Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Cases Research Articles

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C co-infection in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative cases in a Tertiary care hospital in Southern Haryana

HBV (Hepatitis B virus) and HCV (Hepatitis C virus) are the causative agents of acute as well as chronic hepatitis. Nearly, two billion people are suffering with HBV and approximately 170 million people are infected with HCV infection around the world. While patients who are infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 2-4 million are found to be having chronic HBV co-infection and 4-5 million are having HCV coinfection. Due to common mode of transmission of HIV, HBV and HCV like using shared needles, syringes, other injectable devices, sexual intercourse, or even mother to baby transmission, it is common to see HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV positive individuals. This was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in Department of Microbiology, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Nuh, Haryana. It was for one year. The sample size for HIV seropostive cases was 80 including 40 HIV positive and 40 HIV negative samples. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was identified on HIV positive and HIV negative samples. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was found to be higher in HIV positive individuals than HIV negative individuals. In HIV positive patients 10% individuals were HBsAg positive, 5% were HBeAg positive, 10% were positive by HBV RT-PCR. None of the HIV negative were coinfected with HBV. Similarly HCV-HIV coinfection was seen in 12.5% of individuals with Rapid test, ELISA and RT-PCR. None of the HIV negative were coinfected with HCV. In HIV positive individuals HBV and HCV coinfection was seen and Co-infection of HBV and HCV was absent in HIV negative individuals. Regular screening is recommended for HBV and HCV in HIV positive individuals.

Assessment of protein s and c level and its relationship with health-related factors in people living with hiv: a cross-sectional study

Introduction. Not only does Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) threaten the complications associated with immunodeficiency, but also does it cause a set of chronic conditions that may lead to serious problems in these patients. Hypercoagulable state and other hematologic manifestations are reported as leading factors in various clinical problems like deep vein thrombosis in People Living with HIV (PLHIV). The present study aimed to investigate whether there is any correlation between proteins S and C levels (the thrombophilic conditions in HIV seropositive cases) and hematological factors, biochemical markers, CD4 count, HIV viral load, anti-retroviral therapy, Hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B (HBV) confection, drug use, infectious diseases, and demographic characteristics.
 Materials and methods. Protein S and C levels in 100 PLHIV were measured. Coagulation tests, CD4 count, HIV viral load, biochemical and hematological factors, and infectious tests were measured in these cases to assess any possible correlation between these factors and the patients proteins S and C levels.
 Results. Protein S, and C deficiency among PLHIV 8% and 10%, respectively. Red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, fasting blood sugar, and albumin were directly related to protein S, and the patients with positive VDRL significantly had a lower level of protein S. The patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy and those with positive VDRL had a higher level of protein C. CD4 count, prothrombin time, and cholesterol had also a direct correlation with protein C level.
 Conclusion. According to our results and the reduction of protein S, protein C, and the other factors affecting the lifestyle of PLHIV, there is an urge to pay special attention to thromboembolic disease. Moreover, there is a more possibility of hemostatic imbalances and coagulation disorders in them.

A Clinicopathological Study of Mucocutaneous Lesions in Correlation with CD4 Counts in HIV Seropositive Cases at a Tertiary Care Centre in South India

Background: Mucocutaneous lesions are one of the first clinical presentations of immunosuppression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositive patients that manifest at different stages of the infection that requires early diagnosis along with prompt treatment(1). Objectives: (1) To study the prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV‑seropositive patients attending the ART center of our hospital in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. (2) To correlate mucocutaneous manifestations with CD4 cell counts. Materials and methods: 150 HIV positive patients above 18 year old with definite cutaneous manifestations attending ART center and OPD in the Department of Dermatology and venereology in a tertiary care centre Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh, India) were studied from May 2020 to May 2021. Results: Out of 150 HIV patients, who aged 20 -80 years with a mean age of 25, (23.8%) were 60 (40%) female and 90 (60%) were males, majority of the patients were labourers 50 (33.3%) by occupation , 41 (27.3%) had CD4 counts < 200, 73 (48.6%) had CD4 counts of 200–500, and 54 (36%) had CD4 counts > 500. The most common dermatological presentation was pruritic papular eruptions 24 (16.%) followed by cutaneous drug reaction 19(12.67%) and scabies 12 (8%). Conclusion: At the end of study we concluded that cutaneous manifestations can be considered as good clinical indicators for the progression of disease and underlying immune status in resource poor settings

Identification of candida species isolated from oropharyngeal candidiasis of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients

Identification of candida species isolated from oropharyngeal candidiasis of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients - IJMMTD- Print ISSN No: - 2581-4753 Online ISSN No:- 2581-4761 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/2581-4761.2019.0013, IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases-IP Int J Med M

Peripheral arterial disease in antiretroviral therapy naïve HIV infected patients – A single centre case control study from Eastern India

Background and Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced endothelial dysfunction leads to premature atherosclerosis, which may manifest as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower limbs. Studies are not available on the prevalence of PAD among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive HIV-infected population. The objective was to explore the prevalence of PAD among HIV seropositive cases and to determine the relation of PAD with HIV infectivity and with CD4 count. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based case-control study included 100 newly diagnosed HIV seropositive ART naive cases (age 20–49 years) and 100 HIV seronegative frequency or group matched controls. Demographic, clinical and routine laboratory parameters, and ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) were studied. PAD was diagnosed by Doppler study of lower limb arteries. Results: The prevalence of PAD was significantly more among HIV-infected cases (71%) in comparison to HIV-negative controls (P

A Comparative study of Personality as a common pathway in HIV Sero-positive and Alcohol dependent cases on Five Factor Model.

Aim:The aim of this study was to identify the personality traits of alcohol and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients and to compare them with normal controls.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study included 100 consecutive patients with alcohol dependence and HIV each and a control group of 100 normal cases without any physical or psychiatric illness. A score of 2 or less on the General Health Questionnaire was taken as cutoff, and the participants were included in the study with written informed consent. All participants were assessed with the NEO personality inventory revised and sensation-seeking scale (SSS).Results:There were significant differences among the study group on all the five factors, i.e., neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), conscientiousness (C), openness to experience (O), and agreeableness (A). On factor “N,” HIV and alcohol group scored significantly more as compared to normal group. Odds ratio revealed high neuroticism to be a risk factor in alcohol-dependent and HIV cases (P < 0.05). The normal group scored significantly higher on factor “E” as compared to HIV and alcohol cases. High scores on factor “E” and “C” have a protective. Odds ratio found low score of factor “C” as a risk factor; however, “O” did not emerge as a risk factor. The logistic regression revealed that high scores on “N” and “E” and low “A” score had a significant association with alcohol dependence (P < 0.05). Among HIV cases, high score on “N” and “E” and low “C” score emerged significant. Alcohol cases scored significantly more on boredom susceptibility (BS) on SSS as compared to HIV and normal controls. On disinhibition (DIS), HIV cases and alcohol cases scored significantly higher as compared to normal group (P < 0.05).Conclusion:High “N” scores on NEO personality inventory are significantly associated with alcohol dependence and HIV while high scores on “E” and “C” have a protective effect. On SSS, HIV-positive cases are characterized by high DIS scores while alcohol dependence is associated with high scores on BS and DIS.

A serological study of cysticercosis in patients with HIV

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) has attained the importance of one of the most common cause of focal brain lesions in patients infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Adequate data regarding the rate of this co-infection is lacking. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of cysticercosis among HIV patients residing in Puducherry or its neighboring districts of Tamil Nadu State, India. A total of one hundred blood samples were collected from HIV seropositive cases visiting JIPMER hospital, Puducherry, between June 2007 and May 2008. Enzyme immunotransfer blot (EITB) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to demonstrate anti- T. solium larval stage antibodies and Co-agglutination (Co-A) test was used to detect T. solium larval stage antigens in sera. Two HIV seropositive cases were found positive for anti-T. solium larval stage antibody by EITB and four were positive by ELISA. Only one sample was positive by both EITB and ELISA. No serum sample was found positive for T. solium larval stage antigen by Co-A test. The overall seropositivity detected by all the methods was 5% in this study group. The accurate clinical diagnosis of NCC in HIV is difficult due to deranged immunological parameters in the HIV infected patients. The results of this study provides important data on the prevalence of cysticercosis in HIV positive patients in Puducherry and neighboring areas which was previously unknown. This study will also increase awareness among physicians and public health agencies about T. solium cysticercosis in the selected group.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV seropositive children and adolescents

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) primarily affects children less than 5 years old, the elderly and certain at-risk groups; especially people infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of this study was to analyze invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in children and adolescents infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with relation to morbidity, the case fatality ratio, pneumococcus serotypes, susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone and to the proportion of susceptible and resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that has already been licensed. A total of 19 cases of IPD were identified among HIV seropositive patients aged from 1 month to 20 years and hospitalized between 1993 and 2000. Data were recorded on standardized charts containing information on age, clinical diagnosis and progression, serotypes and the susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone of the Sp strains identified in cultures. When the minimum inhibitory concentration was < 0.1 mcg/mL, Sp were defined as susceptible to penicillin (SpSPn), and all other strains were defined as not susceptible (SpNSPn). Of the 19 HIV seropositive cases with IPD, 16 (84%) had pneumonia and three (16%), had meningitis; 13 (68%) cases were children less than 2 years old and 16 (84%) were less than 5 years old. The case fatality ratio was 10%. Seven (54%) of the 13 cases less than 2 years old were SpNSPn and 10 (77%) were caused by serotypes covered by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. From the 10 isolated serotypes the most frequent were 14, 6B and 23F, all them susceptible to ceftriaxone. From the three patients with meningitis, two were caused by SpNSPn. In this study most of the IPD occurred in children less than 2 years old; 77% of the strains and 86% of the serotypes of SpNSPn were covered by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity and hepatitis B surface antigenemia (HBSAG) among blood donors in Benin city, Edo state, Nigeria.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B virus are blood borne pathogens that can be transmitted through blood transfusion and could pose a huge problem in areas where mechanisms of ensuring blood safety are suspect. This study became necessary in a population where most of the blood for transfusion is from commercial blood donors. A total of 130 donors comprising 120 commercial donors and 10 voluntary donors were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B surface antigen in Benin city using Immunocomb HIV - 1 and 2 Biospot kit and Quimica Clinica Aplicada direct latex agglutination method respectively. Thirteen (10%) samples were HIV seropositive and 7(5.8%) were HBsAg positive. The age bracket 18 - 25years had the highest numbers of donors and also had the highest number of HBsAg positive cases (7.8%) while the age group 29 - 38years had highest number of HIV seropositive cases. High prevalence of HIV antibodies and Hepatitis B surface antigen was found among commercial blood donors. Appropriate and compulsory screening of blood donors using sensitive methods, must be ensured to prevent post transfusion hepatitis and HIV.

STUDIES ON HBsAG IN HIV SEROPOSITIVE CASES

Two hundred and fifty five patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were screened for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) over a period of 3 years. These patients were followed up every 6 month. 10.2% of HIV seropositive cases revealed presence of HBsAg. It was also observed that almost half (47.6%) of these cases developed carrier state.

Epidemiological characteristics on human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Japan.

The first case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Japan was diagnosed in a homosexual male in 1985. The Ministry of Health and Welfare formed the AIDS Surveillance Committee, which published HIV seropositive and AIDS data at 2-month intervals. Excluding persons infected through blood products there were 971 HIV seropositives by April 1993, and 204 reported cases of AIDS. One of the epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection and AIDS in Japan is the rapid increase of cases of transmission through heterosexual contact since 1991. Before this, homosexual transmission was the commonest reported mode of transmission. Sporadic cases of mother-to-child transmission and some cases due to injecting drug use were also reported. It is predicted that heterosexual contact will be the primary mode of transmission of HIV in the future. Virtually all the diagnosed AIDS cases so far have been reported to this surveillance network, and it will be an important task of the network to monitor the HIV seropositive cases.

A Comparison of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Seropositivity and Hepatitis B Surface Antigenemia (HBs Ag) among the Same Group of Apparently Healthy Pregnant Women in Lagos, Nigeria: A Preliminary Report

Two hundred and fifty apparently healthy pregnant women attending the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria were screened for a comparison of the prevalence of HIV seropositivity and hepatitis B surface antigenemia (HBs Ag) amongst them. The Karpas AIDS cell test for HIV seropositivity and Bioman Hepatitis test kits were used as described by the manufacturers. HIV seropositive cases were confirmed using the Western blot test. Results revealed that out of the 250 pregnant women screened, 2 (0.8%) and 11 (4.4%) were HIV-1 and HBs Ag seropositive, respectively. However, the same 2 pregnant women now constituting 2 (18.2%) of the 11 HBs Ag positive pregnant women were simultaneously HIV-1 seropositive. Antibody to HIV-2 was not recorded in all HIV seropositive cases. This is the first report on the simultaneous prevalence of HBs Ag and HIV seropositivity among apparently healthy pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria.

Early brain changes in HIV infection: neuropathological study of 11 HIV seropositive, non-AIDS cases.

We examined 11 brains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive cases who died from unnatural causes (10 intravenous drug abusers who died from heroin overdose and 1 homosexual dead from a gunshot injury); 10 brains of HIV seronegative heroin addicts who died from overdose and 1 seronegative drug abuser who died from gunshot injury served as controls. Complete postmortem examination did not show evidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS related complex. Terminal changes including nerve cell ischemia, edema and diffuse vascular congestion were observed in all cases. Perivascular pigment deposition with macrophages was a constant finding in drug addicts and was probably related to chronic intravenous injection. In contrast, cerebral vasculitis was significantly more frequent and marked in HIV seropositive cases and was often associated with lymphocytic meningitis. Granular ependymitis, myelin pallor with reactive astrocytosis and microglial proliferation were also more frequent and more severe in HIV seropositive cases. Immunocytochemistry was negative for HIV antigens. Our study further supports the view that early central nervous system changes occur in HIV infection.

Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

HIV infection is immunologically characterized by progressive decrease of CD4’ lymphocytes and hypergammaglobulinemia. 1 Clinically, it spans from asymptomatic infection to full-blown AIDS, divided into definite stages by the Center for Disease Control classification.* A high incidence of atopic manifestations has been reported in HIV seropositive individuals3* ’ with increased serum levels of IgE.5 Recently, the rise of serum IgE has been related to the decrease of CD4+ cells.6 We selected 22 HIV seropositive subjects at different stages of disease, who presented allergic symptoms either for the first time or as a reexacerbation of previous atopic disease. In their sera, we measured the levels of total IgE, allergen-specific IgE, and ECP, a basic protein with cytotoxic properties released by EOSs, which is increased in sera and secretions of atopic patients.‘.’ As control subjects, we chose 25 healthy nonatopic subjects, 20 patients with acute recurrent infection (both bacterial and viral), and 29 HIV seropositive cases without history or present symptoms of atopy. Care was taken to match the HIV groups for age, sex, and disease stages. Detailed data on the composition of the groups are reported in Table I. Additional tests in HIV-positive subjects were white blood cell count, EOS count, both by standard methods, CD4’ lymphocyte count, with direct immunofluorescence with monoclonal anti-CD4 (OKT4, Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Raritan, N . J .) and read by flow cytometry (Cytoron, Ortho Diagnostic Systems), and serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM by nephelometry with a TDX analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics, Irving, Texas). Results of serum levels of IgE, mea-

Dietary Intake in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Patients with AIDS‐Related Complex, and Serologically Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients: Correlations with Nutritional Status

One of the major clinical manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) is the development of cachexia. This most likely results from a multifactorial interplay of poor diet, malabsorption, and altered metabolism. To assess the potential role of nutrient intake in the development or persistence of malnutrition, a detailed analysis was performed of a 72-hr diet record in clinically stable patients with AIDS (N = 18), ARC (N = 12) and in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive controls without significant manifestations of disease (N = 13). Total calorie intake was 39.1 +/- 13.2 kcal/kg/day in AIDS patients vs 34.6 +/- 7.8 kcal/kg/day in ARC patients or 31.9 +/- 17.7 kcal/kg/day in HIV seropositive cases (all p = NS). Likewise, mean protein intakes were similar among the groups and exceeded recommended daily dietary allowance (RDA) guidelines. The mean body weight changes from the inception of illness were -11 +/- 1% in AIDS, -6 +/- 7% in ARC, vs +3 +/- 2% in HIV-seropositive-only cases (p less than 0.05 vs AIDS and ARC). Dietary vitamin and mineral analysis revealed that 88% of AIDS, 88% of HIV seropositive, and 89% of ARC patients were ingesting less than 50% RDA for at least one nutrient. The mean number of deficiencies per patient was 1.8 +/- 1.3 in AIDS, 3.8 +/- 3.5 in ARC, and 2.9 +/- 2.5 in HIV-seropositive-only cases (p less than 0.05 AIDS vs ARC). There were no significant correlations between specific anthropometric measurements and dietary intakes of protein or fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Opportunistic infection among HIV seropositive cases in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) claimed more than 22 million deaths in the past two decades. About 10,000-15,000 Nepalese are expected to die of AIDS related deaths every year in the absence of effective treatment and care. Major cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV infected people is opportunistic infection (OI). Type of pathogen(s) responsible for OI varies from region to region. This study attempts to find out OI among HIV seropositive patients visiting MTH, Pokhara. Tuberculosis (30%) was found to be most common OI followed by candidiasis (14%). Pulmonary tuberculosis (21.14%) was more common than extra pulmonary tuberculosis (8.92%). Oral candidiasis (8.92%) was more common than oesophageal candidiasis (5.35%). The study findings indicate that immediate and strong action needs to be taken and guidelines and strategies to tackle the HIV AIDS problems are required and should be equally implemented to achieve a decline in the rate of prevalence of HIV.