Human Psychopharmacology Research Articles

Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research.

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or 'Ecstasy' was scheduled as an illegal drug in 1986, but since then its recreational use has increased dramatically. This review covers 15 years of research into patterns of use, its acute psychological and physiological effects, and the long-term consequences of repeated use. MDMA is an indirect monoaminergic agonist, stimulating the release and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) and, to a lesser extent, other neurotransmitters. Single doses of MDMA have been administered to human volunteers in double-blind placebo-controlled trials, although most findings are based upon recreational MDMA users. The 'massive' boost in neurotransmitter activity can generate intense feelings of elation and pleasure, also hyperactivity and hyperthermia. This psychophysiological arousal may be exacerbated by high ambient temperatures, overcrowding, prolonged dancing and other stimulant drugs. Occasionally the 'serotonin syndrome' reactions may prove fatal. In the days after Ecstasy use, around 80% of users report rebound depression and lethargy, due probably to monoaminergic depletion. Dosage escalation and chronic pharmacodynamic tolerance typically occur in regular users. Repeated doses of MDMA cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in laboratory animals, and there is extensive evidence for long-term neuropsychopharmacological damage in humans. Abstinent regular Ecstasy users often display reduced levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA, tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter density; functional deficits in learning/memory, higher cognitive processing, sleep, appetite and psychiatric well-being, and, most paradoxically, 'loss of sexual interest/pleasure'. These psychobiological deficits are greatest in heavy Ecstasy users and may reflect serotonergic axonal loss in the higher brain regions, especially the frontal lobes, temporal lobes and hippocampus. These problems seem to remain long after the recreational use of Ecstasy has ceased, suggesting that the neuropharmacological damage may be permament. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy. Edited by M. Riba and R. Balon, American Psychiatric Press Inc, 1999. Pages: 404 + xvii. ISBN: 0‐88048‐913‐8. Price: $59.00/40.00.

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 16, Issue 7 p. 546-547 Book Review Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy. Edited by M. Riba and R. Balon, American Psychiatric Press Inc, 1999. Pages: 404 + xvii. ISBN: 0-88048-913-8. Price: $59.00/40.00. Richard Tranter, Corresponding Author Richard Tranter Hergest Unit, Bangor, North Wales, UKHergest Unit, Bangor, North Wales, UK.Search for more papers by this author Richard Tranter, Corresponding Author Richard Tranter Hergest Unit, Bangor, North Wales, UKHergest Unit, Bangor, North Wales, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 October 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.305AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume16, Issue7October 2001Pages 546-547 RelatedInformation

The Pharmacokinetics of the THC in fat and brain: Resulting functional responses to marihuana smoking: G. Nahas, Volume 16 Issue 3, April 2001, pages 247-255.

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 16 (3) 2001, 247-255.

Current Awareness

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor & Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites & Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

Acute subjective and physiological responses to smoking in adolescents.

To determine the topography of cigarette smoking and the subjective and physiological effects of abstinence and nicotine in adolescents who smoke on a daily versus a non-daily basis. Repeated measures experiment, non-blinded, involving a single test session. Human psychopharmacology laboratory. Twenty-one daily and 21 non-daily adolescent cigarette smokers (21 females; 21 males; age 13-18 years) with life-time use greater than 10 cigarettes, responding to radio and print advertisements. Overnight abstinence from cigarettes followed by smoking of a single cigarette furnished by the participant at test. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, saliva nicotine and cotinine, expired air carbon monoxide (CO), heart rate (HR), self-report scales and smoking topography. Most measurements were performed before and after smoking. Saliva nicotine, CO and HR increased, and self-reported intention and desire to smoke decreased, after smoking (p < 0.001). Fagerstrom scores indicated greater dependence and desire to smoke in daily than in non-daily smokers. HR increased substantially over pre-smoking levels in both groups. Puff topography did not differ between the groups, although collectively these participants appeared to take smaller and more puffs than adult smokers tested under similar conditions. This study provides initial evidence that adolescent cigarette smokers self-administer physiologically active doses of nicotine very early in their smoking careers. Nicotine dependence in adolescents appears to be a function of the current frequency of cigarette use, and subjective-behavioral consequences of abstinence and smoking are evident even in non-daily smokers.

Current Awareness

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &amp; Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews &amp; Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor &amp; Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites &amp; Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

Current Awareness

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &amp; Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews &amp; Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor &amp; Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites &amp; Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

Current Awareness

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &amp; Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews &amp; Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor &amp; Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites &amp; Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

Current awareness in human psychopharmacology

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &amp; Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews &amp; Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor &amp; Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites &amp; Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

The CGRP family: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) amylin and adrenomellullin. Edited by David Poyner, Ian Marshall and Susan D. Brain. Landes Bioscience, 2000. Pages: 261. ISBN: 1-58706-004-3

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 16, Issue 2 p. 195-195 Book Review The CGRP family: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) amylin and adrenomellullin. Edited by David Poyner, Ian Marshall and Susan D. Brain. Landes Bioscience, 2000. Pages: 261. ISBN: 1-58706-004-3 B. E. Leonard, Corresponding Author B. E. Leonard Pharmacology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, IrelandPharmacology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.Search for more papers by this author B. E. Leonard, Corresponding Author B. E. Leonard Pharmacology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, IrelandPharmacology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.Search for more papers by this author First published: 29 March 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.242AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume16, Issue2March 2001Pages 195-195 RelatedInformation

Current awareness in human psychopharmacology

Current awareness in human psychopharmacology

Handbook of sleep medicine. Edited by John M. Shneerson, Blackwell Science. Pages: 237. ISBN: 0-632-05135-3. Price: ??49.50

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 16, Issue 2 p. 196-196 Book Review Handbook of sleep medicine. Edited by John M. Shneerson, Blackwell Science. Pages: 237. ISBN: 0-632-05135-3. Price: �49.50 N. Stanley, Corresponding Author N. Stanley HPRU Medical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UKHPRU Medical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.Search for more papers by this author N. Stanley, Corresponding Author N. Stanley HPRU Medical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UKHPRU Medical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 29 March 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.283AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume16, Issue2March 2001Pages 196-196 RelatedInformation

Biomarkers for the effects of antipsychotic drugs in healthy volunteers.

Studies of novel antipsychotics in healthy volunteers are traditionally concerned with kinetics and tolerability, but useful information may also be obtained from biomarkers of clinical endpoints. A useful biomarker should meet the following requirements: a consistent response across studies and antipsychotics; a clear response of the biomarker to a therapeutic dose; a dose-response relationship; a plausible relationship between biomarker, pharmacology and pathogenesis. In the current review, all individual tests found in studies of neuroleptics in healthy volunteers since 1966 were progressively evaluated for compliance with these requirements. A MedLine search yielded 65 different studies, investigating the effects of 23 different neuroleptics on 101 different (variants of) neuropsychological tests, which could be clustered into seven neuropsychological domains. Subjective and objective measures of alertness, and of visual-visuomotor-auditory and motor skills were most sensitive to antipsychotics, although over half of all the studies failed to show statistically significant differences from placebo. The most consistent effects were observed using prolactin response and saccadic eye movements, where 96% and 83% of all studies resp. showed statistically significant effects. The prolactin inducing dose equivalencies relative to haloperidol of 19 different antipsychotic agents correlated with the lowest recommended daily maintenance dose (r(2) = 0.52). This relationship could reflect the clinical practice of aiming for maximum tolerated levels, or it could represent a common basis behind prolactin release and antipsychotic activity (probably D2-receptor antagonism). The number of tests used in human psychopharmacology appears to be excessive. Future studies should look for the most specific and sensitive test within each of the domains that are most susceptible to neuroleptics.

Current Awareness

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &amp; Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews &amp; Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor &amp; Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites &amp; Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

Current Awareness

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley &amp; Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews &amp; Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor &amp; Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites &amp; Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.

Current Awareness

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 15, Issue 7 p. 567-572 Current Awareness Current Awareness First published: 24 October 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<567::AID-HUP201>3.0.CO;2-OAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs - General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor & Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites & Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted. Volume15, Issue7October 2000Pages 567-572 RelatedInformation

Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th Edition, 2 volumes. Edited by Bergamin J. Sadock and Virgina A. Sadock, Lippincott, William and Wilkins, 1999. Pages: 3500. US$249

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 15, Issue 5 p. 389-389 Book Review Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th Edition, 2 volumes. Edited by Bergamin J. Sadock and Virgina A. Sadock, Lippincott, William and Wilkins, 1999. Pages: 3500. US$249 B. E. Leonard, B. E. Leonard Galway, IrelandSearch for more papers by this author B. E. Leonard, B. E. Leonard Galway, IrelandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 July 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200007)15:5<389::AID-HUP223>3.0.CO;2-GCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume15, Issue5July 2000Pages 389-389 RelatedInformation

Principles of Immunopharmacology. Edited by F. P. Nijkamp and M. J. Parnham. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1999. Price £40.00. ISBN 3‐7643‐5780‐0.

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 15, Issue 4 p. 308-308 Book Review Principles of Immunopharmacology. Edited by F. P. Nijkamp and M. J. Parnham. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1999. Price £40.00. ISBN 3-7643-5780-0. Thomas J Connor, Thomas J Connor Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, GalwaySearch for more papers by this author Thomas J Connor, Thomas J Connor Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, GalwaySearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 July 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200006)15:4<308::AID-HUP173>3.0.CO;2-TAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume15, Issue4June 2000Pages 308-308 RelatedInformation

Book review: Handbook of psychopharmacotherapy. P. G. Janicak, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999. ISBN 0-683-30722-3. Price $39.95.

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 15, Issue 3 p. 219-220 Book Review Book review: Handbook of psychopharmacotherapy. P. G. Janicak, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999. ISBN 0-683-30722-3. Price $39.95. B. E Leonard, B. E Leonard GalwaySearch for more papers by this author B. E Leonard, B. E Leonard GalwaySearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 April 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1077(200004)15:3<219::AID-HUP161>3.0.CO;2-3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume15, Issue3April 2000Pages 219-220 RelatedInformation

Current Awareness

Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ExperimentalVolume 15, Issue 3 p. 221-226 Current Awareness Current Awareness First published: 14 April 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1077(200004)15:3<221::AID-HUP197>3.0.CO;2-5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs - General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor & Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites & Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted. Volume15, Issue3April 2000Pages 221-226 RelatedInformation