Human Reproductive System Research Articles

Bisphenol compounds regulate decidualized stromal cells in modulating trophoblastic spheroid outgrowth and invasion in vitro†.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly found in epoxy resins used in the manufacture of plastic coatings in food packaging and beverage cans. There is a growing concern about BPA as a weak estrogenic compound that can affect human endocrine function. Chemicals structurally similar to BPA, such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), have been developed as substitutes in the manufacturing industry. Whether these bisphenol substitutes have adverse effects on human endocrine and reproductive systems remains largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of BPA, BPF, and BPS on regulating the function of decidualized human primary endometrial stromal cells on trophoblast outgrowth and invasion by indirect and direct co-culture models. All three bisphenols did not affect the stromal cell decidualization process. However, BPA- and BPF-treated decidualized stromal cells stimulated trophoblastic spheroid invasion in the indirect coculture model. The BPA-treated decidualized stromal cells had upregulated expressions of several invasion-related molecules including leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), whereas both BPA- and BPF-treated decidualized stromal cells had downregulated expressions of anti-invasion molecules including plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) . Taken together, BPA and BPF altered the expression of invasive and anti-invasive molecules in decidualized stromal cells modulating its function on trophoblast outgrowth and invasion, which could affect the implantation process and subsequent pregnancy outcome.

Effects of Peptide YY on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Healthy Men.

ContextCentral and peripheral administration of peptide YY (PYY) has potent anorectic effects, and PYY analogs are under development as antiobesity treatments. Recent animal data suggest PYY may also influence the reproductive axis; however the effects of PYY on the human reproductive system are unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of PYY administration on the reproductive axis in healthy young men.DesignSingle-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study.SettingClinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.ParticipantsEighteen healthy eugonadal men (mean age 24.1 ± 0.9 years, mean body mass index 22.2 ± 0.4 kg/m2).InterventionEight-hour intravenous infusion of 0.4 pmol/kg/min PYY3-36 or rate-matched vehicle infusion.Main Outcome MeasuresNumber of luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels.ResultsThe number of LH pulses (mean number of LH pulses/8 hours: PYY 4.4 ± 0.3 vs vehicle 4.4 ± 0.4, P > .99), LH area under the curve (AUC) (PYY 1503 ± 79 IU.min/L vs vehicle 1574 ± 86 IU.min/L, P = .36), FSH AUC (PYY 1158 ± 513 IU.min/L vs vehicle 1199 ± 476 IU.min/L, P = .49) and testosterone AUC (PYY 10 485 ± 684 IU.min/L vs vehicle 11 133 ± 803 IU.min/L, P = .24) were similar during PYY and vehicle infusions.ConclusionsAcute intravenous infusion of 0.4 pmol/kg/min PYY does not affect the reproductive axis in healthy men.

Clitoris, the unknown: what do postgraduate students of educational sciences know about reproductive physiology and anatomy?

ABSTRACT Students around the world demonstrate a limited conceptual understanding of sexual reproduction. A lack of understanding of how the human reproductive system works has been linked with risks such as sexually transmitted diseases and unintended pregnancies. Our focus in this paper is to explore the level of knowledge of reproductive physiology and anatomy among postgraduate students of educational sciences. Administering a questionnaire to 65 educational sciences postgraduate students we traced (a) the level of their knowledge concerning the organs of the male/female reproductive system before and after they were shown pictures of internal/external genitalia and (b) the level of their knowledge concerning the organs where the production of sperm/egg cells and the fertilisation happen. About two-thirds of the students failed to name prostate and external female genitals such as the clitoris and labia, even after detailed pictures were provided to them. Moreover, about one out of five of students appeared to believe that egg cells are produced in the uterus, which – according to the majority of the students asked – seems also to be the organ where the fertilisation occurs. Relevant literature and possible implications are discussed.

Using problem-based worksheet on human reproductive system for improving student thinking skills

The aims of this study were to determine (1) the effect of Problem-based Student Worksheet on Human Reproductive Systems upon students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and (2) to analise the contribution of Problem-based Student Worksheet on students’ HOTS. This classroom research used non-equivalent control group design. Population of students involved in this study was approximately 252 grade XI Math and Science students (MIA) from the public senior highschool at Pati, Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 2 Pati in the second semester of the academic year 2016/2017. Students as research sample were collected by purposive sampling technique, by which MIA 4 students were chosen either as the treated group or the control one. Score of students’ HOTS as dependent variables were collected by written tests consisting of 10 free-response questions. The other dependent variable, namely the scores of problem-solving skills, were measured by questionaires provided by the Problem-based Student Worksheet, administered only for the treated class. Data obtained were analyzed using t-test and correlation test. The findings showed that the Problem-based Student Worksheet affected the students’ HOTS (coefficient value of 0.809). In sum the higher score of problem-solving skills was the higher score of students’ HOTS.

Improving Students Learning Outcomes Through Mind Map in Human Reproductive System Topic in Natural Science Learning

Natural science learning on the topic of the human reproductive system still gets a low score. That is due to the lack of use of learning media. The purpose of this study is to improve student learning outcomes through the use of mind maps in the topic of the human reproductive system. The research method used was classroom action research with the stages of pre-cycle, cycle 1, and cycle 2. The study was conducted in July 2019 and carried out at State Junior High School 1 South Tambun, Bekasi, Indonesia. The results showed that student learning outcomes increased from pre-cycle to cycle 1 (0.50) and from cycle 1 to cycle 2 (0.59) with a moderate gain score category. Whereas the pre-nuclear until cycle 2 (0.79) has a high gain score category. The use of mind maps is very useful because the reproductive system has many concepts that must be made simple. The conclusion is the use of mind maps can improve student learning outcomes on the topic of the human reproductive system

Primary endometrial 3D co-cultures: A comparison between human and rat endometrium

Human and rat reproductive systems differ significantly with respect to hormonal cyclicity and endometrial cell behavior. However, species-differences in endometrial cell responses upon hormonal stimulation and exposure to potentially toxic compounds are poorly characterized. In this study, human and rat endometrial hormonal responses were assessed in vitro using a 3D co-culture model of primary human and rat endometrial cells. The models were exposed to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), laquinimod, and its AHR active metabolite DELAQ.In both the human and rat endometrial models, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor gene expression was modulated by the hormonal treatments, comparable to the in vivo situation. AHR gene expression in the human endometrial model did not change when exposed to hormones. In contrast, AHR expression decreased 2-fold in the rat model when exposed to predominantly progesterone, which resulted in a 2.8-fold attenuation of gene expression induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) by TCDD. TCDD and DELAQ, but not laquinimod, concentration-dependently induced CYP1A1 gene expression in both human and rat endometrial models. Interestingly, the relative degree of DELAQ to induce CYP1A1 was higher than that of TCDD in the human model, while it was lower in the rat model.These data clearly show species-differences in response to hormones and AHR ligands between human and rat endometrial cells in vitro, which might greatly affect the applicability of the rat as translational model for human endometrial effects. This warrants further development of human relevant, endometrium-specific test methods for risk assessment purposes.

Role of Autophagy in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles-Induced Apoptosis of Mouse LEYDIG Cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have shown adverse health impact on the human male reproductive system, with evidence of inducing apoptosis. However, whether or not ZnO NPs could promote autophagy, and the possible role of autophagy in the progress of apoptosis, remain unclear. In the current study, in vitro and in vivo toxicological responses of ZnO NPs were explored by using a mouse model and mouse Leydig cell line. It was found that intragastrical exposure of ZnO NPs to mice for 28 days at the concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day disrupted the seminiferous epithelium of the testis and decreased the sperm density in the epididymis. Furthermore, serum testosterone levels were markedly reduced. The induction of apoptosis and autophagy in the testis tissues was disclosed by up-regulating the protein levels of cleaved Caspase-8, cleaved Caspase-3, Bax, LC3-II, Atg 5, and Beclin 1, accompanied by down-regulation of Bcl 2. In vitro tests showed that ZnO NPs could induce apoptosis and autophagy with the generation of oxidative stress. Specific inhibition of autophagy pathway significantly decreased the cell viability and up-regulated the apoptosis level in mouse Leydig TM3 cells. In summary, ZnO NPs can induce apoptosis and autophagy via oxidative stress, and autophagy might play a protective role in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis of mouse Leydig cells.

Roles of Wnt7a in embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and human diseases.

Human Wnt family comprises 19 proteins which are critical to embryo development and tissue homeostasis. Binding to different frizzled (FZD) receptor, Wnt7a initiates both β-catenin dependent pathway, and β-catenin independent pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAC/JNK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. In the embryo, Wnt7a plays a crucial role in cerebral cortex development, synapse formation, and central nervous system vasculature formation and maintenance. Wnt7a is also involved in the development of limb and female reproductive system. Wnt7a mutation leads to human limb malformations and animal female reproductive system defects. Wnt7a is implicated in homeostasis maintenance of skeletal muscle, cartilage, cornea and hair follicle, and Wnt7a treatment may be potentially applied in skeletal muscle dystrophy, corneal damage, wound repair, and hair follicle regeneration. Wnt7a plays dual roles in human tumors. Wnt7a is downregulated in lung cancers, functioning as a tumor suppressor, however, it is upregulated in several other malignancies such as ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioma, acting as a tumor promoter. Moreover, Wnt7a overexpression is associated with inflammation and fibrosis, but its roles need to be further investigated.

Profile content and context of biology modules based analytical thinking skill on the material of the human reproductive system

This research aims to analyze biology modules based on the analytical thinking skill on the material of the human reproductive system. Research procedure was conducted by making indicators are used to analyze the content and context of modules through observation of classroom learning activities. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of percentage graphs which show that: 1) the five modules display the aspect of attributing the lowest percentage, 2) content has a lower percentage than the context of modules.

Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) terhadap Hasil Belajar Materi Sistem Reproduksi Manusia Pada Siswa Kelas IX.1 di SMP Negeri 13 Pekanbaru

This study aims: 1) To determine the effectiveness of the Group Investigation (GI) model in the subject matter of the human reproductive system in class IX.1 and IX.2 Pekanbaru SMP Negeri 2) To improve the learning outcomes of students in class IX.1 and IX.2 SMP Negeri 13 Pekanbaru is the subject matter of the human reproductive system through the Group Investigation (GI) model. The effectiveness of the Group Investigation (GI) learning model can improve learning outcomes in classes IX-.1 and IX.2 Pekanbaru State Junior High School 13. This situation can be seen from the results of the tests that have been done, obtained the average value for the experimental class is 66.43 lowest value = 50 and the highest value = 97, and students who complete KKM = 27 students and KKM incomplete = 10 students. While the average value of the control class is 54.67 the lowest value = 30 and the highest value = 80, and students who have completed KKM = 9 students and students who have not completed KKM = 27 students. From the analysis of hypothesis testing it is known, that the experimental group is better than the control group. This is indicated by the value of tcount = 5.409. Ho testing criteria is accepted if tcount <t table. The results of the tcount are then consulted with ttable where a = 5%, dk = n1 + n2 - 2 = 85, obtained = 1-α t (0.95) (85) = 1.66. Because in this study tcount = 5.409 and t table = 1.66, and this means tcount <ttable, then Ho is accepted or significant. And the hypothesis that the experimental class learning outcomes are better than the control class, accepted. Thus the learning of material biology in the human reproductive system using the cooperative learning model type Group Investigation (GI), and the hypothesis which states that the experimental class learning outcomes are better than the control class, accepted.

Reproduction Based on Islamic Culture: Effort to Increase Understanding of Reproduction System and Prevention of Infectious Diseases

The number of people living with HIV / AIDS in Indonesia is increasing from time to time. Based on the Department of Health report, up to December 2011 there were 27,947 HIV/AIDS sufferers in Indonesia. 1,069 (3.83%) of them were aged 15-19, while 13,053 (46.71 %) were aged 20-29. The age group of 30-39 was 8,832 people (31.60%), age group of 40-49 was 2,840 people (10.16%), age group of50-59 was 83 people (0.30%) and over the age of 60 were 233 people (0.83%) The most sufferers are adolescents and adults. This study aims to examine and link learning culture-based human reproductive system in order to improve understanding of reproduction and prevent reproductive disease. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the application of learning culture-based human reproductive system affects the understanding of reproduction. This research is designed with Quasi Experiment method with One Group Pretest-Postest Design The study was conducted at MAN Darussalam Aceh Besar class XI IPA 1 involving 23 students and five observers and a biology teacher. The results of this study obtained a description of the reproduction system based on culture that affects the improvement of students. It was concluded that the application of learning of human culture based reproduction system has been able to increase students understanding on reproduction. Students can build knowledge through active involvement in the learning process and their understanding of the concept of the human reproductive system is increasing (N-gain = 71%).

KLK3/PSA and cathepsin D activate VEGF-C and VEGF-D.

Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) acts primarily on endothelial cells, but also on non-vascular targets, for example in the CNS and immune system. Here we describe a novel, unique VEGF-C form in the human reproductive system produced via cleavage by kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), aka prostate-specific antigen (PSA). KLK3 activated VEGF-C specifically and efficiently through cleavage at a novel N-terminal site. We detected VEGF-C in seminal plasma, and sperm liquefaction occurred concurrently with VEGF-C activation, which was enhanced by collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1). After plasmin and ADAMTS3, KLK3 is the third protease shown to activate VEGF-C. Since differently activated VEGF-Cs are characterized by successively shorter N-terminal helices, we created an even shorter hypothetical form, which showed preferential binding to VEGFR-3. Using mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated VEGF-C-cleaving activity from human saliva, we identified cathepsin D as a protease that can activate VEGF-C as well as VEGF-D.

Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis to unravel glycoproteomic signature of follicular fluid in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age, and whose etiology is not well understood yet. In these women, the follicular growth is arrested at preantral stage leading to cyst formation, consequently resulting in anovulatory infertility in these women. As the follicular fluid provides the conducive microenvironment for the growth of oocytes, molecular profiling of the fluid may provide unique information about pathophysiology associated with follicular development in PCOS. Post-translational addition of oligosaccharide residues is one of the many modifications of secreted proteins influencing their functions. These glycoproteins play a significant role in disease pathology. Despite glycoproteins having such essential functions, very limited information is available on their profiling in human reproductive system, and glycoproteomic profile of follicular fluid of women with PCOS is yet unexplored. In the present study, we performed a comparative glycoproteomic analysis of follicular fluid between women with PCOS and controls undergoing in vitro fertilization, by enrichment of glycoproteins using three different lectins viz. concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and Jacalin. Peptides generated by trypsin digestion were labeled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification reagents and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 10 differentially expressed glycoproteins, in the follicular fluid of women with PCOS compared to controls. Two important differentially expressed proteins- SERPINA1 and ITIH4, were consistently upregulated and downregulated respectively, upon validation by immunoblotting in follicular fluid and real-time polymerase chain reaction in granulosa cells. These proteins play a role in angiogenesis and extracellular matrix stabilization, vital for follicle maturation. In conclusion, a comparative glycoproteomic profiling of follicular fluid from women with PCOS and controls revealed an altered expression of proteins which may contribute to the defects in follicle development in PCOS pathophysiology.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe TGT (Teams Games Tournament) di SMP Negeri 1 Sakra Barat

This study aims to determine whether through the application of the TGT cooperative learning model can improve the learning outcomes of the Human Reproductive System, and also to determine the response of students to the application of cooperative learning learning models. The type of research conducted is PTK with a qualitative approach. Research data in the form of learning outcomes obtained in the study as much as 2 cycles. Data on student learning outcomes are collected from the pre-test and post-test scores given by researchers in each cycle. The results of the study showed that the application of the TGT cooperative learning model could improve the learning outcomes of students in class IX.A SMPN 1 Sakra. This can be seen in the percentage increase in learning outcomes in cycle II is greater than cycle I. The average post-test score of cycle I is 64, while the average post-test score of cycle II is 70. Percentage of increase in mastery learning in cycle I students amounting to 56% while the percentage increase in learning completeness of students in cycle II was 85%.

Synthesis and Evaluation of 18F-Labeled Peptide for Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Imaging.

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor is overexpressed in the majority of tumors of the human reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to develop an 18F-labeled peptide for tumor GnRH receptor imaging. In this study, the GnRH (pGlu1-His2-Trp3-Ser4-Tyr5-Gly6-Leu7-Arg8-Pro9-Gly10-NH2) peptide analogues FP-d-Lys6-GnRH (FP = 2-fluoropropanoyl) and NOTA-P-d-Lys6-GnRH (P = ethylene glycol) were designed and synthesized. The IC50 values of FP-d-Lys6-GnRH and NOTA-P-d-Lys6-GnRH were 2.0 nM and 56.2 nM, respectively. 4-Nitrophenyl-2-[18F]fluoropropionate was conjugated to the ε-amino group of the d-lysine side chain of d-Lys6-GnRH to yield the new tracer [18F]FP-d-Lys6-GnRH with a decay-corrected yield of 8 ± 3% and a specific activity of 20−100 GBq/µmol (n=6). Cell uptake studies of [18F]FP-d-Lys6-GnRH in GnRH receptor-positive PC-3 cells and GnRH receptor-negative CHO-K1 cells indicated receptor-specific accumulation. Biodistribution and PET studies in nude mice bearing PC-3 xenografted tumors showed that [18F]FP-d-Lys6-GnRH was localized in tumors with a higher uptake than in surrounding muscle and heart tissues. Furthermore, the metabolic stability of [18F]FP-d-Lys6-GnRH was determined in mouse blood and PC-3 tumor homogenates at 1 h after tracer injection. The presented results indicated a potential of the novel tracer [18F]FP-d-Lys6-GnRH for tumor GnRH receptor imaging.

Understanding the interaction of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) on estrogen receptor: A combined molecular dynamics and experimental study

Considering the large-scale production of diversified nanomaterials, it is paramount importance to unravel the structural details of interactions between nanoparticles and biological systems, and thus to explore the potential adverse impacts of nanoparticles. Estrogen receptors (ER) is one of the most important receptor of human reproductive system and the binding of carbon nanotubes to estrogen receptors was the possible trigger leading to the reproductive toxicity of carbon nanotubes. Thus, with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) treated as model nanomaterials, a combination of in vivo experiments, spectroscopy assay and molecular dynamic modeling was applied to help us unravel some important issues on the binding characterization between SWCNT and the ligand binding domain (LBD) of ER alpha (ERα). The fluorescence assay and molecular dynamics simulations together validated the binding of SWCNT to ERα, suggesting the possible molecular initiating event. As a consequence, SWCNT binding led to a conformational change on tertiary structure levels and hydrophobic interaction was recognized as the driving force governing the binding behavior between SWCNT and LBD of ERα. A in vivo process presented that the exposure of SWCNT increased ERα expression from 26.43 pg/ml to 259.01 pg/ml, suggesting a potential estrogen interference effects of SWCNT. Our study offers insight on the binding of SWCNT and ERα LBD at atomic level, helpful to accurately evaluate the potential health risks of SWCNT.

Adverse Effects of Wi-Fi Radiation on Male Reproductive System: A Systematic Review.

Extensive use of Wi-Fi has contributed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) pollution in environment. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter on male reproduction health. However, there are conflicting findings between studies. Thus, this review aims to elucidate the possible effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on both animal and human male reproductive system. A computerized database search performed through MEDLINE via Ovid and PUBMED with the following set of keywords: 'Wi-Fi or WiFi or wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi router or WiFi router or electromagnetic or radiofrequency radiation' AND 'sperm or spermatozoa or spermatogenesis or semen or seminal plasma or testes or testis or testosterone or male reproduction' had returned 526 articles. Only 17 studies conformed to pre-set inclusion criterion. Additional records identified through Google Scholar and reviewed article further revealed six eligible articles. A total of 23 articles were used for data extraction, including 15 studies on rats, three studies on mice, and five studies on human health. Sperm count, motility and DNA integrity were the most affected parameters when exposed to RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter. Unfortunately, sperm viability and morphology were inconclusive. Structural and/or physiological analyses of the testes showed degenerative changes, reduced testosterone level, increased apoptotic cells, and DNA damage. These effects were mainly due to the elevation of testicular temperature and oxidative stress activity. In conclusion, exposure towards 2.45 GHz RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter is hazardous on the male reproductive system.

Microbiome of the human reproductive system

Microbiome of the human reproductive system

Does genital Chlamydia trachomatis cause spontaneous miscarriage in black women?

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the commonest bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide and is now being considered as an emerging “obstetric pathogen”. It is an enemy to the human reproductive system causing infertility, adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes but its role in causing spontaneous miscarriage is still unclear. Objective: To assess the association between genital Chlamydia trachomatis and spontaneous miscarriage in black women. Materials and Methods: Eighty three women with spontaneous miscarriage (case group) were compared with 83 women with on-going pregnancy beyond 28 weeks' gestation (control group). Sera of both groups were tested for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody using ELISA. Results: Seroprevalence of IgG to Ct was 8.4% and 3.6% among women with spontaneous miscarriage and on-going pregnancy, respectively. Ct IgG seropositivity was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.192; OR = 0.41, CI 0.10 – 1.63). Conclusion: Chlamydia trachomatis IgG seropositivity is not associated with spontaneous miscarriage in this study. However, multicentre study with larger sample size and using polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic technique is recommended.

Differential Expression of Ovarian Superficial Epithelium Markers in Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Normal Women

In the last years, diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is becoming a frequent pathology in the human reproductive system, which also has a major impact on quality of life and fertility of reproductive age women. However, DOR remains as a disease of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to assess the differential expression levels of multipotent stem cell markers in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) of women with DOR and women with adequate ovarian reserve (AOR) that could be associated with the loss of ovarian functionality. Methods: The present study was performed by using ovary tissue samples from patients previously diagnosed as AOR and DOR according to the clomiphene citrate challenge test. The expression levels of multipotent stem cell and germline markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Our findings demonstrate that a small number of epithelial cells express the Oct4 stem cell marker and the specific germ line markers (Fragilis, Stella, and VASA) in the OSE of both AOR and DOR patients, but the number of immunostained cells were lower in the women with AOR than DOR individuals. On the other hand, the expression of SOX2 and Nanog stem cell markers was only observed in the OSE of DOR women but not in AOR patients. Conclusions: The overall results of this study show that there is a differential expression of stem cell markers in the OSE cells from DOR women as compared with AOR subjects, suggesting a possible compensatory mechanism for the generation of new multipotent cells to participate in the repair and/or renewal of the population of ovary cells in the OSE of DOR women.