Human Freedom Research Articles

The aim of the study is to analyze the current situation regarding the need for comprehensive medical, social and psychological care for older people with cognitive disabilities and the market for medical and social services in this area. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, information-analytical and systematic methods of analysis were used based on information from official sources, media and social network data, as well as scientific publications on the topic of the study. Results. The need to develop and implement a modern model of organizing comprehensive care for elderly people suffering from dementia and their family members in the context of war and post-war sociodemographic transformations is shown. Special attention is paid to the impact of military operations on the availability of resources, the psycho-emotional state of elderly patients and their environment. A scientific review of modern approaches to creating a communications system in comprehensive care for patients with dementia is conducted in order to analyze the current state of development and implementation of communication technologies, identify trends and dynamics of their development. The importance of an interagency approach is emphasized, which includes medical, psychological, social and legal support, as well as adaptation of infrastructure and personnel training to changing conditions. Recommendations are given for building a sustainable and flexible care system in the context of modern challenges. Conclusions. The problem of creating appropriate conditions for this target group is very urgent. The solution requires a complete rethinking of stereotypes and, first of all, the creation of a state system of care for people with mental disorders (in particular, with dementia). It should include all forms of care: information centers, home care centers, day care centers for the elderly, family respite departments and nursing inpatient facilities and operate in a single interdepartmental space, ensuring an improvement in the quality of life and respect for human rights and freedoms.

In recent years, numerous attempts have been made to somehow “embed” Dostoevsky’s axiological principles into the theory and practice of socialist construction in our country. At the same time, the cardinal differences between these principles, which are based on an Orthodox foundation, and the atheistic (anti-God) views of the leaders and ideologists of the socialist state are leveled. Using the writer’s fiction and journalistic texts, the article reveals the opposition between the Orthodox worldview and outwardly different, but deeply similar deviations from it. It also demonstrates that the “concept of socialism” attributed to Dostoevsky by some post-Soviet philosophers, which they directly integrate with Soviet state practice, is erroneous. The reason is that the latter not only dispensed without Christ, but also, as the records of contemporaries of such practices (M. A. Bulgakov, A. F. Losev, I. R. Shafarevich) show, was so openly anti-Christian (with violent state suppression of Christian human freedom) that it allowed to draw radical conclusions about the embodiment of the Satanic spirit. However, militant de-Christianization is what brings together both Western “capitalism” and Soviet “socialism.” This return of humanity to the pre-Christian (and after the advent of Christianity in the world — anti-Christian) state was prophetically predicted by Dostoevsky. The article argues that both are in fact opposed to Dostoevsky’s “Russian idea” and his cherished convictions.

This article examines the philosophical and practical manifestations of democracy and democratism as socio-political and kratological phenomena that shape state and societal governance. It explores democracy and democratism as interrelated yet distinct categories — democracy as an ideal of social progress and democratism as its practical realization through institutions, processes, and social consciousness. The paper provides an in-depth philosophical interpretation of the term “phenomenon,” referencing classical thinkers such as Kant, Hegel, and Husserl, and applies this notion to the modern understanding of democratic development. The study analyzes the liberal-democratic concept as a dominant paradigm of modern governance and reviews its ideological foundations as developed by Western philosophers including Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Kant, Hegel, Hayek, and Popper. Attention is given to the contradictions of Western liberal democracy in the post-Soviet and global context, as reflected in the works of Uzbek scholars B. Umarov and B.A. Talapov. The article concludes that while democratism as a method and instrument can be adapted or manipulated, the democratic ideal remains immutable as a guiding principle of human freedom, social equality, and just governance. Democracy, therefore, persists as both a philosophical ideal and a practical objective in the moral and political consciousness of humankind. Keywords: Democracy; Democratism; Phenomenology; Liberal democracy; Kratology; Political philosophy; Social justice; State governance; Human freedom; Democratic development.

The article examines the place and role of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in the system of state institutions that ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms. The main areas of activity of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine are analyzed, in particular, the fulfillment of Ukraine’s international obligations in the field of human rights, the functioning of the free legal aid system, the implementation of legal education programs, as well as participation in the rule-making process. Special attention is paid to modern challenges associated with martial law and the need to adapt human rights policy to new conditions. Attention is drawn to the need to improve the mechanisms for implementing the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, to develop the system of free legal aid, to prevent human rights violations by the state, as well as to enhance the legal awareness of the population. It is noted that, by affirming the fundamental human rights and freedoms, Ukraine assumes the obligation not only to enshrine them in legislation but also to ensure a real mechanism for their implementation and protection, which includes a set of organizational and legal measures and instruments. A central role in this activity is played by specially authorized state entities in the field of human rights protection, one of which is the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. The significance of the activities of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine as the central executive authority authorized to coordinate the implementation of the state’s legal policy, which plays a key role in ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms by the Government of Ukraine, has been emphasized. The author emphasizes the importance of effective interaction of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine with other state bodies and international structures in ensuring an adequate level of human rights protection in Ukraine. It has been determined that the effective functioning of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine as a body responsible for the implementation of legal policy is a key element of the state’s overall strategy for the establishment of human rights, ensuring the rule of law and the development of democratic institutions. In the current conditions of reforming the legal system and integrating Ukraine into the European legal space, the role of the Ministry of Justice as a guarantor of legal stability and defender of constitutional rights and freedoms is only growing.

The processes of European integration and globalization of the information space necessitate the harmonization of the national legislation of Ukraine with European standards in the field of information security. In the context of intensive development of digital technologies and the growth of cross-border information threats, the study of international experience in legal regulation of information protection and the possibilities of its adaptation to Ukrainian realities is of particular importance. This study is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of European legal norms in the field of information security, determining the mechanisms for their effective implementation in national legislation and developing practical recommendations for improving the Ukrainian legal system in the context of European integration processes. The relevance of the study is determined by Ukraine’s strategic course for European integration and obligations to implement the acquis communautaire in the field of information security, enshrined in the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Modern challenges of information security require not only technical solutions, but also adequate legal support based on the best international practices and standards. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Network and Information Security Directive (NIS), the ePrivacy Directive and other key acts of European law that form the modern architecture of legal regulation of information security in the EU. The results of the study show that the European model of legal regulation of information security is characterized by a comprehensive approach that integrates technical, organizational and legal aspects of information protection. It was found that the key principles of the European approach are proportionality of regulation, technological neutrality, protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms and ensuring a single digital market. The main barriers to the implementation of European norms into Ukrainian legislation were identified, including differences in legal traditions, insufficient institutional infrastructure and the need for significant financial resources to ensure compliance with European standards. Prospects for further research are related to the need to monitor the process of implementing European norms and assessing their effectiveness in Ukrainian conditions, as well as studying the impact of new technological trends on the development of European legislation in the field of information security. Current areas are the study of legal aspects of protecting critical information infrastructure, the development of mechanisms for international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity, and the analysis of the impact of artificial intelligence on the system of legal regulation of information security. It is also important to study the experience of other countries that have undergone the process of adaptation to European standards, and to develop recommendations for optimizing this process in Ukrainian conditions.

Modern understanding of environmental human rights as an integral part of the legal mechanism of sustainable development is impossible without studying the informational and legal aspect of the implementation of these rights, in particular access to environmental information, public participation in making environmentally significant decisions and ensuring access to justice in the field of environmental protection. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the informational and legal aspect of the implementation of environmental human rights in the context of sustainable development through the study of international legal and national mechanisms for their protection, research into the role of environmental information as a key element of the implementation of these rights, identification of challenges and prospects for the development of informational and legal support for environmental human rights in Ukraine and the world. The informational and legal aspect is considered in two aspects: in a narrow sense as a combination of the concepts of «information» and «law, in a broad sense –as a holistic concept that combines the availability, accessibility, quality of information with the real possibility of implementing and protecting human rights and freedoms. The materials of the study are the works of domestic and foreign authors, whose scientific and practical research is devoted to the issues of environmental human rights and informational and legal support for their implementation. The study used a complex of general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition, which ensured its systematic and multifaceted nature. Such an approach guaranteed the thoroughness of the study, which covered both theoretical and practical aspects of the problem. For a complete and in-depth analysis of the informational and legal aspect of ensuring environmental human rights, in addition to those already mentioned (philosophical basis, legal support, universality of application, digital accessibility and significance for sustainable development), it is proposed to focus attention on the study of such key components as institutional mechanisms of implementation and control, problems and challenges of law enforcement, the role of civil society and the media, international cooperation and harmonization of legislation. Legal analysis of the indicated aspects will allow creating a more balanced, comprehensive and practically oriented analysis of the informational and legal aspect of the implementation of environmental rights.

The article examines the system of administrative and legal support for human rights and freedoms in the sphere of corruption prevention and counteraction in Ukraine. The author analyzes theoretical approaches to understanding the mechanism of human rights protection, revealing its structural components and peculiarities of functioning in modern conditions. Special attention is paid to the role of state and non-state institutions in ensuring civil rights and freedoms, as well as the influence of civil society on the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures. The research reveals the essence of administrative and legal support as a targeted influence on human behavior and social relations through the use of legal instruments. The author thoroughly analyzes the structure of this mechanism, identifying five main elements: the object and subject of administrative and legal support, legal norms, administrative and legal relations, and guarantees for their implementation. Considerable attention is devoted to the classification of guarantees according to various criteria and their role in forming an effective system of human rights protection. The central place in the study is occupied by the analysis of the system of administrative and legal support guarantees, particularly political, economic, social, and ideological ones. The author reveals the specificity of each type of guarantee in the context of corruption prevention, substantiating their interconnection and interdependence. Political guarantees are considered as a basis for ensuring equal relations between citizens and the state, economic ones as a means of motivating virtuous behavior of civil servants, social ones as an instrument of professional development and protection of public servants, and ideological ones as a foundation for forming an anti-corruption culture in society. The research identifies problematic aspects of legal regulation, particularly the imperfection of mechanisms for selecting civil servants for professional development and improving social protection, which may lead to violations of equality and publicity principles. The author emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive approach to improving the administrative and legal support system, taking into account modern challenges of democratic governance and European standards of anti-corruption efforts.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal aspects of protecting individuals’ information rights in the context of the digitalization of law enforcement activities. It emphasizes that the active implementation of information and communication technologies in the work of law enforcement agencies significantly increases the effectiveness of maintaining public order and security; however, it simultaneously creates new challenges for the realization of the constitutional right to privacy and the proper protection of personal data. The analysis covers the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Personal Data Protection,” as well as international legal instruments – the Council of Europe Convention 108+ and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which set out standards and guarantees in the field of confidential information processing. Particular attention is given to conflicts and gaps in the current legislation, including the absence of clearly regulated procedures for access to personal data, insufficient independence of mechanisms controlling data processing, and the low level of digital competence among certain categories of law enforcement personnel. The study also addresses the issue of balancing national security needs with respect for human rights and freedoms. It elaborates on the application of the principles of legality, proportionality, and transparency in the collection, storage, transfer, and use of personal data in the law enforcement sector. Based on the analysis, the article formulates proposals for improving legal regulation, including: introducing more detailed procedures for data access, applying modern cryptographic protection technologies, strengthening institutional and public oversight, and systematically enhancing the digital security competencies of law enforcement officers. The findings may be used for further academic research, the development of draft legislative acts, and the improvement of law enforcement practices in compliance with human rights protection requirements in the digital environment.

This article reexamines the normative dimension of Marx’s critique of capitalism, arguing that value theory and reification carry intrinsic ethical implications. Against readings that detach Marxism from questions of justice, it deploys immanent critique to show that freedom and autonomy are not external ideals but contradictions immanent to capitalist society. Through analyses of alienation, the value-form, and capital’s apparent autonomy, it shows how capitalist relations invert human purposes: value appears to act, while agency is rendered derivative. Reconnecting these processes to Marx’s emancipatory horizon, the article reconstructs the normative core of his critique and clarifies its relevance to domination, including platform labor, digital commodification, and ecological crisis. Rather than moralizing, Marx’s method grounds critique in capitalism’s own promises and failures. In doing so, it provides a structural diagnosis of domination and a situated horizon of emancipation oriented toward collective self-determination and the recovery of time, cooperation, and purposive human freedom.

In addition to imparting knowledge and skills, nurturing human growth also requires assisting with the development of other abilities, including those that can’t be measured. Rather than viewing human growth as something that can be systematically and manipulatively affected, Professor Shinji Nobira is advocating for individuals and the societies in which they live in a better and more accurate way that incorporates human formation theory and its application to biographical research. Through this research, Nobira wants to depict the reality of how people grow through their interactions with their environment. He believes the work will provide people suffering from neoliberal discourse with a theoretical basis for affirming their own lives by showing that human growth is not limited to the linear enhancement of abilities. Rather than taking the route of textual analysis and interpretation common to much research of educational philosophy, Nobira’s work ensures a direct connection with empirical reality through interviews. In his latest project, he is exploring the possibility of critical Bildung through theoretical and empirical research. He believes that the idea of a socially critical attitude is more important now than ever before in the context of the reality of social networking services in every corner of our lives. He thinks it’s important to empirically reconstruct the possibility of human freedom.

The presented review of the textbook by Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Political Sciences N.S. Kozyakova, published by INFRA-M publishing house in 2024, provides a general description and justifies the need for its publication for higher education in terms of an interdisciplinary approach of both political science and sociological disciplines. The key area of scientific interests of the textbook's author is the study of social aspects of politics and political science and the latest political history of Russia and foreign countries. The presented textbook "Political Sociology", recommended for undergraduates, undergraduates and postgraduates studying both political science and sociology, as well as other specialties, provides an assessment of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of political sociology, examines various types, roles and statuses of social institutions, social groups, their place and role in political life, personality typology. and the classification of human rights and freedoms, issues related to social mobility and stratification, the causes of, the course and resolution of socio-political conflicts (conflict strategies and tactics), as well as the problems of the development of society and power structures in the era of informatization, globalization and globalism. The author offers his vision of new trends and trends in political sociology affecting the sociology of imagination and postmodernity, characterized by alternative and multi-variant development of power structures and society caused by the emergence of a virtual environment characterized by simulations and simulacra. Kozyakova has published over 80 scientific papers on various issues of modern political and historical science over a period of more than twenty years of research and teaching.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the human rights system in the context of the digital transformation of society. The main threats and challenges posed by AI systems for the implementation of fundamental human rights and freedoms are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the problems of algorithmic bias, which leads to a violation of the right to non-discrimination, mass collection and processing of personal data without proper control, which threatens the right to privacy, restrictions on freedom of expression through automated content moderation, as well as threats to the right to a fair trial in the case of using automated decision-making systems without proper transparency. The specific risks associated with mass surveillance and biometric identification technologies, including facial recognition systems in public places, the use of AI in employment and the military, and the manipulation of public opinion through deepfake technologies, are analyzed. Three stages of assessing the impact of AI on human rights are considered: analysis of the quality of training data, risk assessment at the system design stage, and consideration of algorithmic interactions. It is argued that AI systems, by their nature, reproduce social biases embedded in past experience data and do not have the inherent ability to change their behavior in accordance with the evolution of ethical norms in society. The application of artificial intelligence in the financial sector is examined in detail, in particular in credit scoring systems, where algorithms analyze huge amounts of data about the applicant’s digital footprint. The problem of “network discrimination” is identified, when a person’s financial capabilities are assessed based on the characteristics of their social environment, which violates the principle of individual responsibility and can limit freedom of belief through self-censorship. The example of the practice of American companies shows how the use of AI systems in financial decision- making can both expand access to credit for representatives of marginalized communities and strengthen existing forms of discrimination.

Michael Lazarus's Absolute Ethical Life (2025) reasserts the social as the foundation of ethical existence, challenging bourgeois individualism and capitalist alienation. By synthesizing Aristotle's eudaimonia, Hegel's Sittlichkeit, and Marx's critique of commodity fetishism and surplus value, Lazarus argues that true ethical life arises only through collective, socially embedded praxis. The book addresses misreadings of Marx by 20th-century critics such as Arendt and MacIntyre, demonstrating the enduring moral core of Marx's analysis of labor and alienation. In an era of political fragmentation and commodified existence, Lazarus calls for the reinstitution of sociality as the path to human redemption and freedom.

This article argues that a pervasive but confused theory of free will is driving unwarranted resistance to behavioral genetic research and undermining the concept of personal responsibility enshrined in our moral and legal conventions. We call this the theory of 'free-will-by-subtraction'. A particularly explicit version of this theory has been propounded by the psychologist Eric Turkheimer, who has proposed that human agency can be scientifically quantified as the behavioral variation that remains unexplained after known genetic and environmental causes have been accounted for. This theory motivates resistance to research that suggests genetic differences substantially account for differences in human behavior because that is seen to reduce the scope of human freedom. In academic philosophy, free-will-by-subtraction theory corresponds to a position called 'libertarian incompatibilism', which holds that human beings are not responsible for behavior that has antecedent causes yet maintains that free will nonetheless exists because some fraction of human behavioral variation is self-caused. However, this position is rejected by most professional philosophers. We argue that libertarian incompatibilism is inconsistent with a secular materialist outlook in which all human behavior is understood to have antecedent causes whether those causes are known to science or not - an outlook Turkheimer shares. We show that Turkheimer sustains this contradiction by adopting an untenable position we call 'epistemic libertarianism', which holds that antecedent causes of our behavior only infringe on our freedom if we know about them. By contrast, the overwhelming majority of secular materialist philosophers support a position called 'compatibilism', which maintains that free will is compatible with the comprehensive causation of human behavior. We show that compatibilism neutralizes the threat that genetic explanation poses to human agency and rescues a generous conception of personal responsibility that aligns with our moral intuitions.

It is indicated that the axiological function of human rights is a key element in the processes of formation, development and functioning of the legal system, creating a structured system of value orientations at both the individual and collective levels. This function provides a logical basis for understanding their fundamental importance and universal meaning in the context of human existence and social development, while determining the basic principles for law-making activity and law enforcement practice. The article defines the role of human rights in the legal system by analyzing and substantiating the relevant functions that are crucial for the existence of the legal system as a whole. The fundamental role of human rights in the legal system as basic guidelines for the formation, development and application of all legal norms and institutions, determining the content of legal regulation, and the fundamental basis of the legal system of a democratic state is substantiated. It is established that the study of the role of human rights in the legal system has not only theoretical, but also practical significance for the effective functioning of the legal system, ensuring the rule of law and legal certainty. The study of the role of human rights in the legal system through their functional analysis is proposed, based on a set of functions that are crucial for the existence of the legal system as a whole, and such functions as value-orientation, guarantee, integration, regulatory and control are defined. It is indicated that the integration function of human rights ensures the integrity of the legal system, its coherence and interconnection between various legal branches, contributing to its harmonization, unity and compliance with international standards. The regulatory function of human rights is characterized as providing a direct impact on the mechanism of normative and legal regulation of social relations, by determining the impact of the need to observe human rights on the formation of new legal norms, as well as creating a balance between individual freedom and the interests of society and the state by ensuring the relationship between human rights and their obligations. The role of the control function of human rights in guaranteeing the orientation of legal mechanisms towards the real protection of human rights and freedoms, by contributing to ensuring the compliance of national legislation with international human rights standards and the establishment of the rule of law and legal certainty, is emphasized.

The article is devoted to the study of the certain aspects of protecting the right to privacy in the context of the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies. The authors analyzes the main challenges that arise in the process of implementing AI systems for fundamental human rights and freedoms, in particular the right to privacy. The study reveals the dual nature of the impact of artificial intelligence on modern society: on the one hand, AI creates unprecedented opportunities for optimizing processes in medicine, education, defense, and economics, on the other hand, it creates serious threats to privacy through the processing of huge amounts of personal data without the proper consent of their owners. Special attention is paid to the analysis of specific examples of the use of AI technologies, in particular the Riley system for monitoring employees in fast food establishments, which demonstrates the relevance of the problem of the balance between the efficiency of business processes and the protection of privacy. The authors emphasizes the critical importance of ensuring transparency and explainability of AI systems, which will allow citizens to receive full information about the use of their personal data and the possible consequences of such use. The article justifies the need to implement the principles of “privacy by design” and “privacy by default” in national legislation as the basis for the application of artificial intelligence. In addition, a significant factor is risk assessment at the stage of development and implementation of AI systems, which is a key component of forming an effective personal data protection system. In the conclusions, the authors emphasizes that the future of artificial intelligence development depends on society’s ability to find the optimal balance between technological progress and the protection of fundamental human rights, which requires active cooperation between government agencies, business structures and civil society to create appropriate standards for the use of AI with respect for human dignity, human rights, including the right to privacy.

The article is devoted to the study of the legal mechanisms for restricting fundamental human rights and freedoms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and determining the limits of the legality of anti-epidemic measures in the context of international human rights law. The author analyzes the complex interdependence between the right to life and health of the population and the need to preserve fundamental civil and political rights in crisis conditions. The study reveals the dual nature of the impact of the pandemic on the human rights system: on the one hand, COVID-19 posed a direct threat to the right to life and health, on the other hand, effective anti-epidemic measures led to significant restrictions on a wide range of personal rights of citizens, including freedom of movement, assembly, religion, the right to work and education. The article analyzes in detail the two main legal instruments available to states to respond to the pandemic: ordinary restrictions on human rights and the suspension of international obligations in emergency situations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the conditions for the application of these mechanisms in accordance with the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, including the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality and non-discrimination. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding that the suspension of obligations should be used only as a last resort, when ordinary restrictions prove insufficient to overcome the crisis. The study highlights the practice of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights on the application of restrictions and derogations from international obligations. Particular attention is paid to the issue of potential abuse of emergency powers under the guise of combating the pandemic and the need to ensure transparency, accountability and temporary nature of emergency measures. The findings of the study highlight the need to develop clearer international standards and mechanisms for monitoring the use of emergency powers by states in global crises to ensure the optimal balance between the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures and the preservation of the fundamental principles of a democratic society.

The article analyzes the principle of the rule of law as a fundamental, basic principle of the creation and functioning of a legal state. It is noted that the essence and content of this principle to this day remains incomprehensible not only to ordinary citizens, but also to most lawyers, which is a drawback of higher education. It was emphasized that according to Article 1 of the Constitution, Ukraine is a state governed by the rule of law. The main features of a state governed by the rule of law are the constitutional enshrining of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms, a developed system of legislation, the supremacy of the constitution, the separation of powers, independent courts, the priority of international law over national law, a high legal culture and legal awareness of state figures and the population. It is noted that the principle of the rule of law is enshrined in Article 8 of the Constitution of Ukraine and is characterized by a number of features, such as the priority of human rights, the conformity of law to law (the rule of law), legal certainty, and the limitation of state power by law. It has been established that the Constitution of Ukraine does not disclose the content of the rule of law and does not link the rule of law with the supreme power of the norms of the Constitution itself. The main purpose of this principle is to ensure the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in relations with state authorities and state bodies. It is noted that law, from the standpoint of legal positivism, is a set of rules of behavior, norms that are given to a person by state authorities, that is, written by the legislator, and that in legal positivism, right and law are identified. It has been found that the rule of law is inextricably linked to the priority of human rights, which implies the recognition of human rights as a higher social value. The rule of law in a state implies compliance with the constitutional requirement of the legal nature of laws. It is noted that law and rule-making are not identical to each other, rule-making is only one of the manifestations of law. A direct manifestation of the implementation of the principle of the rule of law is the “connection” and “restriction” of the activities of all three branches of power – legislative, executive and judicial – by the fundamental rights of the individual. It is noted that the rule of law is characterized by an independent judicial system.

The article presents a comprehensive study of the role of international information in the field of law enforcement, with an emphasis on current trends in the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies by state authorities. In the context of globalization and the increasing volume of transnational information flows, the rapid and effective exchange of data between law enforcement bodies of different countries becomes particularly important. Artificial intelligence serves as a tool capable of automating the analysis of large datasets, ensuring timely threat detection, and enhancing the efficiency of law enforcement activities. The article establishes that the integration of artificial intelligence into international law enforcement cooperation encompasses the exchange of operational messages, detection and prevention of transnational crimes, as well as the analytical processing of information from both open and closed sources. Special attention is devoted to the legal and ethical aspects of applying intelligent systems in law enforcement. The author analyzes international legal instruments regulating the use of artificial intelligence and the standards adopted by international organizations, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union, Interpol, and Europol. The study identifies key risks associated with automated decision-making, among them potential violations of human rights and the use of algorithms that may contain biases or lead to discrimination. The article also addresses the principles of legality, proportionality, and accountability in the deployment of innovative technologies in the security domain. The effective use of international information with the application of artificial intelligence requires the development of clear legal frameworks that balance security needs with the protection of human rights and freedoms. The paper outlines ways to improve international coordination in this area, including the creation of unified standards for data processing algorithms, the introduction of independent audit mechanisms, and the provision of transparency in the operation of automated systems. The recommendations aim to increase public trust in state institutions that employ artificial intelligence in law enforcement and to promote the formation of a legal environment capable of effectively responding to the challenges of the digital era.

It is indicated that ensuring human rights and freedoms in conditions of armed conflicts is one of the most pressing issues of modern international law and national legal systems of many states. The article examines the system of participants in international criminal proceedings and their functional role in ensuring international justice in the context of modern challenges, in particular the Russian- Ukrainian war. The author analyzes the evolution of the subject composition of international criminal courts from the Nuremberg Tribunal to the modern International Criminal Court, emphasizing the relevance of the study in the context of full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The study reveals the specifics of international criminal proceedings as the activities of specialized subjects who participate in the process, regulated by the norms of international law, in accordance with the requirements of international criminal law. The author analyzes the founding documents of international criminal jurisdiction bodies, in particular the Rome Statute of the ICC, revealing the lack of unified terminology regarding the subjects of criminal proceedings. Special attention is paid to the classification of participants in international criminal proceedings according to their procedural status and functional purpose. The five-member classification of T. Syroid is considered, which includes bodies and officials with authority, parties to the proceedings, persons who facilitate the administration of justice, states as subjects of the proceedings, and subjects of legal aid. The author emphasizes the complex nature of this system, which combines traditional participants in the criminal proceedings and specific international legal subjects. The study reveals that the subjects of international criminal proceedings are characterized by various grounds for involvement in procedural relations - from the performance of official duties to the exercise of their own rights and interests. The author justifies the need to rethink the role of various categories of participants in the judicial process in the context of ensuring effective cooperation between states and international judicial bodies, especially during the investigation of mass crimes in modern armed conflicts.