk, while inter-annual risk variation is conditioned by virus/vector hosts, host community structure and weather variations. The most relevant conclusion of the study is that the emergence of CCHF in Spain might be associated with recent wild ungulate population changes promoting higher vector abundance. This work provides relevant insights into the transmission dynamics of CCHFV in enzootic scenarios that would allow deepening the understanding of the ecology of CCHFV and its major determinants.