Hull Percentage Research Articles

Study of some cooking and eating quality characters on some Egyptian rice genotypes

Some Egyptian rice genotypes [i.e. Japonica (Sakha 104), Japonica/Indica (Egyptian hybrid1) and Indica (Giza 182)] were investigated to evaluate the cooking and eating quality characters. High significant differences in grain shape were observed among rice genotypes. Hulling, milling and head rice percentage were higher in Sakha 104 than other rice genotypes, while Indica type (Giza 182) recorded the lowest values in milling and physical characters. No significant differences were found in chemical composition of the three genotypes of rice was recorded, but Giza 182 had the highest protein content. All Egyptian rice genotypes were low in gelatinization temperature and soft in gel consistency. Japonica and Indica rice varieties were low in amylase content, while Japonica/Indica rice variety was intermediate. The use of RVA is considered a good index for palatability evaluation for milled rice flour and starch. The Indica and Japonica/Indica types are low in breakdown viscosity, but higher in cooked pasta than Japonica type. Japonica type recorded the best score in panel test, followed by Indica type, while Indica/Japonica rice variety was the least accepted by Egyptian consumer.

Genetics of stability and adaptability of rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.) for grain quality traits

An experiment was conducted during 2011-12 at three environments namely, Aduthurai (E1), Coimbatore (E2) and Bhavanisagar (E3) to assess the stability of thirteen different grain quality traits among the 40 CMS hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.). ANOVA of Eberhart and Russell revealed that, performance of different hybrids fluctuated significantly from their respective linear path of response to environment. Most of the grain quality parameters showed non-significant mean squares except hulling percentage, milling percentage, head rice recovery, gel consistency and volume expansion ratio, indicating the influence of genotype x environment (G x E) interactions on these five grain quality measures. The genotype x environment (linear) interaction component showed significance for hulling, milling percentage, head rice recovery, gel consistency and volume expansion ratio showed the influence of locations on the expression of these parameters. Hybrids combinations viz., COMS23A x AD08009R, COMS24A x IET20898R, CRMS31A with IET20897R, IET20898R, AD06084R and AD09533R were found to be stable over locations with high mean, around unit regression (bi) and least deviation from regression line (S2di) for hulling percentage. For gel consistency, COMS23A x IET20937R, COMS23A x AD09216R, COMS23A x AD09216R, COMS25A x IET20937R and CRMS31A x AD09223R are the hybrids showed below average stability as these hybrids posses greater mean, less than unit regression (bi>1) and non significant deviation from regression (S2di) and may be suitable for E3(Bhavanisagar). Key words: Oryza sativa, genotype x environment, hybrids.

Numerical modeling of co-firing a light density biomass, oat (Avena sativa) hulls, and chunk coal in fluidized bed boiler

Light weight biomass has been considered as a potential biomass fuel to be used in industrial and power-producing furnaces and boilers. This paper presents a comprehensive numerical study of co-firing chunk coal and a kind of light weight biomass, oat hulls (Avena sativa), in a stoker boiler. In this comprehensive model, a one dimensional steady state coal bed model already verified through experimental measurements was employed to describe the combustion process on the bed and an oat hulls devolatilization sub model derived from experiments was added to predict the devolatilization process of oat hulls. Through the study of oat hulls co-firing with coal combustion it was found that light biomass, similar to pulverized coal, burns in suspension (following the air flow). The particle trajectory shows that the devolatilization of oat hulls occurs shortly after injection into the boiler. The flow pattern indicates the importance of air system tuning in optimizing the design. For larger oat hull particles, they tend to reach the back wall of the furnace which can result in slagging problems. Also, the peak temperature inside the furnace inversely varies with the co-firing percentage of oat hulls. This numerical study supports the thermal and economic potential of using unprocessed light weight biomass on the existing combustion facility.

Seed vigor and ion toxicity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings produced by various seed sizes under NaCl stress

Safflower is an important oilseed crop and is largely grown for edible oil production in low moisture or saltaffected soils of Turkey. The objective of the study was to find out the quality of seeds with different sized seeds, and the effects of seed size (3, 4 and 5 mm) and NaCl stresses at electrical conductivities of 5, 10, 20 and 30 dS m-1 on the germination and early seedling growth of the safflower cultivar Din?er. Our results show that heavier one-thousand-seed weight (70.5 g) and higher hull percentage (52.9 %) were obtained from large seeds while the oil content and water uptake of small seeds was higher than that of medium or large seeds. Germination percentage, germination time, root length, shoot length, and seedling fresh and dry weight showed size-dependent responses of the seeds to salt stress. In general, medium-sized (4 mm) seeds germinated more rapidly compared to small and large seeds against all levels of salt stress; however, the highest germination percentage and most vigorous seedling growth was recorded from large seeds after 10 days incubation. The inhibitory effect of NaCl levels was exhibited a drastic effect on seedling growth. Increased NaCl resulted in an increase in the Na+ and Cl- content of the seedlings produced by all seed sizes, while the K+ content was not changed. However, the seedlings from small seeds had the highest Na+ and Cl- content of all measured NaCl levels. It was concluded that large seeds produced vigorous seedling growth due to a lower ion accumulation under NaCl stress. Consequently, large seeds could be used for successful stand establishment in contrast to their slow germination performance if the cultivation of safflower on saline soils is required.

Grain Quality Evaluation and Organoleptic Analysis of Aromatic Rice Varieties of Goa, India

Rice grain quality characteristics such as physical (hulling, length and breadth (L/B), grain classification,chalkiness, chalk index), chemical (alkali spreading value (ASV), amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC),aroma), cooking (volume expansion, elongation ratio (ER), water uptake) and organoleptic-tests based onconsumer preferences like appearance, cohesiveness, tenderness on touching, chewing, taste, aroma, elongationand overall acceptability were studied for fourteen aromatic rice varieties. The higher hulling percentage wasrecorded in ‘Ek-Kadi’ (82.46%) and ‘Ghansal’ (80.96%). The Length/Breadth (L/B) ratio among the varietiesranged from 2.08-4.85. No chalkiness was recorded in ‘Ghansal’, ‘Kotimirsal’ and ‘Pusa sugandh-2’. Among thevarieties examined AC was ranged from 17.26-27.69%. The highest GC was recorded in ‘Ghansal’ and lowest in‘Pusa Basmati-1’. Kernel length after cooking (KLAC) ranged from 2.31-5.88 mm. Water uptake ratio wasranged from 250-350. Organoleptic-test revealed that the varieties ‘Basmati local’, ‘Jiresal’, ‘Kotimirsal’, ‘PusaBasmati-1’, ‘Pusa Sugandh-2’, ‘Pusa Sugandh-3’, ‘Pusa Sugandh-5', ‘Kasturi’ and ‘Vasumati’ were withexcellent grain quality characteristics, preference and overall acceptability.

Study on the determination of combining abilities of inbred lines for hybrid breeding using line × tester analysis in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

SUMMARY Combining ability studies in oilseed sunflower were undertaken with a set of 5 × 4 line × tester including parents for the characters seed yield, 1000- seed weight, days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, head diameter, stem diameter, oil content, fatty acid content (oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids), protein content, seed length, seed width, and hull percentage. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) and heterosis of inbred lines and their hybrids were estimated in a line × tester analysis during the first and second crop production seasons in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey. The variances due to GCA and SCA were highly significant for most of the characters in both environments. The ratio (H/D)1/2 and σ 2 GCA/ σ 2 SCA depicted the preponderance of non-additive type gene action for all the characters except plant height, head diameter, seed length, palmitic acid content, and stearic acid content. However, both types of gene action were observed for seed yield, hull percentage, 1000-seed weight, oil content, and stem diameter at stem curve point. In this study, GCA effects were found to be highly significant for all traits, while SCA effects were non-significant for most of the traits. Based on GCA effects in the first and second crop production seasons, the inbreds 0043 cms , 0046 cms , 0195 cms , 0583 cms , 0704 cms , 0708 Rf , 0845 Rf , 0951 Rf , and 1097 Rf exhibited desirable GCA effects and were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. Thus, they can be exploited by further breeding for developing superior genotypes and hybrids in sunflower.

Effects of nitrogen and plant density on dwarf sunflower hybrids

SUMMARY This research was carried out to determine the seed yield and some yield components of two dwarf hybrids as compared to one standard-height sunflower hybrid ( Helianthus annuus L.) at different nitrogen rates and planting densities. The study was carried out under natural rainfed conditions at the Thrace Agricultural Research Institute in Edirne-Turkey between 1999 and 2001. The experiments were set up in split-split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot treatments were three different-height sunflower hybrids, DW-1, DW-2, and Trakya-80. The sub plots were three levels of nitrogen, 0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha. The sub-sub plots were three planting densities, 10 × 70 (142,850 plants/ha), 15 × 70 (95,230 plants/ ha), and 20 × 70 cm (71,430 plants/ha). Based on marginal economic analyses, the economically optimal seed yield per hectare was obtained at 50 kg N/ ha for DW-1 and at 80 kg N/ha for DW-2 and Trakya-80. In all three hybrids, increasing plant densities decreased 1000-seed weight, hull percentage, and head diameter but increased test weight in natural rainfed conditions. The highest seed yield in both dwarf hybrids was obtained with the spacing of 15 × 70 cm (95,230 plants/ha). The results of this research show that nitrogen and plant density have significant effects on seed yield and some yield components of different-height sunflower hybrids.

Performance of some oilseed and confectionary-type sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) varieties in the Aegean region of Turkey

SUMMARY Vegetable oils and fats are vital components of the human diet because they are an important source of energy. In 2008, according to the production data, sunflower was grown in Turkey on an area of 577,958 ha and 992,000 metric tons of the seed were harvested (Anonymous, 2010). Because of the gap in vegetable oil production in Turkey, sunflower is one of the alternatives and the leading oilseed crop that can be used to increase the vegetable oil production in the country. Growing sunflower as a crop in the Aegean Region is one of the possibilities to increase the production. The main objectives of this study were to identify oilseed hybrids and open-pollinated confectionary varieties that could be grown with satisfactory yield performance in the Aegean Region. The experiments including oilseed and confectionary types of cultivars were conducted separately during the first crop-growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 on the experiment field of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute in Menemen, Izmir. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Oilseed hybrids and open-pollinated confectionary sunflower candidate varieties were used in the study as the material. An adaptation study was undertaken for the characters of seed yield, seed oil content (%), 1000-seed weight, plant height, head diameter, seed length, seed width, hull percentage (%), seed color (white, black, and intermediate), days to flowering, and days to physiological maturity. The results indicated that statistically significant differences were found among the sunflower varieties for the characters in question. In the oilseed variety experiments, the highest seed yield (572 kg da -1 ) and the lowest seed yield (343 kg da -1 ) were obtained in 2009 from the varieties ETAE-Y-TM-2007-5 and Armada, respectively. In the confectionary variety experiments, the highest seed yield (563 kg da -1 ) and the lowest seed yield (202 kg da-1) were produced in 2009 by the varieties ETAE-D1-2-B2 and ETAE-Ç-P-1-2, respectively.

Prediction of seed coat proportion in narrow-leafed and yellow lupins by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)

Breeding programs oriented to decrease hull percentage in lupins and consequently to improve their nutritional value could be greatly assisted by a reliable technique to predict seed coat proportion (SCP) in whole, intact seeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the percentage of seed coat in two lupin species. Samples (n = 627) of seeds of different lines and crosses of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius, n = 447) and yellow lupin (L. luteus, n = 180) were scanned in the VIS-NIR range and SCP subsequently determined by dissection and weighing of dry seed fractions (reference data). Calibrations were developed by multivariate regression (modified partial least squares (PLS)), testing different mathematical treatments. The best equation was obtained when both species were pooled in one set of samples and the best treatment of the spectral data consisted in a second subtraction order, over an interval of 8 data points (16 nm) and a smoothing segment of 8 data points. Cross validation for the selected equation showed a coefficient of determination of 88% and a standard error of 0.54%, for an average SCP of 22.63% and a standard deviation of the reference data of 1.55%. It was concluded that NIRS can be effectively applied in breeding programs as a fast, non-destructive screening tool to determine SCP in narrow-leafed and yellow lupins.

Lee Williams hulless oat

Lee Williams is a high-yielding hulless oat (Avena sativa L.) with good disease resistance and good straw strength. It is well adapted to all of the oat producing regions of western Canada. It carries genetic resistance to several races of crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenea Eriks.) and stem rust (caused by P. graminis f. sp. avenae Pers.), loose [Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.], and covered smut (U. kolleri Wille), and moderate resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Lee Williams has protein and oil levels and a high groat to hull ratio that make it well-suited for livestock feed. Hulless oat may retain a low percentage of hulls after threshing so a high groat to hull ratio is desirable. Lee Williams was supported for registration at the Prairie Regional Recommending Committee for Grains meeting in February 2002.Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, hulless oat

BRRI dhan 47: a salt-tolerant variety for the boro season

June 2007 tained with urea alone. For grain breadth, treatments with 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% ZnSO4-coated urea had bolder grains before and after cooking. Coating prilled urea with ZnO at 1.5% and 2.0% gave significantly bolder grains than prilled urea only after cooking. Upon cooking, grain length increased by 1.69 to 1.76 times that of the grain before cooking, but the effect of coating prilled urea with zinc was not significant. Similarly, grain breadth increased by 1.33 to 1.47 times (see table). The grains obtained with 2.0% ZnSO4-coated urea were significantly thinner (considered a good quality trait) than those obtained with prilled urea. It is therefore concluded that zinc fertilization had no deleterious effects on the quality of basmati rice; it even increased hulling percentage and produced longer and better grains.

Dehulling capacity and storability of naked oat

Harvested naked oat is not completely hulless. Hull content of various cultivars ranged between one and six percent. Genotype and environment control expression of nakedness. Using different threshing settings at different grain moisture contents, it was investigated whether grain moisture at threshing and combine harvester settings affected hull content and its relationship to germination capacity. Naked groats were stored at room temperature and analysed for protein content and fatty acid composition to determine storability. Grain moisture content at threshing had contrary effects on hull content and degree of hull retention in different years. Small grains tended to retain hulls more tightly during threshing. Grain filling capacity appears to be the dominant factor determining degree of nakedness rather than stage of maturity. The postulated protective nature of hulls was confirmed only for cultivar Lisbeth. Highly viable samples of grain of cv. Lisbeth, threshed at normal settings, contained a higher percentage of hulls than those with low germination capacity, while for cv. Bullion, a protective effect of the hulls was not evident. Grain moisture content at threshing did not affect protein content of naked cultivars, but some differences in fatty acid composition were recorded. Changes in lipid composition and volatile oxidation products during storage of groats were relatively moderate, indicating no major problems related to storage when naked oat was dried well.;

Methodology for Assessing Rice Varieties for Resistance to the Lesser Grain Borer,Rhyzopertha dominica

Several physical and chemical attributes of rice were evaluated to determine which character would be best to use to assess multiple rice varieties for resistance to the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Laboratory tests were conducted on single varieties of long-, short-, and medium grain-rice to develop procedures and methodologies that could be used for large-scale screening studies. Progeny production of R. dominica was positively correlated with the percentage of broken hulls. Although kernel hardness, amylose content, neonate preference for brown rice, and adult emergence from neonates varied among the three rice varieties tested they did not appear to be valid indicators of eventual progeny production, and may not be useful predictors of resistance or susceptibility. Soundness and integrity seem to be the best characters to use for varietal screening studies with R. dominica.

Hull characteristics as related to susceptibility of different varieties of rough rice to Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), an important pest of stored grains, causes economic damage to rough rice through physical damage to the kernel, resulting in reductions in grain quality. In this test, 28 varieties of commercial rough rice (10 long grain, 11 medium grain, and 7 short grain) were examined for solid, split and cracked hulls, hull thickness, and adult emergence from neonate R. dominica introduced on each individual variety. The percentage of solid hulls ranged from 55.5% on Koshihikari variety to 92.8% on Akita variety, and the percentages of cracked and split hulls were correlated with increased susceptibility. The Dobie index for progeny production showed Wells, Jupiter, and Pirogue varieties as the most tolerant to R. dominica, while Rico and Francis were the most susceptible. The hull thickness of rough rice varied among varieties, but the tolerant varieties appeared to have thicker hulls than the susceptible varieties. There was no difference among rice types (long-, medium-, or short grain) regarding tolerance or susceptibility to R. dominica. Results show that the characteristics of the rough rice hull are important for conferring susceptibility of individual varieties to R. dominica.

Effect of genotype and environment on proportion of seed hull and pod wall in lupin

Environmental and genetic effects on hull and pod wall proportions in lupin were examined by analysing data from 125 advanced genotypes at 17 year × site combinations in Western Australia. In Lupinus angustifolius the effect of genotype dominated the variance for seed hull and pod wall percentage and weight per seed, indicating strong heritability for these traits. Smaller but significant effects of site, and year × site and year × site × genotype interaction, were present for hull percentage, and year × site and year × site × genotype interaction effects were present for pod wall percentage. Hull percentage was found to be stable across branch orders within the plant canopy, but pod wall percentage increased and weight per seed decreased from main stem to higher branch orders. The average value of hull percentage was 24.0 in L. angustifolius with a range from 21.8 to 26.2%. L. albus (cv. Kiev Mutant) had a lower value than L. angustifolius at 18.1% and L. luteus cv. Wodjil gave a value of 24.5%. Hull percentage was found to decrease by approximately 0.5% for each 10 mg increase in seed weight. Hull thickness was found to correlate with site seasonal rainfall (r = 0.45*). The correlation between genotype means for hull percentage and pod wall percentage was not significant for this set of breeding lines and cultivars, indicating that selection for one will have little effect on the other. A low but significant correlation was identified between hull percentage and protein percentage (r = –0.38**) and protein + oil percentage (r = –0.46**), showing that selection for lower hull proportion could lead to higher protein and oil concentration in seed.Pod wall percentage averaged 32.0% among L. angustifolius genotypes and was 28.1% in L. albus. At 41.7%, L.�luteus had a very large proportion of dry matter in pod walls. Pod wall percentage was weakly negatively correlated with yield among 122 L. angustifolius genotypes (r = –0.19*). Pod wall percentage tended to increase with longer growing seasons. The results demonstrate the relatively narrow range in hull and pod wall percentage available in breeding lines and cultivars representing the current genetic base of Western Australian material but that the traits are highly heritable and selection is likely to be relatively easy. New sources with lower seed hull and pod wall proportions should be sought from wild and semi-domesticated germplasm or through mutagenesis to broaden the genetic base for these traits. The relationships between these traits and resistance to insects and disease are yet to be determined.

Correlation and path analysis in sunflower

Fifty-one inbreds and three checks of sunflower were laid in a randomized complete block design following recommended package of practices. Correlation studies revealed that seed yield was positively and significantly associated with seed volume weight, hull percentage, percent autogamy, days to 50 percent flowering and oil yield. Oil content was positively associated with plant height, number of leaves per plant, seed volume weight, hull percentage, head diameter, percent' autogamy, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight, seed yield and oil yield. Path coefficient analysis for seed yield at phenolypic level showed that the direct effect was maximum for oil yield followed by 100-seed weight. The maximum indirect effect for seed yield was minimum through oil yield, while it was through yield per plant for oil.

Heritability of Hull Percentage in Oat

Low hull percentage has long been recognized as a valuable measure of grain quality in oat, Avena sativa L.; however, reliable selection for low hull percentage has been impeded by a lack of understanding of its heritability. The objective of this study was to investigate the heritability of hull percentage in three oat crosses, involving the cultivars Cascade, Robert, and AC Marie, which have 30, 25, and 23% hull, respectively. Populations F2‐deriveF4 through F7 lines were grow in replicated or unreplicated trials at several locations in western Canada from 1992 to 1995. Heritability estimates were calculated based on hull percentage data determined by mechanically dehulling 2‐g kernel mixtures or samples of 50 primary kernels. Primary kernel hull percentage data, collected from replicated trials at multiple locations, were used to evaluate the effect of genotype × location interaction on phenotype. Broad‐sense heritability estimates by parent‐offspring regression ranged from 0.35 to 0.72 for hull percentage of 2‐g kernel mixtures, and 0.80 to 0.90 for hull percentage of 50 primary kernels. An evaluation of variance components showed highly significant genotype and location effects for primary kernel hull percentage. Genotype effects had a greater influence than location on primary kernel hull percentage, whereas the effect of genotype × location interaction was relatively less important. High broad‐sense heritability estimates for hull percentage support the use of early generation selection for reduced hull content in oat.

Interpretation of soil and plant analysis for optimum cooking quality parameters of some grain legumes

Cooking quality of five grain legumes: Broad bean (Vicia faba L.), Soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr], white dry bean (Phseolus vulgaris), lupine (Lupinus termis) and Lentils (Lens culinaris) were tested. For each legume, 50 sites (each of 2 m x 2 m = 4 m2) of the cultivated fields were subjected to this study. Representative samples of the grains from each site were subjected to the tests of: cooking time, relative density (seed size and weight), percentage of hulls, hydration coefficient, swelling coefficient, color, percentage of germination, texture after cooking, and properties of the stewed liquor and flavor. Representative soil samples from the same site under each of the tested grain legume plants were analyzed before and after the harvest for: particle size categories (clay, silt, and sand), saturation percentage, electrical conductivity, soluble salts [sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K)], available phosphorus (P), and organic matter contents. Meanwhile, some agricultural management practices were recorded. The obtained results of soil and plant analysis were statistically analyzed and interpreted statistically or graphically versus the cooking quality parameters and the correlations were concluded.

Estimating the Food Processing Characteristics of Pulses by near Infrared Spectroscopy, Using Ground or Whole Samples

The use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was investigated for its ability to predict a range of chemical constituents (protein, moisture, fat, ash, total dietary fibre) and functional properties (100 seed weight, hydration capacity, hull percentage, dehulling efficiency, colour, cooking quality) of field peas and chickpeas. NIR calibrations were developed using 165 samples of field peas and 151 samples of chickpeas which had been spectrally selected from larger populations encompassing two seasons. For both species, calibration accuracy was generally better on ground than whole samples for chemical composition, but better on whole than ground samples for physical or functional properties. For most properties measured, accuracy of NIR calibrations was either satisfactory or promising, but successful implementation in a breeding programme will depend on further evaluation using independent samples, broadening the sample populations or improvements in the reference methods.

Identification of RAPD markers for percent hull in oat

Percent hull is an important physical parameter of oat grain quality, but it is affected by environment. Multiple time-consuming evaluations are required to obtain a correct determination of phenotype. The application of marker-assisted selection for the genes involved would greatly simplify the identification of desirable oat genotypes. Bulked segregant analysis, with selected progeny lines derived from a cross between Cascade and AC Marie (30 and 23% hull, respectively), was used to identify randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to genetic factors controlling primary kernel hull percentage in oat. Twelve polymorphisms, identified between bulks, were tested for linkage to genetic factors controlling hull percentage by genotyping 80 randomly selected F2-derived F8 lines from the progeny population. Three markers showed significant test statistics for quantitative trait locus effects, when tested with primary kernel percent hull data from two environments. Together, the unlinked marker loci OPC13800, OPD20600, and OPK71300 explained approximately 41% of the genetic variance in primary kernel percent hull, after accounting for the main effect of environment.