ABSTRACT This study examines the moral questions surrounding euthanasia in Henrik Ibsen’s Ghosts using the African ethical framework of Ubuntu. Focusing on Oswald’s request for assisted death due to severe mental and physical deterioration caused by inherited illness. His suffering, alongside his mother’s internal conflict, raises issues of moral obligation, compassion, and human dignity. The study explores how Ubuntu, which values human life, communal responsibility, and shared moral duty, responds to such concerns. Ubuntu, as presented by African thinkers such as Desmond Tutu and Mogobe Ramose, rejects the idea of isolating personal choice from communal consequence. The study rely on textual interpretation and moral reasoning grounded in African philosophy. Findings show that while Ibsen presents euthanasia as a response to helplessness, Ubuntu calls for shared support, moral care, and continued affirmation of life. It contributes to understanding by showing how African values can guide ethical judgment in literary and moral questions.

Flood disasters are increasing worldwide due to climate change, posing growing risks to infrastructure and human life. Korea, where nearly 70% of annual rainfall occurs during the summer monsoon, is particularly vulnerable to extreme precipitation events intensified by El Niño and La Niña. This study investigates how terrain resolution influences flood simulation accuracy by comparing a 1 m LiDAR digital elevation model (DEM) with a DEM generated from a 1:5000 topographic map. Flood depth and velocity fields produced by the two DEMs show notable quantitative differences: for final flood depth, the 1:5000 DEM yields a mean absolute error of approximately 56.9 cm and an RMSE of 76.4 cm relative to LiDAR results, with substantial local over- and underestimations. Flow velocity and maximum velocity also show significant deviations, with RMSE values of 58.0 cm/s and 68.4 cm/s, respectively. Although the 1:5000 DEM captures the general inundation pattern, these discrepancies—particularly in narrow channels and urbanized floodplains—demonstrate that coarse-resolution terrain data cannot reliably reproduce hydrodynamic behavior. We conclude that while 1:5000 DEMs may be acceptable for reconnaissance-level hazard screening, high-resolution LiDAR DEMs are essential for accurate flood depth and velocity simulation, supporting their integration into engineering design, urban flood risk assessment, and disaster management frameworks.

ABSTRACT The heterocyclic scaffold natural products are abundant and widely scattered in nature, playing a vital role in human life, stirring up broad importance from scientists as they are accomplished of providing valuable properties. Among these, 6‐membered 1,4‐diazipene‐2‐carbaxamides have attracted considerable attention owing to their interesting and potent biological properties. In this article, we report the synthesis of several Pyrido‐pyrazine‐2‐carboxamide ( 5a‐l ) analogs with an efficient procedure in good to excellent yields and with high regio‐selectivity by chemical transformations. This is the first report on the preparation of pyridine‐containing tetra‐substituted pyrazine‐2‐carbaxamide skeletons synthetic route to get novel 3,6‐dibromo‐5‐(pyridine‐4‐yl)‐1,4‐diazine‐2‐carbaxamide ( 5a‐l ) scaffolds to establish the current state of the art in this area.

In human life the concept of mahabbah is very important, especially in the study of Islamic education. Because in starting the education, students should love their teachers as well as teachers must love their students. Thus, the lesson will be easy for students to understand. The purpose of this study is to find out the concept of mahabbah according to Rabi'ah Al-Adawiyah, To find out the concept of mahabbah Rabi'ah Al-Adawiyah in Islamic Education Perspective Margaret Smith. This research method is library research, namely a study, to obtain a number of necessary data purely only utilizing sources available in the library. The results of this study are that the concept of mahabbah according to Rabi'ah Al-Adawiyah is: first, love only for Allah and turning away from others. Sufis must close their eyes to the world and its contents and attractions. Second, love only for Allah and selflessly. Not expecting a reward in the form of rewards or punishments. The concept of mahabbah rabi'ah al adawiyah in Islamic education from Margaret Smith's perspective is: Zuhud, Purifying oneself (takhalli), Filling oneself with good morals (tahalli), Habituation (tajalli).

Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in human life, contributing to posture, movement, nutrient storage, and body temperature regulation. Development and regeneration of skeletal muscles rely on embryonic myogenic progenitors and postnatal satellite cells (MuSCs), respectively. Identification of new molecular markers and elucidating their functions in MuSCs will provide better understanding of muscle development and regeneration. We surveyed single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data (Tabula Muris and GSE150366) to identify ASB5 (Ankyrin repeat and Suppressor of cytokine signaling Box containing 5) as a marker of MuSCs. We also used CRISPR-CAS9 genome editing and oviduct electroporation to generate a germline knockout (KO) mouse line of Asb5. We then analyzed the muscle growth and regeneration of the KO mice. We further analyzed proliferation and differentiation of MuSCs attached on myofibers. We finally performed Realtime PCR (qPCR) to examine how Asb5 KO affects gene expression in the skeletal muscle. Analysis of data publicly available at Tabula Muris identified Asb5 as a specific marker of MuSCs. Further analysis of scRNA-seq data on FACS-purified MuSCs at various regeneration time points revealed that Asb5 is highly expressed in MuSCs and their progenies across various stages of muscle regeneration. We then generated a novel Asb5 KO mouse line through CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of Exon 4. The Asb5-KO mice were born normally and exhibited normal postnatal growth. In addition, Asb5-KO MuSCs proliferated, differentiated and self-renewed normally on myofiber explants. Furthermore, the skeletal muscles of Asb5-KO mice regenerated normally after acute injury. qPCR analysis showed that Asb5 KO reduces the expression levels of Tnfa (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) in the skeletal muscles. These data together identify ASB5 as an abundantly expressed and specific marker of MuSCs and myogenic progenitors. However, Asb5 loss-of-function has no effects on embryonic development and postnatal growth of skeletal muscles, or behavior and regenerative functions of MuSCs under normal physiological conditions.

Health is one aspect of human life that can improve the quality of life and productivity of the workforce. The high morbidity and mortality rates in society cause reduced physical work ability, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Cervical cancer is a form of malignancy that occurs in the cervix in women, this disease is related to infections caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The most appropriate age to vaccinate is 9-14 years or before women have sexual intercourse. The method in this study is a quantitative analytical method with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were 58 female students in grades 5 and 6 of SD Negeri 54, Kendari City. The sampling technique in this study was total sampling, namely a sampling technique where the number of samples is the same as the population. The findings of this investigation indicate a relationship between family support (0.009) and side effects (0.010) with HPV vaccine acceptance, and there is no relationship between parental knowledge (0.169) with HPV vaccine acceptance in female students of SD Negeri 54 Kendari in 2024. Parents need to be more active in seeking correct information from trusted sources, and can provide full support to their children to complete the vaccine dose according to schedule. For this reason, it is very important for children to get the complete HPV vaccine.

With the rapid development of technology, significant changes have also occurred in various aspects of human life, including changes in the payment system in Indonesia. In the past, transactions relied solely on cash as the only legal means of payment. However, nowadays, everyone can easily make payments to anyone using non-cash payment methods. As we know, people tend to prefer payment systems that are fast, effective, and efficient. To facilitate transactions, the banking sector has established several types of payment instruments, such as cash, paper-based instruments, and electronic money (e-money). As a means of payment and debt collection, paper-based money functions equivalently to cash, with its authenticity guaranteed through negotiable instruments. In the world of trade, payment traffic is one of the most crucial aspects, and banks play a major role in it. Banks are one of the main drivers of the economy and have several objectives, including strengthening national development, promoting economic growth, ensuring equitable distribution of wealth, and maintaining national stability to achieve public welfare. Trade activities are carried out by individuals engaged in business enterprises. The bank’s responsibility regarding the use of checks arises from an agreement between both parties the bank and the debtor customer known as the basic contract . The use of checks provides benefits not only for customers but also for banks, as it helps facilitate payments between parties involved in business activities.

Many different methods for detecting and quantifying novel coronavirus have been proposed recently. With the increasing danger to human lives posed by COVID-19, there remains a need for a high-performance sensor that can meet the growing demand for improved treatment. In this article, a numerical investigation has been conducted to develop an SPR-PCF-based sensor with better sensing capabilities. It is in response to the impact and appealing sensing characteristics of PCF sensors among researchers. The optimized PCF biosensor shows a high wavelength sensitivity of 6140.3 nm/RIU, 5166.6 nm/RIU, and 5128.2 nm/RIU for RNA, RBD, and IgG, three different ways of detecting coronavirus, respectively. A maximum amplitude sensitivity of 236.2 RIU−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.65×10−8 RIU2/nm were achieved using RNA detection method. Due to its superior performance characteristics, the proposed sensor represents a viable option for enhanced detection and precise measurement of severity of the disease.

ABSTRACT The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events has drawn increasing attention to climate change. Torrential rainfall in East Asia, including Korea, causes natural disasters with significant effects on human life and property. The Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) product provides global precipitation data by combining multiple satellite-based observations, including microwave, infrared (IR), and other complementary datasets from various satellites. However, it has limitations in accurately describing precipitation in Korea, which is influenced by complex seasonal and topographical characteristics. In this study, we used IMERG precipitation data in conjunction with optical satellite data to estimate various indicators of atmospheric conditions. Data used to improve precipitation estimation included the 500-hPa geopotential height, atmospheric instability index, horizontal wind field, and water vapour (WV 6.9 ), IR 11.2 and IR 12.3 infrared channels of the Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite 2A (GK-2A). These data were input into a deep learning model that was used to estimate precipitation. The results showed that 500-hPa geopotential height had a significant impact on the performance of the artificial neural network (ANN). Atmospheric data from optical satellites are anticipated to compensate for the shortcomings of IMERG, to improve the accuracy of remote sensing precipitation estimation.

General Background: Religious songs have increasingly functioned as alternative media for conveying Islamic values within contemporary digital communication. Specific Background: The song Assalamualaikum by Opick communicates religious messages through symbolic lyrics that integrate spirituality, humanity, and everyday social life. Knowledge Gap: However, focused academic analysis of the layered Islamic preaching meanings in this song remains limited, particularly through a semiotic perspective. Aims: This study aims to examine the Islamic preaching messages embedded in the song Assalamualaikum using Roland Barthes’ semiotic framework. Results: Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the findings show that the song represents a balanced Islamic worldview through three interconnected meanings: the salam as a symbol of prayer and brotherhood, remembrance of God and charity as spiritual responses to life difficulties, and sustained hope for divine forgiveness. These meanings operate across denotative, connotative, and mythological levels, illustrating harmony between devotion to God and social relations. Novelty: This study offers a focused semiotic reading of a single religious song within the context of digital-era da’wah, providing a more specific analytical emphasis than previous studies. Implications: The findings contribute to Islamic communication scholarship by demonstrating how religious music functions as a meaningful medium of contemporary preaching and as a cultural text conveying spiritual and social values simultaneously. Highlights • The song communicates Islamic preaching through layered semiotic meanings• Salam is represented as prayer, brotherhood, and social harmony• Remembrance and charity are framed as spiritual responses to life challenges Keywords Islamic Preaching Message; Religious Song; Semiotic Analysis; Roland Barthes; Islamic Communication

This study aims to explain the Islamic legal perspective on the implementation of the death penalty in relation to the principles of human rights. The research employs a library-based method with a normative juridical approach and a prescriptive analysis. The focus of the study lies in the concept of al-maṣlaḥah al-mursalah as the foundational principle of Islamic law in determining capital punishment, particularly within the context of qishash. The findings indicate that the death penalty in Islam is not intended as an act of revenge but rather as an instrument for upholding justice and protecting human life in accordance with the maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, namely the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. Islam also provides space for forgiveness and reconciliation, reflecting a balance between justice and compassion. Thus, the death penalty in Islamic law possesses strong theological and sociological foundations and remains consistent with humanitarian values and the overarching goal of law to promote public welfare.

Three-dimensional self-assembled cellular aggregates, such as spheroids, provide unique building blocks for bottom-up tissue engineering and in vitro disease modeling. Nevertheless, traditional spheroid production methods require prolonged cell aggregation times and are highly dependent on cell type, requiring frequent optimization steps. Additionally, spheroids' size is dependent on their cell density, preventing a control over their final volume. Herein, a methodology combining metabolic glycoengineering and click chemistry with superhydrophobic surfaces is described to rapidly create spherically structured living bead units, that can surpass the fabrication constraints of conventional spheroids. Compared to spheroids produced in low attachment settings, the living beads comprising various cell types (i.e., stem, endothelial, and cancer cells) are rapidly produced and demonstrate enhanced cell viability and cell spreading over 14 days, while maintaining principal spheroid characteristics, namely the fusion into multi-scale living materials and cellular migration capabilities. In addition, this methodology enables the production of living beads with controlled size, independently of cell density, overcoming a key limitation of current spheroid production methods. The enhanced reproducibility, reduced cell assembly time, and improved handling make these spherically structured living beads a valuable alternative, with broad application in bottom-up tissue engineering approaches and disease modeling applications.

Viruses are a significant threat to human life, as demonstrated by the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Ebola outbreak. Diseases such as smallpox, AIDS, hepatitis, liver cancer, and cervical cancer often caused by the Human Papillomavirus can lead to fatal outcomes. Over the years, extensive research has focused on developing vaccines and antiviral drugs, which have successfully contained and, in some cases, eradicated viral infections. Recently, computational techniques, particularly machine learning algorithms, have made notable progress in identifying potential Antiviral Peptides (AVPs), thereby accelerating experimental validation for therapeutic applications. This study introduces machine learning techniques and a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) model combined with three feature-encoding methods to predict whether a protein sequence contains effective antiviral peptides. Eight machine learning algorithms were evaluated using both single-feature and combined feature encodings. Among them, the lightweight LGBM model trained on combined encoded features achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 98%, precision of 97%, recall of 98%, F1-score of 98%, and an AUC of 1.00. Compared to existing models, the proposed approach achieved approximately 2% higher accuracy using individual encoding methods and about 3% higher accuracy with combined features. The reliability and effectiveness of the proposed model highlight its potential value for pharmaceutical development and academic research.

Libertarian scholars Kinsella and Armoutidis criticize the libertarian theory of evictionism. This is a principled compromise between the pro-life and the pro-choice positions. Its conclusion overlaps with the former in the last trimester of pregnancy and with the latter in the first two trimesters. That is, the pregnant mother may expel the fetus from her body whenever she wishes but may not ever kill this pre-born baby. This theory is predicated upon the notion that the unwanted fetus is a trespasser; an innocent one, to be sure. Thus, he may be expelled from her body, her private property, but not treated as a criminal, since he is innocent of any crime. Evictionism stands or falls on this one claim. If the fetus is not a trespasser, this solution to the abortion controversy is a failure. Kinsella (2023) and Armoutidis (2024) maintain, to the contrary, that trespassing is a human action, and that the fertilized egg, the beginning of human life, is capable of nothing such thing. This essay aims to refute their position.

This paper critically examines the marginalisation of veganism within leftist or progressive political discourse, particularly through the lens of Marxist theory, in the context of the Anthropocene. While Marxism has provided incisive critiques of capitalism’s exploitation of labour and nature, it has largely overlooked the ecological and ethical implications of animal agriculture, which is a glaring omission given its central role in driving environmental degradation and climate change. Drawing on Marx’s concepts of metabolic rift, alienation and value, the paper argues veganism is essential to any comprehensive critique of capitalism’s destructive relationship with both human and non-human life. It explores the parallels between the exploitation of humans and animals under capitalist systems and critiques the left’s inconsistent treatment of animal liberation as a peripheral concern, despite its deep entanglement with environmental justice, labour struggles, and anti-capitalist movements. By integrating veganism into Marxist ecological thought, the paper calls for a reimagining of leftist or progressive political frameworks to address the interconnected crises of food production, animal exploitation, and climate catastrophe. The Anthropocene demands an expanded vision of solidarity that transcends species boundaries, recognising veganism as a vital building block in the struggle for a more just, sustainable, and equitable world. A version of this paper was first presented at the Marx in the Anthropocene conference at Università Iuav di Venezia (Iuav University of Venice), Italy, in March 2025.

Leadership is a fundamental aspect of human life that greatly determines the direction and quality of a society. The Qur’an, as the primary source of Islamic teachings, provides clear guidance regarding the criteria of an ideal leader based on divine values. This study aims to examine leadership criteria in the Qur’an through an analysis of Q.S. Al-Anbiya verse 73, Q.S. As-Sajdah verse 24, and Q.S. Yusuf verse 55. The research employs a library research method by analyzing the lexical meanings (mufradat), the historical context of the verses, and the interpretations of prominent mufassirs such as Buya Hamka and Muhammad Quraish Shihab. The findings indicate that leadership from a Qur’anic perspective is not merely oriented toward power, but is a great trust (amanah) that requires moral and spiritual integrity, patience, faith, trustworthiness, and competence. These verses emphasize that an ideal leader is one who guides others according to Allah’s command, possesses patience and strong conviction in His revelations, and is knowledgeable and trustworthy in managing public affairs. This study is relevant to contemporary conditions, particularly in addressing the leadership crisis marked by the abuse of power and weakened integrity. Therefore, understanding leadership criteria in the Qur’an is expected to serve as a foundation for Muslims in selecting and preparing leaders who are ethical, responsible, and morally upright.

Abstract In “Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft,” Edmund Husserl states that “all life is position-taking [ Stellungnehmen ]” and “all position-taking is subject to an ought” (1987: 56). The aim of this paper is to examine Husserl’s multifaceted concept of Stellungnahme and show how it informs his understanding of human life. I start by studying this notion as initially developed by Reinach – where position-taking is a stance towards an object or state of affairs, either positive (e.g., belief) or negative (disbelief) – and by von Hildebrand – for whom a Stellungnahme is a subject’s spontaneous response to a known fact or value. Then, turning to Husserl’s reappropriation of his Munich students’ work, I demonstrate that he first interprets position-taking, building on Reinach, as a positional intention (in contrast to neutral consciousness), which explains why Stellungnahme is subject to the “ought” of reason. However, this definition overlooks the agency inherent in Stellungnahme , in which the ego actively ‘takes’ a position. Husserl thus advances an enhanced view, drawing on von Hildebrand, whereby position-taking designates a free decision of a person who thereby self-constitutes her individuality. Yet, this emphasis on freedom cannot account for the rational normativity of Stellungnahme . To address this, Husserl ultimately offers a deeper approach to position-taking as a critical procedure assessing the validity of a thesis, which articulates the first two interpretations. This procedure, culminating in the enduring, personal acknowledgment of a belief, illuminates the specificity of human beings as essentially capable of actively reshaping their theoretical and axiological convictions.

Steel and prestressed concrete traction poles can be fixed to reinforced concrete pile foundations using typical bolted connections. The stainless steel fastening screw is connected to the ordinary steel foundation pile reinforcement by friction welding under specific friction welding process parameters. From the perspective of the structural strength of the connection between the traction pole and the foundation pile, regarding the transfer of tensile and shear forces through a single anchor bolt, the yield strength of stainless steel bolts should be Re,min ≥ 345 MPa for M30 anchors, Re,min ≥ 310 MPa for M36 anchors and Re,min ≥ 300 MPa for M42 anchors. This requirement is reliably met by martensitic stainless steels, while other stainless steels have yield strengths below the required minimum. What truly determines the foundation pile’s load capacity is not the satisfactory mechanical strength of the stainless steel (here, the parameters are met), but the quality of the friction-welded end connection between the reinforcement and the threaded bars. Incorrect selection of the type of prestressing steel in the analyzed connection can have enormous consequences for foundation pile manufacturers. Annual production of foundation piles amounts to thousands of units, and an incorrect decision made by the pile designer at the design stage can result in significant financial losses and a high risk to human life. This article presents the results of studies on friction-welded connections of M30, M36, and M42 threaded bars made of austenitic 1.4301 (AISI 304) and martensitic 1.4021 (AISI 420) stainless steel with B500SP reinforcement bars. The tests yielded negative results for 1.4021 (AISI 420) steel, despite its yield strength exceeding Re ≥ 360 MPa.

Experiencing stress is a normative part of human life. Due to its major impact on health and longevity, effort has been put into understanding underlying determinantsand consequences. For stress measurement, a vast number of different methods, including physiological, subjective, and behavioral assessments, can be used. Previous measurement methods have already provided valuable insights into the role of the stress systems. However, their application has some drawbacks, highlighting the need for more convenient, less expensive, less intrusive, and continuous methods. A promising alternative could be the assessment of macroscopic body movements, which we define as body movements that are actively, consciously, or unconsciously, initiated by the muscular system. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO, and PRISMA-P guidelines were followed. We will screen MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar for suitable studies in German or English with no restrictions towards the publication date. To do so, an a priori defined search strategy will be employed. Furthermore, we will carry out backward and forward citation searches. Inclusion criteria comprise studies examining macroscopic body movements in response to stress or related psychological constructs induced by standardized protocols. Exclusion criteria include studies on non-human populations as well as studies that do not report on a control group/condition nor pre-/post-comparisons nor traditional stress markers. The search, selection, and data extraction processes will be performed by two reviewers independently, while a third reviewer will be consulted in case of discrepancy. We will assess Risk of Bias using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool or ROBINS-I, as appropriate. We will conduct random-effects meta-analyses where feasible. The quality of evidence will be evaluated using the GRADE approach. Furthermore, results will undergo critical examination towards meta-biases. Due to the growing number of studies assessing macroscopic movements in the context of stress, the field is becoming complex, highlighting the need for a summary of current findings. Thus, here we outline a study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on macroscopic movements as a potential novel marker for stress. PROSPERO CRD42024539659.

The environmental crisis in Indonesia is marked by various problems that threaten human life and various economic sectors. The Indonesian government has issued green sukuk products as an effort to improve the environment and provide alternative investments for the public. This study examines the potential of green sukuk products in promoting sustainable economic development in Indonesia from the perspective of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. This study uses a qualitative approach with data derived from literature related to sukuk, green sukuk regulations in Indonesia, and the maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah framework. This study will emphasize the thoughts of Imam al-Syatibi in his monumental work al muwafaqot in which he argues about the concept of istiqro'i in the application of the maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah paradigm to arrive at the qosd sharia objectives. Sheikh Thohir Ibn Asur's thoughts on maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah are also used as a basis for analyzing this research. The results of the study indicate that green sukuk has great potential to become a key pillar in the transformation of a sustainable economy in Indonesia. The integration of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah in the implementation of green sukuk can ensure that economic growth is not only oriented toward financial gain but also toward achieving syariah objectives that prioritize environmental sustainability and social justice.