Human Respiratory System Research Articles

Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Video Animasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Pariaman

Student learning outcomes are still low, especially in science subject grade VIII at SMP Negeri 3 Pariaman. This is because the media used by teachers in the learning process is still less varied, teachers use media in the form of printed books in which there are pictures that are difficult for students to understand. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of animated video media on student learning outcomes in science subject grade VIII at SMP Negeri 3 Pariaman. This type of research is quantitative research with an experimental approach in the form of a quasi experiment. The sample selected was class VIII.3 as a control class with 31 people and class VIII.5 as an experimental class with 31 people. This research was conducted on science subjects with human respiratory system material. The data processing used was a normality test, a homogeneity test, and a hypothesis test using the independent test method of t-test samples, with a significant level of ∝<0.05. The results showed that there was a difference in learning outcomes, the experimental class with an average score of 70.48, compared to the control class with an average score of 60.38. Based on the results of the t-test calculation, t count = 2.987 while t table with a significant level ∝0.05 = 2.0003. When compared, the t calculation > t table is 2.987 > 2.0003. Which means that H1 is accepted, so that the effective animation video media is significantly applied to the learning outcomes of grade VIII students in science subjects at SMP Negeri 3 Pariaman

Pulmonary Flora-Derived Lipopolysaccharide Mediates Lung-Brain Axis through Activating Microglia Involved in Polystyrene Microplastic-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction.

Microplastics (MPs) have been detected in the atmospheric and the human respiratory system, indicating that the respiratory tract is a significant exposure route for MPs. However, the effect of inhaled MPs on cognitive function has not been adequately studied. Here, a C57BL/6 J mouse model of inhalation exposure to polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs, 5 µm, 60 d) is established by intratracheal instillation. Interestingly, in vivo fluorescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy reveal that PS-MPs do not accumulate in the brain. However, behavioral experiments shows that cognitive function of mice is impaired, accompanied by histopathological damage of lung and brain tissue. Transcriptomic studies in hippocampal and lung tissue have demonstrated key neuroplasticity factors as well as cognitive deficits linked to lung injury, respectively. Mechanistically, the lung-brain axis plays a central role in PS-MPs-induced neurological damage, as demonstrated by pulmonary flora transplantation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intervention, and cell co-culture experiments. Together, inhalation of PS-MPs reduces cognitive function by altering the composition of pulmonary flora to produce more LPS and promoting M1 polarization of microglia, which provides new insights into the mechanism of nerve damage caused by inhaled MPs and also sheds new light on the prevention of neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants.

Indoor Airborne Microplastics: Human Health Importance and Effects of Air Filtration and Turbulence

Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent particles that receive special attention because of their persistent nature and their potential impact on human disease and on the environment. Most MPs are generated by the degradation of larger plastic items such as clothing, car tires, and discarded plastic materials. In indoor environments, where human beings spend most of their time, aerial MP levels are higher, and the majority are fibers produced from textiles. Airborne MPs indoors are a greater potential danger to humans than MPs ingested in food and drink. Fragments small enough to remain substantially suspended in the air column, the small airborne microparticles that are measured as PM10 and PM2.5, become available for assimilation by human beings through respiration, potentially producing various health problems. Larger MPs act by ingestion and skin contact. MPs can carry microorganisms and micropollutants adsorbed to their surfaces, facilitating their uptake and survival within the human body. Indoor airborne MPs thus represent emerging pollutants of fast-growing concern that are especially important as potential invaders of the human respiratory system, reaching the alveoli of the lungs and finally entering the circulatory system and other tissues. Since this direct human exposure to MP contamination via indoor air is so important, we discuss in this article the ways in which MP concentration and dispersal in indoor air can be affected by air turbulence that is induced by anthropogenic objects such as air conditioners, filters, and purifiers. Much evidence is equivocal and further research is necessary.

Development of Domino Card Media in IPAS to Improve Learning Outcomes Students of SD Negeri Patemon 02 Gunung Pati District, Semarang City

One of the most important elements in educational activities is the learning media. But in practice, only a few teachers are able to take advantage of the learning media that exist today, this has an impact on student learning outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop domino cards as a learning media teaching science in elementary schools. This research uses the Research and Development method with the model used. namely Borg and Gall. This study involved teachers and 20 students in grade V of SD Negeri Patemon 02. Domino learning media was designed to meet the needs of teachers and students through documentation, interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The study results show the percentage of level of eligibility of domino card media by material and media experts with a percentage of 95% and 93% respectively with very feasible criteria. The pretest and posttest results show that domino card learning media improves student learning outcomes, with an n-gain value of 0.55 and moderate criteria. This shows that domino card learning media is effective for improving student learning outcomes science learning outcomes in learning grade V students of SD Negeri Patemon 02 human respiratory system material.

A pan-genomic analysis based multi-epitope vaccine development by targeting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia using reverse vaccinology method: an in-silico approach.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria leads to high mortality rates and healthcare costs, a significant concern for public health. A colonizer of the human respiratory system, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and other chronic illnesses. The importance of this study is underscored by its capacity to meet the critical demand for effective preventive strategies against this pathogen, particularly among susceptible groups of cystic fibrosis and those undergoing cancer treatment. In this study, we engineered a multi-epitope vaccine targeting S. maltophilia through genomic analysis, reverse vaccination strategies, and immunoinformatic techniques by examining a total of 81 complete genomes of S. maltophilia strains. Our investigation revealed 1945 core protein-coding genes alongside their corresponding proteomic sequences, with 191 of these genes predicted to exhibit virulence characteristics. Out of the filtered proteins, three best antigenic proteins were selected for epitope prediction while seven epitopes each from CTL, HTL, and B cell were chosen for vaccine development. The vaccine was refined and validated, showing highly antigenic and desirable physicochemical features. Molecular docking assessments revealed stable binding with TLR-4. Molecular dynamic simulation demonstrated stable dynamics with minor alterations. The originality of this investigation is rooted in the thorough techniques aimed at designing a vaccine that directly targets S. maltophilia, a microorganism of considerable clinical relevance that currently lacks an available vaccine. This study not only responds to a pressing public health crisis but also lays the groundwork for subsequent research endeavors focused on the prevention of S. maltophilia outbreaks. Further evidence from studies in mice models is needed to confirm immune protection against S. maltophilia.

A Scoping Review of the Respiratory Effects of Red Tide in Humans.

Algal blooms of Karenia brevis produce brevetoxins that lead to the natural phenomenon of red tide. Beyond monitoring the red tide concentration and forecasting future outbreaks, uncertainty exists in the field when examining these toxins in relation to physiologic aspect of humans. Contaminated air that results from outbreaks of K. brevis leads to inhalation of aerosolized brevetoxins, which directly impact the human respiratory system. This scoping review focused on the respiratory effects of red tide and was conducted by using a comparative method between 2 researchers. Relevant abstracts were collected, and full-text articles were reviewed by using PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL Complete, and BioMed Central databases. Thirty articles were included in the final analysis and categorized by study design, location, and number and age of participants, and were also divided into assessment by respiratory effects, exposure, measurements of K. brevis, and asthma. The research indicates that respiratory health issues exist and can be compounded with exposure to red tide, specifically upper respiratory symptoms. Both symptomatic issues and pulmonary function tests were of concern when individuals were subjected to brevetoxin exposure. Even low levels of K. brevis resulted in negative respiratory health effects. Red tide is common in many areas of the world. The toxins released can cause adverse respiratory effects in humans. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the scholarly literature focused on the respiratory system and red tide produced by K. brevis.

A computational modeling of airflow and radon progeny deposition in human respiratory system

A computational modeling of airflow and radon progeny deposition in human respiratory system

Nanoplastics in the Human Respiratory System.

Nanoplastics in the Human Respiratory System.

Numerical simulation on exhaled aerosol transmission based on realistic oral-nasal structures and temperature distribution

ABSTRACT Respiratory infections are currently understood to be caused by pathogens released through the nose or mouth of an infected individual, and subsequently transmitted to susceptible hosts. These pathogens are enclosed in liquid particles that are aerosolized from the respiratory tract during activities such as breathing, speaking, sneezing, and coughing. These particles vary widely in size, ranging from submicron to several microns. While past research has largely overlooked the human respiratory system, recent analysis has revealed that the actual structure of the nasal cavity significantly influences the prediction of aerosol transmission during exhalation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to analyze the aerosol transmission generated during exhalation from the nasal and oral cavities. Realistic nasal and oral cavity structures were taken into account, and authentic temperature distributions were applied to the surfaces. Additionally, inhalation conditions for susceptible individuals were established to evaluate the risk of inhalation-generated exposure. Through various simulation scenarios, we separately discussed the impact of environmental wind speed, separation distance, and exhalation flow rate. The simulation results indicate that environmental wind amplifies the complexity of the flow field and the transmission and deposition of particles between two individuals. Under ambient wind velocities of 0.5 m/s and 1 m/s, it was observed that over 80% of the particles with a diameter of 1 µm inhaled through the nasal cavity accounted for the total deposition on the infected individual. Furthermore, high exhalation flow rates exhibited higher deposition ratios at close distances, in line with our expectations. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize close contact as much as possible during periods of frequent respiratory infections, and to wear masks in order to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure. Implications: During the activities such as breathing, speaking, sneezing, and coughing, liquid particles containing pathogens are aerosolized from the respiratory tract and are released from nose or mouth through the nebulization. In this study, we investigated the transmission of aerosols from human exhalation in the outdoor environment, innovatively taking the real oral-nasal structure and the active inhalation of vulnerable people into consideration, and explored the human-to-human transmission of respiratory viruses. The results are beneficial for public health assessment and policy development.

Seasonal distribution and deposition patterns of size-segregated particulate matter in human respiratory system in Central Delhi, India

Seasonal distribution and deposition patterns of size-segregated particulate matter in human respiratory system in Central Delhi, India

Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Public Health Risk due to Inhalation of PM2.5 in the City of Salamanca, Guanajuato.

In this study, we conducted an analysis of health risks faced by residents of Salamanca, Mexico, who were exposed to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm (PM2.5) through inhalation. The characterization and analysis of these particulate matter samples were undertaken. A total of 131 samples were collected from two different sites: 65 from the Red Cross site (RC) and 66 from the Integral Family Development site (DIF) in 2014-2015. These samples were analyzed for a set of chemical components, including metals and ions. Non-cancerous health risk levels associated with PM2.5 exposure through the human respiratory system, as per the WHO benchmark (assigned a value of 1), revealed notable risk values for two elements: Manganese (Mn) with a range of 1.19-2.12 in the adult population and 1.59-2.84 in the child population, and Nickel (Ni) with a uniform risk value of 1.39 for both evaluated population groups. However, concerns arose regarding potential non-cancerous effects as the cumulative risk levels for various assessed elements showed elevated indices. These ranged from 3.81 to 4.4 in adults and 4.48-5.24 in children. This study provided comprehensive data on composition and its potential impact on human health, offering valuable insights for the implementation of mitigation measures aimed at reducing inhalation-related exposure.

Two-dimensional nonlinear Brinkman and steady-state Navier–Stokes equations for fluid flow in PCL

indent To remove mucus from the human body, periciliary layer (PCL) is an important region found in the human respiratory system. When a human inhales strange particles along with air into the body, goblet cells inside the epithelial cells secrete mucus to catch those particles and form a mucus layer on the top of the PCL. Since the velocity of the fluid in the PCL and cilia residing in the PCL affect the movement of mucus, in this work, we apply two-dimensional nonlinear Brinkman and steady-state Navier–Stokes equations to find the velocity of the fluid in the PCL. In the equations, the velocity of cilia is also contributed in the mathematical model which perturbs the fluid movement instead of the pressure gradient. Because bundles of cilia are considered in this work rather than a single cilium, the governing equations are derived from the hybrid mixture theory (HMT) which are the equations in a macroscopic scale. The numerical solutions are obtained by using a mixed finite element method of Taylor-Hood type and Newton’s method. We focus on five different angles of cilia that make with the horizontal plane. The velocity of the PCL fluid is presented for each angle. The numerical solutions obtained in this study can be useful in finding the mucus velocity that can help physicians to treat patients who have massive mucus in their lungs.

A breath of fresh air: Perspectives on inhaled nutrients and bacteria to improve human health

We propose that the human respiratory system and olfactory pathways sequester airborne nutrients (vitamins, fatty acids and trace minerals) that are beneficial for health, which we term 'aeronutrients'. In addition, airborne bacteria, termed 'aeromicrobes', have the potential for positive health effects by improving species diversity in the microbiotas of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. These concepts have implications for people living in urban areas or those who have limited access to nature, such as astronauts exposed for long periods to highly filtered air which may be depleted of aeronutrients and aeromicrobes. The possibility that fresh air contributes to human nutrition and health may stimulate a re-evaluation of guidelines pertaining to nutrition and access to natural environments, and will open new avenues of scientific enquiry.

Molecular Characterization of Carbapenemase (Blakpc-2) Gene From Klebsiella Pneumoniae Involved in Urinary Tract Infection in Al-Najaf City

Background: The human gastrointestinal tract, eyes, respiratory system, and genitourinary tract are all home to K. pneumonia. KPCs, or Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemases, are β-lactamase enzyme types that have the ability to hydrolyze β-lactam drugs. Because of many co-morbid diseases, immunological suppression, and critical sickness, this KPC-producing strain infection can be fatal. In this study K. pneumonia was isolated from urinary tract infected patients, Where seven clinical urine specimen obtained from patients has UTI were gathered from different diagnostic Al-Sajjad Hospital in Najaf province the KPC gene was amplified by PCR. In this present study, a particular primer derived from the antibiotic sensitivity (blaKPC-2) gene is used to screen the urine samples collected for Klebsiella pneumoniae stains utilizing culture techniques then sequence analysis of the blaKPC-2 gene was conducted in order to gain a fresh understanding of the genetic variations. It's interesting to note that, while comparing our strains' blaKPC-2 open reading frame to previously released sequences, we discovered 6 mutations. Therefore, of the seven samples analyzed, three exhibited a positive band. The purpose of the primer was to amplify the bacteria's blaKPC-2 antibiotic sensitivity gene. Conclusion: In this work, we verified a PCR technique for blaKPC-2 gene identification that is quick, sensitive, and specific. Out of the seven samples analyzed, three exhibited a positive band. The purpose of the primer was to amplify the bacteria's blaKPC-2 antibiotic sensitivity gene.

Improving Students Learning Outcomes through Implementing Make-a-Match Cooperative Model on Human Respiratory System Topic

The make-a-match cooperative model is a learning model in which the teacher prepares cards containing questions or problems and prepares answer cards, and then students look for their card pairs. The direct involvement of learners in the learning process will lead to the formation of knowledge and skills that will improve learning outcomes. Implementing the make-a-match learning model is more directed to the game because each learner can search for answers or pairs of question cards obtained more freely and actively. Science learning at MTs Negeri I Kubu Raya still needs to provide a pleasant learning experience. Students' interest in participating in science learning still needs to be higher. It impacts unsatisfactory learning outcomes, as seen from the many student learning outcomes below the Minimum Completion Criteria set by the school. This condition requires science learning that can encourage students to be directly involved and play an active role during learning so that the learning process can run well. The cooperative model of the match type is predicted to increase collaborative learning and student participation in a fun learning situation wrapped in a game situation. This model requires students to find question-answer pairs through interaction with friends in one class. This study aims to measure the improvement of students' learning outcomes in class VIII B MTs Negeri I Kubu Raya on the material of the human respiratory system using the make-a-match cooperative model. The research was conducted over two cycles, and each cycle consisted of two meetings with four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research subjects totalled 32 people, all of whom were female. Data collection techniques include observation and tests using observation sheet instruments and learning outcomes test questions that have been previously validated. The improvement in learning outcomes focused on this research is the improvement of cognitive learning outcomes. The data was presented as a percentage score of observation of the learning process of the match cooperative model and classical completeness. The results showed that the achievement of implementing the learning process using the make-a-match cooperative model was 100% in both the first and second cycles. The average learning outcome of students on human respiratory system material in the first cycle was 79.68 and increased to 84.84 in the second cycle. Activities carried out by students also increased in each cycle. The increase leads to the activeness or participation of students during learning. Based on the study's results, it can be concluded that learning using the make-a-match cooperative model can improve learning outcomes and students' activeness.

Advances in nucleic acid aptamer-based detection of respiratory virus and bacteria: a mini review.

Respiratory pathogens infecting the human respiratory system are characterized by their diversity, high infectivity, rapid transmission, and acute onset. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming, have low sensitivity, and lack specificity, failing to meet the needs of rapid clinical diagnosis. Nucleic acid aptamers, as an emerging and innovative detection technology, offer novel solutions with high specificity, affinity, and broad target applicability, making them particularly promising for respiratory pathogen detection. This review highlights the progress in the research and application of nucleic acid aptamers for detecting respiratory pathogens, discussing their selection, application, potential in clinical diagnosis, and future development. Notably, these aptamers can significantly enhance the sensitivity and specificity of detection when combined with detection techniques such as fluorescence, colorimetry and electrochemistry. This review offers new insights into how aptamers can address the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods and advance clinical diagnostics. It also highlights key challenges and future research directions for the clinical application of nucleic acid aptamers.

Development of IBSC (Investigation Based Science Collaborative) Based Student Worksheet on Human Respiratory System to Improve Science Literacy and Collaboration Skills of Grade XI Students

In the 21st century, students need to have scientific literacy abilities and collaborative skills in order to be able to compete in this era. This study aims to knowing the validity, the practicality and to determine the effectiveness of IBSC (Investigation Based Science Collaborative) based student worksheet used as teaching materials on human respiratory system to improve student’s science literacy skills and collaboration skills. This development research was conducted using the ADDIE model and the data analysis used was the Manova test. The results of the study are the student worksheet is declared valid for use in the process of learning activities with an average validation score in the good category. Its also received a score in the very good category in terms of readability and practicality. The Manova test results showed a Sig. 0.000 with N-Gain values are 60.57 and 62,58 in fairly effective catefory which means there is a significant difference in the science literacy skills and collaboration skills of students who using and not using IBSC (Investigation Based Science Collaborative) based student worksheet.

Rapid Nucleation and Growth of Indoor Atmospheric Nanocluster Aerosol during the Use of Scented Volatile Chemical Products in Residential Buildings.

Scented volatile chemical products (sVCPs) are frequently used indoors. We conducted field measurements in a residential building to investigate new particle formation (NPF) from sVCP emissions. State-of-the-art instrumentation was used for real-time monitoring of indoor atmospheric nanocluster aerosol (NCA; 1-3 nm particles) size distributions and terpene mixing ratios. We integrated our NCA measurements with a comprehensive material balance model to analyze sVCP-nucleated indoor NCA dynamics. Our results reveal that sVCPs significantly increase indoor terpene mixing ratios (10-1,000 ppb), exceeding those in outdoor forested environments. The emitted terpenes react with indoor atmospheric O3 and initiate indoor NPF, resulting in nucleation rates as high as ∼105 cm-3 s-1 and condensational growth rates up to 300 nm h-1; these are orders of magnitude higher than those reported during outdoor NPF events. Notably, high particle nucleation rates significantly increase indoor atmospheric NCA concentrations (105-108 cm-3), and high growth rates drive their survival and growth to sizes that efficiently reach the deepest regions of the human respiratory system. We found sVCP-nucleated NCA to cause respiratory exposures and dose rates comparable to or exceeding those from primary aerosol sources such as gas stoves and diesel engines, highlighting their significant impact on indoor atmospheric environments.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi Augmented Reality (AR) dengan Algoritma Vuforia SDK pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas VIII di Madrasah Al-Aqsha (MTS)

This research aims to develop learning media in the form of an Android-based Augmented Reality application on human respiratory system material which can provide information about the introduction of respiratory system organs and their processes, and markerless images of the shapes of the organs which have been input into the Vuforia SDK library. This research develops an Augmented Reality application as an introduction to the organs of the respiratory system using several tools such as: MDLC, Unity, ARToolkit to better understand students about the respiratory system. The application of Augmented Reality in this research uses the Marker Based methods. The Augmented Reality application for recognizing the respiratory system in humans was tested using BlackBox with results of passing the system functional test 100% and usability testing results using a questionnaire. The learnability aspect was 4.47, efficiency 4.43, memorability 4.2, errors 4.5, and satisfaction 4.52, this application was tested in the "Good" category. Although there are problems with the quality of the camera and lighting, the test results show that this application is interesting and worthy of being developed again, so the implementation of Augmented Reality on MTS Al-Aqsa is the right step to support the method concept learning.

Volatile organic compound exposure in relation to lung cancer: Insights into mechanisms of action through metabolomics

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have proven to be hazardous to the human respiratory system. However, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, targeted determination of eleven VOC metabolites (mVOCs) along with the nontargeted metabolomic analysis was performed on urine samples collected from lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. Nine mVOCs mainly derived from aldehydes, alkenes, amides, and aromatics were detected in > 90 % of the urine samples, suggesting that the participants were ubiquitously exposed to these typical VOCs. A molecular gatekeeper discovery workflow was employed to link the exposure biomarkers with correlated clusters of endogenous metabolites. As a result, multiple metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, and fatty acid β-oxidation were connected with VOC exposure. Furthermore, 16 of 73 molecular gatekeepers were associated with lung cancer and pointed to a few disrupted metabolic pathways related to hydroxysteroids and acylcarnitine. The shift in molecular profiles was validated in rat model post VOC administration. Thereinto, the up-regulation of enzymes involved in acylcarnitine synthesis and transport in rat lung tissues highlighted that the mitochondrial dysfunction may be a potential carcinogenic mechanism. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying lung cancer induced by VOC exposure.