Mind Research Articles

The Relationship Between Problem Features and Algorithm Evaluation Methods in Artificial Intelligence

Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI). The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems. Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluating AI algorithms by metric scores on data sets. However the evaluation of algorithms in AI is challenging because the evaluation of the same type of algorithm has many data sets and evaluation metrics. Different algorithms may have individual strengths and weaknesses in evaluation metric scores on separate data sets, lacking the credibility and validity of the evaluation. Moreover, evaluation of algorithms requires repeated experiments on different data sets, reducing the attention of researchers to the research of the algorithms itself. Crucially, this approach to evaluating comparative metric scores does not take into account the algorithm’s ability to solve problems. And the classical algorithm evaluation of time and space complexity is not suitable for evaluating AI algorithms. Because classical algorithms input is infinite numbers, whereas AI algorithms input is a data set, which is limited and multifarious. According to the AI algorithm evaluation without response to the problem solving capability, this paper summarizes the features of AI algorithm evaluation and proposes an AI evaluation method that incorporates the problem-solving capabilities of algorithms.

Kavita Kané’s The Fisher Queen’s Dynasty Through the Lens of Victor E Frankl’s Logotherapy

The quest to unravel the purpose of existence has been captivating human minds for centuries now. Philosophical, scientific, religious, and metaphysical conjectures have all been abundant in the historical discourse on the purpose of life. As for the solution to these questions, various people and cultures have different ideas. The neurologist and psychiatrist Victor Frankl developed a theory that deals with existentialism titled, "Logotherapy", which focuses on the meaning of human existence and man's search for such a meaning. Kavita Kané is an Indian author known for her novels that survey and conceptualize the lives of female characters from Indian mythology. The novel The Fisher Queen’s Dynasty demonstrates how an author can take the most tarnished mythical woman character and transform her into a celebrated woman in the hearts of the readers. This research article attempts to study the character of Satyavati, the grandmother of Pandu and Dhritarashtra in the epic The Mahabharata, through the lens of Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning.

Formulation evaluation and development of brain boosting herbal chocolate

The chocolate is most favorite food among the individuals i.e., children’s, teenagers, and old age person. The aim of the today’s study was to formulate chocolate contains medicated herbal ingredients to prevent brain memory as well as mental health. The target of this formulation to design herbal chocolate containing medicinal effect and to formulate developed and evaluates brain boosting natural chocolate that will work on the memory enhancing. Chocolate is range of product derived from cocoa powder mixed with fat and finally sugar powder to produce a solid semifluid. The chocolate is product which love every age people i.e., children, teenagers as well as old age persons to eat but due to health issues like obesity, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, diabetes etc. doctor refuses patient to intake of chocolate. Chocolate formulation contains ashwagandha, shatavari, brahmi, almond and tulsi. The target of present study was to developed the chocolate contain drug i.e., medicated chocolate to cured the mental and physical health. Memory is the functional unit of the human brain. The human mind can store the all types of information in the form of memory. The herbal boosting chocolate can help to recalling the all types of information. Chocolate is synthetic food that can create completely different taste and texture sensations. Poor memory, lower maintenance and moderate review are normal issues in today's distressing and focused world. Now a days the low remembered power is the main issue of all individual like teenagers and old age peoples. Chocolate is an anhydrous medium that resist microbial growth and to hydrolysis of water-sensitive active agents. Nowadays, studies show that eating high flavonol cocoa can increases flow of blood to the brain in young and adults. Dark chocolate contains a decent amount of soluble fiber and is loaded with minerals. The main active pharmaceutical ingredients of herbal boosting chocolate are the herbs.

Existential positive psychology offers fresh perspective on free will

ABSTRACT The deterministic ‘clockwork universe’ ideas from bygone centuries have been rendered obsolete by advances in science, philosophy, and psychology. The ancient theoretical problem of free will should, therefore, be reframed for existential positive psychology by understanding the agentic powers of the human mind. The existential emphasis on conscious experience and choice constrained by circumstances offers a promising framework for understanding human agency. Freedom is relative rather than absolute and rooted in situational structure. The human mind evolved to capitalize on situational freedoms and possibilities. These include mental time travel to past and future, recognizing alternative possibilities, conscious decision processes, and more. The existentialist view of the human being as a conscious agent negotiating complex social situations defined by multiple possibilities is a stronger basis for positive psychology than the outmoded view of humans as automatons carrying out scripts predetermined by relentless physical causality.

Aristotle on Notion of Chance and Fortune

Aristotle, in his Physics 2.4-9, argued that chance is an accidental cause, which he divided into two types: luck or fortune, which functions in the domain of practice, and the spontaneous, which operates in the natural world. He stated that both luck and the spontaneous are causes by accident and belong to the category of efficient causes. According to Aristotle, chance is considered a cause in the sense that people invoke it to explain what happens not only in the practical realm but also in the natural world. The fundamental question is how chance can be defined within the framework of the four causes. Chance is also rightly described as indefinite, obscure, and uncertain. Aristotle rejected the view held by some that chance is itself a cause - something unclear to the human mind, as if it were divine or a mysterious power. The problem is whether chance and fortune can be seen as causes and considered a fifth cause. This study examines how chance and fortune are neither a substantial reality nor merely a subjective notion; rather, they possess real and meaningful status as accidental causes. They are not additional causes but function within the schema of the four causes, particularly as substitutes in the realm of material explanation.

IMAGINARY IMAGES IN ARABIC LITERATURE

Meanings exist in every human mind, but the methods of expressing and conveying them vary. There are abstract, figurative, or verbal methods, and others that are realistic, stereotypical, or neutral. There are profound and superficial methods. The more skillful a speaker is in conveying meaning, the more skillful and powerful he becomes in using figurative or verbal images appropriate to the situation. This is the pinnacle and culmination of eloquence. Our article discusses the eloquence of figurative images as part of the three components of rhetoric, which include the sciences of rhetoric, semantics, and poetics, focusing on the value of imaginative images in Arabic literature in general, and their value in conveying meaning in particular.

‘A Haunting Silent Companion’: Exploring Fear of Ageing and Gerascophobia Among Older Adults in Senior Living Facilities

Ageing is inevitable, and so is the fear that accompanies it—present in different forms and intensities, yet often misunderstood or dismissed. The study explores the lived experiences of older adults in senior living facilities settings, examining how they perceive, experience and cope with the fear of ageing and gerascophobia and assessing the implications of these fears on their well-being. Using Moustakas’ transcendental phenomenology and the modified Stevick–Colaizzi–Keen method, the study offers a detailed examination of the lived experiences of 21 older adults. Four themes emerged: identity transformation, levels of fear, triggers of fear of ageing and adaptive versus maladaptive coping strategies. The results revealed that the fear of ageing in senior living facilities is a multifaceted phenomenon that does not fade away in old age—it remains constant and, in severe cases, coexists with gerascophobia, which has a diverse and lasting impact on the human mind. These fears were found to be often present but not always openly expressed. This in-depth analysis from an understudied population contributes to the existing literature by suggesting that the psychological impact of fears of ageing, especially gerascophobia, profoundly influences the social behaviour, mental health and decision-making processes of older adults in senior living facilities. Recognizing the fear of ageing is not enough—healthcare professionals, caregivers and policymakers must implement concrete interventions and redesign environments that empower older adults, preserve their autonomy, and reduce the psychological toll of ageing.

Uncertainty, not mental content, drives dorsomedial prefrontal engagement during inferences about others.

To navigate social life, humans make inferences about the intentions, beliefs, emotions, and personalities of other people, i.e., they mentalize. A network of brain regions consistently engages more during mentalizing than during carefully controlled comparison tasks, sometimes cited as evidence of domain-specific mentalizing processes. Here we investigated the possibility that engagement of these regions during mentalizing may be due to uncertainty. We scanned 46 participants (33 female, 13 male) using fMRI as they made mental and non-mental inferences (about human minds, human bodies, and physical objects) under varying levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty explained activation in a key region of the mentalizing network: the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). Higher uncertainty was associated with greater DMPFC engagement across conditions, and, when controlling for uncertainty, DMPFC engagement did not differentiate mental from non-mental inferences. Results suggest that the apparently selective DMPFC engagement during social inference may be better understood as a response to uncertainty, which is often elevated in social contexts, with implications for the cognitive architecture of the social brain and disorders of social function.Significance statement Human social behavior often hinges on inferences about minds of other people (mentalizing), as highlighted by cases of atypical mentalizing, including autism. Longstanding debate surrounds whether mentalizing arises from specialized cognitive processes or more general mechanisms. In past research, the brain's "mentalizing network" is consistently more engaged during mentalizing than other activities, possibly supporting domain-specificity. In contrast, here we show that the engagement of a key brain region in the mentalizing network, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, can be explained as a response to uncertainty rather than mental content. This suggests a revision of scientific understanding of social cognition's neural basis, with possible implications for the origins of atypicalities in social behavior. .

Lung Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Using Machine Learning

Recent advances in imaging and sequencing technology have enabled a systematic advancement in the medical treatment of carcinoma of the lungs. Meanwhile, the human mind's ability to comprehend and make optimal use of the collection for this enormous amounts of knowledge is limited.. The integration and analysis of these vast and intricate datasets, which have thoroughly described lung cancer by utilizing various viewpoints from the accumulated data, are made possible in great part by machine learning-based methodologies. We give a summary of machine learning-based methods in this review that support the various facets of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, such as immunotherapy practice, prognosis prediction, auxiliary diagnosis, and early detection. We also highlight the challenges and opportunities for additional artificial intelligence applications in lung disease.

Unveiling the Enigmatic Human Psyche A Comprehensive Analysis of Psychological Domains and Their Intricate Interplay

The study of the human mind has long fascinated scholars across various fields. This research explores the multifaceted realm of human psychology, using the robust WASPAS method to assess and rank different domains within this complex field. By evaluating criteria such as depth of analysis, clarity, critical thinking, and synthesis, the study reveals the relative importance and connections among key psychological aspects. At the forefront is Psychopathology and Mental Health, emphasizing the critical need to understand and address mental health disorders. Its thorough exploration of theories, data, and therapies has gained recognition for its potential to alleviate psychological suffering and enhance overall well-being. Following closely is The Social Mind, which highlights the significant impact of social dynamics and cultural influences on human behavior. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for managing relationships and fostering societal cohesion, emphasizing the link between individual experiences and broader cultural contexts. Exploring Consciousness and Unconscious Processes comes next, reflecting the ongoing fascination with the depths of the human psyche beyond conscious awareness. Researchers continue to uncover insights into unconscious motivations and decision-making, shedding light on the complex mechanisms that govern our thoughts and behaviors. Foundational to this analysis are Psychology's basics and the Mind-Body Connection. While they rank lower, their importance cannot be overlooked. Psychology provides the groundwork for understanding principles and methodologies, while the Mind-Body Connection emphasizes the holistic nature of human experience, stressing integrative approaches to health and well-being. This multidimensional analysis not only ranks these domains but also reveals their interconnectedness, advocating for a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to understanding the human mind. By embracing such a perspective, psychological research can evolve and yield profound insights that benefit individuals and society at large. Collaboration across diverse theoretical frameworks and methodologies is essential for deepening our understanding of the complexities of the human psyche. Foundations of Psychology, Understanding the Mind-Body Connection, Exploring Consciousness and Unconscious Processes, The Social Mind and Psychopathology and Mental Health. Comprehensiveness, Depth of Analysis, Clarity and Accessibility and Critical Thinking and Synthesis. the final ranking of topics related to human psychology and the complexities of the human mind, "Psychopathology and Mental Health" emerges as the top-ranked category, recognized for its in-depth understanding and critical insights into mental health disorders. Following closely behind is "The Social Mind," highlighting the significance of social psychology in comprehending human behaviour within societal contexts. "Exploring Consciousness and Unconscious Processes" secures the third position, shedding light on the intricate workings of the human mind beyond conscious awareness. Meanwhile, "Foundations of Psychology" and "Understanding the Mind-Body Connection" are ranked fourth and fifth, respectively, indicating their importance in laying the groundwork for understanding psychological principles and the integration of mind and body.

Beliefs About the Development of Mental Life.

Caregiving relationships with infants and children are among the most common and most complex human social interactions. Adults' perceptions of children's mental capacities have important consequences for the well-being of children in their care-particularly in the first few years of life, when children's communication skills are limited and caregivers must infer children's rapidly developing thoughts, feelings, and needs. In a series of studies, we assessed how US adults conceptualize the development of the human mind over the first five years of life. Exploratory factor analysis identified four core capacities that anchored participants' representations of the developing human mind: bodily sensation (e.g., hunger, pain), negative affect (e.g., distress, frustration), social connection (e.g., love, learning from others), and cognition and control (e.g., planning, self-control). Participants believed that these capacities were present to different degrees at birth, followed different developmental trajectories, and were driven by different developmental mechanisms, such as biological "preprogramming," physical maturation, passive observation, and social learning. The current studies shed light on this fascinating and understudied aspect of "mind perception" among US adults, in turn highlighting possibilities for theory-based interventions to encourage developmentally appropriate parenting behaviors.

Implications of Time-Invariant Superfluid Quantum Space Model in Fundamental Physics and Cosmology

Time is what we measure with clocks. We measure the duration of material change running in superfluid quantum space with clocks. Material change runs in space only; time, as duration, enters existence when measured. Time is an emergent physical reality that enters existence when measured by the observer. No measurement means no time. The motion does not require time. Motion requires only space and the physical object that moves in superfluid quantum space, which is time-invariant. There is no physical past; there is no physical future. Past and future exist only in the human mind. Humans experience time-invariant superfluid quantum space as NOW. The entire universe exists and develops into NOW.

Memory technology enabling future computing systems

Although the astounding progress through Moore’s law has made possible the demonstrations of truly remarkable tasks of artificial intelligence (AI), the AI revolution is challenging the semiconductor technology itself. In fact, the achieved results are at the expense of an energy consumption orders of magnitude higher than the one of the human brain. Definitively, biology figures out a better way to process data. So, radically new approaches, in some way emulating the human mind, are essential for creating a more efficient next generation information technology. This work draws the directions that address the building of more efficient future computing systems, namely, (a) the memory and storage technology roadmap; (b) innovative interconnect systems between memory and logic devices; and (c) overcoming of the von Neumann computing paradigm.

The AI Race: Why Current Neural Network-based Architectures are a Poor Basis for Artificial General Intelligence

Artificial General Intelligence is the idea that someday an hypothetical agent will arise from artificial intelligence (AI) progresses, and will surpass by far the brightest and most gifted human minds. This idea has been around since the early development of AI. Since then, scenarios on how such AI may behave towards humans have been the subject of many fictional and research works. This paper analyzes the current state of artificial intelligence progresses, and how the current AI race with the ever faster release of impressive new AI methods (that can deceive humans, outperform them at tasks we thought impossible to tackle by AI a mere decade ago, and that disrupt the job market) have raised concerns that Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) might be coming faster that we thought. In particular, we focus on 3 specific families of modern AIs to develop the idea that deep neural networks, which are the current backbone of nearly all artificial intelligence methods, are poor candidates for any AGI to arise due to their many limitations, and therefore that any threat coming from the recent AI race does not lie in AGI but in the limitations, uses, and lack of regulations of our current models and algorithms.

A forgotten chapter in the history of Nordic educational theory: J.V. Snellman’s theory of Bildung

ABSTRACT J.V. Snellman (1806–1881) developed an original theory of Bildung inspired by Hegelian philosophy and social theory. His conception of Bildung is timely for several reasons. It anticipated both the cultural-historical understanding of the human mind and today’s European Bildung-based curriculum theory. According to Snellman, the primary duty of a civilized person is to understand the demands of their era and to work towards solving its problems. The construction of national Bildung must contribute to the development of universal culture and foster peaceful relations between nations. Knowledge and learning are grounded in the critical interpretation and further development of the finest achievements of cultural tradition, making them responsive to the challenges of the present and the future. In Snellman’s view, education leads to the formation of moral agency and personal conviction. This conviction also entails a political commitment to reform and improve the norms and institutions of society.

Virtual Reality and Consciousness: Specifics of Cultural-Philosophical Research

The article discusses the essence and significance of virtual reality, the genesis of formation and its impact on public life and its influence on the formation of consciousness. Virtual reality technology encompasses the software and hardware that make up the entire virtual reality world. Virtual reality was created with the aim of allowing people to know the world in a completely new and harmless way and to give new life to a number of industries through the proposed technologies. XXI century information age. Perhaps even thenat the moment, virtual reality covers the dominant time of human life. The information age has also led to the age of dependence, which unconsciously controls the human mind, opening the way to many opportunities and discoveries in human life. "Virtual reality" has actively penetrated the consciousness of modern society. The fact of the existence of virtual reality is associated both with the use of modern information technologies and with various mental, aesthetic, cultural, semiotic, esoteric processes. The concept of" virtual reality " is widely used to refer to various phenomena. To overcome the uncertainty and diversity of understanding this phenomenon, it is necessary to determine its essence. In short, there is nothing that cannot be done with technology in virtual reality systems. The study of the specifics of virtual reality is determined by the need to clarify the concepts of "virtual", "reality" and "virtual reality", which makes it possible to overcome the uncertainty that has arisen due to various interpretations of this phenomenon, to clearly understand the essence of this phenomenon. The need for research arises from the increased influence of virtual reality on consciousness.

Mystical Contemplation and Other Ways of the Cognition of God According to Saint John of the Cross

This philosophical article analyzes the direction of changes in human knowledge of God under the influence of mystical contemplation in the teachings of Saint John of the Cross. The introductory part features the specificity of various types of knowledge of God: based on the beauty of nature, metaphysical analysis of the world, and faith. This serves as the backdrop for showing mystical contemplation, its nature, and the goal it pursues. The author makes a thorough analysis of the character of transformations in knowledge of God (including faith) under the influence of mystical contemplation. This idea is emphasized by John of the Cross. Yet, it is not well-developed. Conclusion: contemplation makes it possible for a man to free himself from thinking about God in worldly categories, in particular from categories of the anthropomorphic nature, because the aim of mystical contemplation is to prepare the human mind to see God after death.

INVESTIGATING SEMANTIC PROTOTYPES OF FOOD IN BAHDINI KURDISH

Prototype theory is a vital categorization theory in cognitive semantics that Rosch introduced in the 1970s. It serves as a fundamental framework in cognitive semantics for comprehending the formation and organization of categories in the human mind. The current study aims to identify the prototypes of various food categories in Bahdini Kurdish, thereby, it addresses a gap in contemporary research regarding this issue. It examines food semantics by emphasizing categorization, the most typical example in the selected category, and the impact of gender on their perception and categorization. The study investigates the prototypes of a total of nine semantic categories, including Homemade food, Fast Food, Dairy Food, Fruits, Vegetables, etc. The study has adopted descriptive and quantitative approaches by administering a questionnaire consisting of nine food categories to 100 students who speak Bahdini Kurdish based on Rosch’s model (1973, 1975). The participants are selected from English and non-English departments at the University of Zakho and comprised of an even number of 50 males and 50 females. The findings identified nine food categories in Bahdini Kurdish, which feature representative or the best examples such as rice and dolma for Homemade food, pizza for fast food, baklava for sweets, etc. Gender-based disparities arose, as males and females had distinct preferences within these categories.

Advancements and Applications of Brain-Computer Interface Technology in Healthcare -A Review

For centuries, scientists, academics, and engineers have been fascinated by the human brain, which is considered the most advanced organ. Exploration of the human brain's capacities and complexities is intriguing and exciting, stretching the limits of neuroscience and technology. Among the most noteworthy developments in this field is the creation of the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology, which creates an amazing link between the human brain and machines or computers. The BCI system offers the possibility to connect with the human brain or thinking through technology, representing a sophisticated fusion of computer science, neurology, and engineering. This method empowers people with a variety of infirmities, including paralysis and lost motor functions. Fundamentally, brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is intricately linked to the recording and interpretation of psychological signals, including electrocardiograms (ECG) and electroencephalograms (EEG). The amazing possibility of creating a direct connection between the human mind and outside technologies is unlocked by these signals. In order to decode emotions, thoughts, and intentions and convert the signals into useful instructions for machines, computers, and prosthetic equipment, BCI makes use of the electrical activity produced by the heart (ECG) or brain (EEG). To comprehend the remarkable potential of the development of BCI systems, it is essential to investigate the connection between physiological signals and technological interfaces. Key Words: Brain computer Interface, electroencephalogram, Signal acquisition

정조 御筆의 不醉無歸的 심미의식 - 수원화성의 현판 書를 중심으로

Jeongjo was the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty and a representative artist of the late Joseon Dynasty who was skilled in poetry, calligraphy, and painting. Although he accomplished the great work of national administration by reforming the writing style, he deepened his individual and original writing style by recognizing calligraphy and painting as a picture of the mind with the attitude of not going back unless getting drunk. In other words, to communicate with the world and convey his thoughts and meaning, he gained a new understanding of traditional calligraphy through subjective self-awareness by reading with his eyes and learning with his heart. Thus, he eventually created his unique calligraphy style. The aesthetic consciousness contained in King Jeongjo’s handwriting on the signboards within Hwaseong Haenggung Palace can be summarized as a willingness to realize the benevolent royal government, a style of taking advantage of authority, and an intention to paragon, caution, and indication. It has become the source of the world of creating King Jeongjo’s handwriting on signboards. Accordingly, the King’s handwriting on the signboards within the Hwaseong Haenggung Palace condenses the aesthetic consciousness to realize a benevolent royal government by being sage inside and kingly outside. It also contains the moral content of a virtuous government that meets the demands of the essential benevolent mind of humans. In addition, before legal application, aesthetic style as a means of authority is shown as political fairness through rewards. This aesthetic intention as a symbol of paragon or caution is also clearly revealed through filial piety and sincerity. Consequently, King Jeongjo’s unique aesthetic consciousness through his handwriting on the signboards within Hwaseong Haenggung Palace can be highly evaluated in that it is an artistic pursuit and aims to respect the public mind and life intention of not going back unless getting drunk, and is rooted in Confucian benevolent government, the equilibrium-harmony aesthetic expression of the timely mean.