A comprehensive review of EMG/EEG based wheelchair control systems for individuals with disabilities: HMI and BCI perspectives.

More explicit is not always better: Boundary conditions for action guidance in hazard notifications across traffic complexity.

Optimizing followers' car-following behaviors using rear-facing eHMIs.

Pedestrian-AV interactions at unmarked midblock: Effects of eHMI onset timing and vehicle kinematics on young adult pedestrian behavior and subjective safety perception.

Innate defenses of the respiratory epithelium are the first barrier against incoming respiratory viruses. To understand the contribution of both basal (tonic) and induced interferon (IFN) to antiviral defenses in a physiologically relevant system, we established air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary human bronchial epithelium (HBE) and small airway epithelium (HSE). Via an organoid intermediate stage, the limited healthy donor material was expanded while preserving stemness, and subsequently differentiated. Characterization by immunofluorescent profiling and transcriptomic analyses showed that the cellular diversity and architecture of our ALI cultures were comparable to native human lung epithelium. Infection with human rhinovirus (HRV16) induced a strong and early IFN response, whereas human coronavirus (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) infection caused a more subdued and delayed response. HRV16, but not HCoV-229E, infection was eventually cleared from the cultures after more than 30 days. Depletion of tonic or early type I/III IFNs using neutralizing antibodies or scavengers increased infectious HRV production by ~10- or ~1,000-fold, respectively, suggesting a role of IFNs in clearance. Taken together, we present a method for generating primary lung epithelial air-liquid interface cultures that retain effective IFN responses, demonstrate clearance of HRV by innate defenses, and highlight the importance of tonic and early IFN.IMPORTANCEMild respiratory viral infections, for example, with human common cold coronaviruses or rhinoviruses, are a massive cause of human morbidity. The respiratory tract is the primary entry route for these viruses and also the contact site for initial innate immune defenses. Here, we show that primary human lung epithelial cell-derived air-liquid interface cultures mimic the architecture and cell composition of native human lung epithelium, and retain both induced and tonic interferon (IFN) responses. Notably, our data show that the model's innate immune defense, characterized by rapid and robust IFN responses, are sufficient to clear human rhinovirus (HRV) infections but not human coronavirus 229E. Finally, depletion of induced or tonic IFNs led to a marked increase in HRV infection. Thus, our data suggest that tonic low levels of IFNs contribute to the epithelial defense against viruses, maintaining the tissue's immune readiness.

Piezoelectric silk fibroin (SF) shows great potential in fabricating sustainable wearable electronics toward health monitoring and human-machine interfacing, yet the processing difficulty and brittleness restrict its practical applications severely. This study proposes a simple strategy to achieve the boosted piezoelectricity and mechanical properties in electrospun regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) nanofiber mats by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights to induce the formation of β-sheets via hydrogen bonding and the regulation of PEG phase morphology. Specifically, RSFs consisting of PEG of 2000 and 1000 Da exhibit a significant improvement in the tensile strength (from 6.1 to 9.92 MPa) and elongation at break (from 5.72% to 117.58%), respectively. Meanwhile, RSFs consisting of PEG with a molecular weight of 2000 and 400 Da show a direct piezoelectric force sensitivity of 0.2 mV/N·μm and 0.14 mV/N·μm respectively, superior to that of pure RSF (0.04 mV/N·μm). The piezoelectric force sensors fabricated with RSFs show potential applications in the detection of diverse human motions, including finger tapping for Morse code, grip strength, and knee flexion. Thus, this work unveils a facile strategy to fabricate RSF-based biodegradable piezoelectric force sensors with a trade-off in processability, mechanical ductility, and piezoelectricity.

The modulation of ion transport underlies neuronal signal integration, yet achieving self-powered tactile logic based on ionic mechanisms remains challenging. Here we report a hydrogel iontronic platform that mimics neuronal threshold-triggered action potentials and enables mechano-driven, self-powered logic processing. A polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide (PVA/PAM) double-network hydrogel with engineered geometric, mechanical, and impedance asymmetry exhibits pronounced nonlinear ion gating, delivering peak ionic current densities of ∼2mA cm- 2 at 72.68kPa (0.275 A m-2 kPa-1), exceeding state-of-the-art devices and orders of magnitude higher than conventional piezoionic systems. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that interactions between NO3 - and water molecules in hydrogel invert diffusion asymmetry, providing deterministic control over ionic transport. Electrolyte selection enables programmable switching between excitatory and inhibitory ionic outputs, allowing realization of four fundamental self-powered Boolean logic gates (OR, AND, NOR, and NAND) through simple series-parallel integration. Coupling triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) enables real-time visualized tactile logic via LED outputs. This work advances hydrogel iontronics from passive sensing toward integrated perception-cognition, opening new routes for neuromimetic human-machine interfaces (HMI) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems.

Emerging zoonotic diseases represent a significant threat to global health. While machine learning (ML) holds promise for their management, a comprehensive understanding of how these technologies are applied across the entire animal‐to‐human transmission pathway is lacking. This scoping review systematically maps ML applications in zoonotic disease management to identify research trends, methodological approaches, and critical gaps across different epidemiological stages and functional domains. We organize the literature along two dimensions: epidemiological stages, from animal hosts to human populations, and functional domain, including diagnosis, epidemiology, and intervention. We searched PubMed and Web of Science for studies on 14 preselected high‐priority zoonotic diseases. The search string combined keywords for the selected diseases, ML techniques, and functional applications (diagnosis, epidemiology, and intervention). A total of 966 studies were included in the final analysis, of which 72.8% focused on COVID‐19. Our analysis shows robust ML performance in clinical diagnostics, epidemic forecasting, and intervention optimization within human populations. However, critical gaps persist, only 1.96% of studies examined the animal–human interface, no ML models explicitly targeted spillover prevention, and studies on animal‐reservoir surveillance remain limited. All spillover studies originated from high‐income or upper‐middle‐income countries (UMICs), in contrast with low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries (LMICs) contributing 21.4% of human‐stage studies. These findings reveal a pronounced mismatch between research investment and spillover risk and highlight the need for greater emphasis on spillover mechanisms, enhanced integration of cross‐species transmission dynamics, and methods suitable for surveillance in resource‐limited settings. Addressing these imbalances is essential for advancing a shift from reactive outbreak response to proactive spillover prevention within a One Health framework.

Safety-to-trust dynamics: can automated vehicles navigate yellow-light dilemma zones from the driver's perspective?

The lung alveoli are continually exposed to inhaled pathogens and environmental hazards and rely on coordinated communication between alveolar macrophages and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AT2s) to maintain homeostasis. Disruption of these interactions can impair immunity and repair, contributing to acute and chronic respiratory diseases. To better define these mechanisms and support therapeutic discovery, we established a human iPSC-derived air-liquid interface platform that captures key features of AT2-macrophage crosstalk. Using this system, we show that coculture enhances AT2-specific transcriptional programs including lipid synthesis, while macrophages actively phagocytose AT2-derived surfactant. iPSC-derived macrophages adopt an alveolar macrophage-like phenotype and respond to AT2-derived M-CSF. During respiratory infection, macrophages play a crucial role in modulating epithelial inflammatory responses, augmenting antiviral immunity, and limiting viral replication. We further identify a role for macrophages in epithelial repair, where VEGF-mediated signaling to macrophages increases epithelial permeability during viral infection. Together, these findings reveal dimensions of AT2-macrophage cooperation in homeostasis, infection, and repair, and demonstrate how this iPSC-derived platform can be used to dissect mechanisms that may initiate or drive the progression of respiratory diseases.

The human maternal-fetal interface is characterized by mosaic intermingling of maternal and fetal cells1. Yet the underlying cellular, molecular and spatial programmes remain incompletely defined. Here we generate a comprehensive atlas of the human maternal-fetal interface across normal pregnancies from early gestation to term by integrating large-scale paired single-nucleus transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling with submicrometre-resolution spatial transcriptomics and CODEX multiplex protein imaging2, substantially boosting the spatiotemporal resolution of prior research3. This framework delineates common and transient cell types, states and spatial niches across the fetal and maternal compartments, reconstructs transcriptional programmes thatguide cytotrophoblast and decidual stromal celldifferentiation, and resolves recurrent architecture structural units that build this interface. We identify previously unrecognized arterial endothelial state transitions during cytotrophoblast-mediated spiral artery remodelling and develop a machine learning model that predicts cytotrophoblast invasiveness from transcriptomic signatures. We further discover a decidual stromal cell subtype that suppresses cytotrophoblast invasion via endocannabinoid signalling at the human maternal-fetal interface. By integrating the atlas with genome-wide association data, we pinpoint maternal and fetal cells that are most vulnerable to pre-eclampsia, preterm birth or miscarriage. This resource provides a comprehensive spatially resolved single-cell multiomic reference of the human placenta and decidua and offers a framework for decoding their normal and disordered development.

Bioelectric interfaces used in electrophysiology must be capable of high-quality signal capture, mechanical conformance, and real-time interactivity. This research presents a conformable, reusable, and stretchable hydrogel bioelectrode composed of inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS with a soft polyvinyl alcohol based substrate. This results in a strong, ion-conductive matrix 100 ± 16kPa (n = 3) modulus, 660% ± 72% (n = 3) stretchability) and stable impedance (<6.4% drift over 72h). The hydrogel bioelectrodes maintain <15% resistance drift after 50 strain cycles. The hydrogel bioelectrodes can effectively capture six bioelectrical signals, including heart, brain, muscle, ocular, electrodermal, and sympathetic skin nerve activities with outstanding signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios (up to 70dB). Brain's alpha activity (8-12Hz) is clearly detected, confirming the hydrogel bioelectrode's sensitivity to low-amplitude cortical signals. Sympathetic bursts in sympathetic skin nerve activity also show a 21% increase during the Valsalva maneuver, consistent with clinical observations. The hydrogel bioelectrodes also enable real-time human-computer interaction, where a subject-calibrated algorithm converts oculography signals from both eyes into directional drone control commands.

Rapidly self-healing, highly adhesive, ionically conductive adhesives enabled by synergistic hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions.

Direct contact between humans and non-human primates is on the rise, bringing with it the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens in habitats with a high level of human-primate interactions. Given the threats to the health and well-being of both humans and non-human primates, more attention is needed to this topic. By comparing the infection status of zoonotic pathogens in primate populations with contrasting levels of human interaction, we can better understand the relationship between human-primate contact and the prevalence of pathogens. To this end, we collected fecal samples from two Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis) populations in southern Taiwan: Shoushan National Nature Park (Kaohsiung), characterized by extremely high human interface, and the Dahan Forest Trail (Pingtung), characterized by very low human interface. These samples were molecularly screened for Helicobacter pylori, four common pathogenic Campylobacter species, and four gastrointestinal zoonotic parasites (Strongyloides fuelleborni, Oesophagostomum aculeatum, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba chattoni). In both populations, the prevalence rates of H. pylori and the two amoebic protozoa were quite high (exceeding 70%), while Campylobacter and the two nematodes ranged between 10% and 20% of samples. The Shoushan high-interface macaques were infected with pathogenic Campylobacter coli (detected in four samples from that site), whereas a higher sample prevalence of Campylobacter (genus) and O. aculeatum was found in the low-interface Dahan population. Our findings highlight that even macaque groups with minimal human contact harbor significant zoonotic pathogens, whereas highly provisioned groups can acquire human-associated bacteria, underlining the importance of managing human-primate interactions to mitigate bidirectional disease transmission risks.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in farm animals and the recent surge of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in developing countries poses a serious threat to public and animal health. This study aimed to assess the herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine TB in cattle in northeast regions of Bangladesh. A total of 485 dairy samples (385 from dairy milk and 100 from vendor's milk) were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique at 16 Upazilas from 4 districts in the Sylhet division of Bangladesh. Genomic DNA extracted from milk samples were targeted at IS6110 and RV1506c genomic fragments for PCR. Among the 385 milk samples tested, 15 milk samples were positive for Mycobacterium genus by PCR (3.90%, 95% CI: 1.95-5.84). Also, 10 samples were found to be positive for M. bovis and the prevalence was 2.60% (95% CI: 1.00-4.19) and only 2 milk samples were positive for M. tuberculosis by PCR whose prevalence was 0.52% (95% CI: 0.00-1.24) respectively in individual milk samples. In vendor's milk sample, the trend was lowered for each bacterium and indirect ELISA results agreed with a similar pattern of prevalence. Cows having chronic cough was one of the significant risk factors of herd-level prevalence. Findings from this study necessitate a comprehensive program for TB surveillance of associated risk factors or protective factors in human, environment and animal interface.

Accurate and robust acquisition of electrophysiological signals is essential for wearable healthcare and human-machine interface applications. However, conventional wet electrodes are limited by motion artifacts and insufficient long-term stability, while many dry electrodes lack adequate skin adhesion and mechanical compliance. Here, we present a carbon black (CB)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite-based dry electrode featuring a micro-textured surface (Ra ≈ 1µm), low modulus (∼216kPa), and strong adhesive strength (∼15.68kPa), conformally integrated onto a stretchable metallic interconnector with an optimized serpentine geometry (235° curvature angle). This architecture achieves high performance without fabrication complexity by leveraging spontaneously formed micro-textures to promote mechanical interlocking for robust skin adhesion, thereby ensuring low interfacial impedance (∼165.2kΩ·cm2 at 100Hz) and enabling long-term electrical and mechanical stability. To demonstrate real-world applicability, we developed a wireless, miniaturized electrocardiogram (ECG) system integrated with an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The system achieved significantly higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) than commercial devices across diverse activities (16.82-26.19dB vs. 4.98-13.8dB) and maintained an SNR of 21.07dB after 24 h of continuous monitoring. These results highlight the potential of the proposed electrode system as a scalable and practical solution for high-fidelity, long-term biosignal acquisition in wearable electronics.

The operation of heavy equipment on construction sites presents one of the most significant safety risks in industrial projects. In order to address these challenges and enhance both safety and efficiency within the Fadhili Increment Projects Department, a comprehensive Human-Machine Interface (HMI) safety system has been implemented. This multi-layer system integrates multiple advanced measures to enhance operational efficiency and improve personnel protection across all construction activities. First, a strict "No Foot-on-Ground" policy has been established to prevent personnel from entering active equipment zones, thereby reducing the risk of human-machine interaction during critical operations. Second, equipment alert technologies have been introduced to enhance real-time awareness for operators. Third, proximity warning alarm systems (PWAS) are used to alert workers and operators when they are in close proximity, helping to prevent potential collisions. Additionally, rear-view closed-circuit cameras (CCTV) systems have been installed on vehicles to improve visibility and support safer movement in complex environments. Finally, targeted hazard identification training has been provided to heavy equipment operators and flagmen, ensuring they are equipped to recognize and respond to potential risks. Combining advanced technologies with well-defined safety protocols, Fadhili team has set a new standard for construction safety and operational excellence within Saudi Aramco’s project portfolio

Invasive infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus have high mortality rates, even when treated with the first-line agent voriconazole. The global emergence of azole resistance further increases treatment failure, underscoring the urgent need for antifungals with novel mechanisms of action. The fungal cell cycle is essential for viability and represents an attractive but underexplored target. In A. fumigatus, progression from G2 to M phase requires interaction between the phosphatase NimT and cyclin-dependent kinase NimX. Here, we characterize the role of this interaction and its inhibition by 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (compound 1), a small molecule that targets the human Cdc25B-Cdk2 interface. Using mutagenesis, we show that NimT residues Arg438 and Arg442 are critical for NimT-NimX binding and confirm they are essential for viability. A co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrates that compound 1 disrupts the interaction, while live-cell imaging shows that this inhibition arrests cell cycle progression. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into fungal mitosis and highlight cell cycle regulators as promising antifungal drug targets.IMPORTANCEInvasive aspergillosis has high mortality and limited treatment options, threatened by rising drug resistance. Targeting the fungal cell cycle represents an unexplored strategy for antifungal drug development. The dynamic interaction between NimT and NimX is critical to the fungal duplication cycle. Here, we show evidence that, unlike in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, relocation of NimT from the nucleus to the cytoplasm mid-interphase is the switching event that causes activation of NimX and allows the cell cycle to progress. We also show that disruption of the NimT-NimX interaction can be achieved using a reversible small-molecule inhibitor that arrests the fungal duplication cycle, highlighting mitotic regulators as promising antifungal drug targets.

Supervising tactile-first robotic traversal in confined, uncertain spaces poses a challenge: operators must be able to intervene without continuous micromanagement. We present a human–machine interface (HMI) that blends operator commands with safety-constrained autonomy and surfaces risk through synthesized predictive haptic alerts. Using offline, log-driven replay of 660 trials, we counterfactually evaluate this HMI without new user studies. Results show consistent improvements: predicted collisions decrease, minimum clearance increases, traversal time and path length improve, and the traversability certificate margin rises. Operator–autonomy disagreement is reduced, with smoother control and fewer heading reversals, particularly under algorithms M2 and M3. Importantly, the synthesized haptic alerts anticipate safety-critical events with positive lead time, achieving high precision and recall as objective measures of informativeness. Together, these findings indicate that shared-control blending with tactile-first autonomy can enhance safety, efficiency, and assurance while reducing conflict between operator intent and autonomy. Contributions include the method (counterfactual shared control with safety projection), metrics for safety/efficiency/assurance/conflict, empirical results across 660 trials, and release of replay and haptic-synthesis artifacts. This positions tactile-first HMI as a practical pathway for safe, low-overhead operator supervision in vision-denied, contact-rich environments.

The Wildland-Human Interface (WHI), where human infrastructure and activities meet or intermingle with wildland vegetation, represents a critical zone of human-environmental conflict. Here, we present the first global map to explicitly differentiate the WHI into its Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) and Wildland-Agriculture Interface (WAI) components between 2000 and 2020, using a scale-adaptive HEALpix Quadtree algorithm. We show that the global WHI covered 4.87% of terrestrial area in 2020, with the WAI (4.68%) being significantly more extensive than the WUI (0.19%). Over the two decades, the global WUI area expanded dramatically by 59.76%, whereas the WAI area experienced a net decrease of 3.26%. This marginal net change in WAI masks high spatial turnover. Major losses of original WAI due to agricultural expansion were largely compensated by gains in new WAI elsewhere. Notably, 5.03% of the world's key protected areas were affected by WHI encroachment over this period. Our analysis reveals that the type of WHI has distinctly shaped both wildfire regimes and biodiversity gradients. These findings underscore the critical need for establishing a global WHI monitoring network to mitigate rising threats to ecosystems and human security.