HRmax Values Research Articles

Comparison Between On And Off Ice Physiological Testing Of Collegiate Hockey Players

Rationale Laboratory testing may aid coaches and trainers in their evaluation of conditioning programs designed to enhance players' fitness levels. Historically, investigators have performed physiological testing on ice hockey players using cycle ergometry or treadmill (TM) modalities, but few studies have been conducted on ice. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the metabolic and physiologic responses of hockey players during TM running and ice skating. Methods Male varsity ice hockey players (n=17, age=20.2 ± 1.5yrs, Ht=182.6 ± 6.1cm, Wt=81.5 ± 5.3kg) from an NCAA division I institution performed two incremental exercise tests to volitional exhaustion; one on a motorized TM and the other on-ice. For both protocols, subjects performed 3 min work stages with 90 sec rest between each stage. Expired respiratory gases were collected continuously during exercise (SensorMedics 2900 on TM; VmaxST on ice) and heart rate (HR) was obtained via telemetry or EKG. Finger stick blood samples were obtained for lactate (La) measures during rest stages. Differences in test conditions were evaluated via ANOVA. Results Peak oxygen consumption (VO2max), minute ventilation (VE), and HR values were lower (P<0.05) on-ice compared to TM running, while La max values were higher. The HR/VO2 relationship across exercise stages differed between test conditions; for every 1 ml ± kg−1 ± min.−1 increase in VO2, HR increased three b ± min−1 on-ice, but only two b ± min−1 during TM running. Lactate threshold occurred at a higher % VO2max on ice (94% VO2max; HR=168 beats/min) as compared to on TM (74% VO2max; HR = 168 beats/min).Table: #1: Average physiological values for the group.Conclusions These results show that VO2max and HRmax values are lower on ice, possibly due to body position and muscle mass used during skating compared to running. Players appear to accommodate for this decreased aerobic potential during skating by performing at higher relative exercise intensity without significant blood lactate accumulation.

Accuracy of polar S410 heart rate monitor to estimate energy cost of exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the Polar S410 for estimating gross energy expenditure (EE) during exercise when using both predicted and measured VO2max and HRmax versus indirect calorimetry (IC). Ten males and 10 females initially had their VO2max and HRmax predicted by the S410, and then performed a maximal treadmill test to determine their actual values. The participants then performed three submaximal exercise tests at RPE of 3, 5, and 7 on a treadmill, cycle, and rowing ergometer for a total of nine submaximal bouts. For all submaximal testing, the participant had two S410 heart rate monitors simultaneously collecting data: one heart rate monitor (PHRM) utilized their predicted VO2max and HRmax, and one heart rate monitor (AHRM) used their actual values. Simultaneously, EE was measured by IC. In males, there were no differences in EE among the mean values for the AHRM, PHRM, and IC for any exercise mode (P > 0.05). In females, the PHRM significantly overestimated mean EE on the treadmill (by 2.4 kcal x min(-1)), cycle (by 2.9 kcal x min(-1)), and rower (by 1.9 kcal x min(-1)) (all P < 0.05). The AHRM for females significantly improved the estimation of mean EE for all exercise modes, but it still overestimated mean EE on the treadmill (by 0.6 kcal x min(-1)) and cycle (by 1.2 kcal x min(-1)) (P < 0.05). When the predicted values of VO2max and HRmax are used, the Polar S410 HRM provides a rough estimate of EE during running, rowing, and cycling. Using the actual values for VO2max and HRmax reduced the individual error scores for both genders, but in females the mean EE was still overestimated by 12%.

Maximal Physiological Responses to Deep-Water and Treadmill Running in Young and Older Women

The purpose of this study was to assess the difference in maximal physiological responses between an acute bout of deep-water running (DWR) and treadmill running (TMR) in young and older adults. Participants were 9 young and 9 older women who performed maximal DWR and TMR tests. Maximal measures included oxygen consumption (VO2max), heart rate (HRmax), ventilation (VE), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (BLac). The young women exhibited higher VO2max, HRmax, VE, and BLac than did the older women for both exercise conditions (p &lt; .05). Lower VO2max and HRmax values were observed with DWR for both age groups (p &lt; .05). No significant differences were found for VE, RER, and BLac in either group between exercise conditions, nor a significant interaction between exercise conditions or ages for any of the variables measured. The data suggest that although older adults exhibit lower maximal metabolic responses, differences between DWR and TMR responses occur irrespective of age.

Maximal physiological responses to deep water running at thermoneutral temperature.

This study investigated the metabolic demands of deep water running (DWR) compared with those of treadmill running (TMR) while the water and ambient temperatures were kept under thermoneutral condition. Two maximal tests, one on treadmill and the other running in deep water using the Wet Vest (Lincoln life jacket) were undertaken by twenty healthy non-smoker males (Age = 28.0 +/- 9.2 years). The order of trials was counterbalanced with half of the subjects completing the treadmill first and the rest completing the water running first. Oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RQ), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate were measured. VO2max (2.68 vs 3.40 ml/kg/min), HRmax (171.5 vs 190.8 beats/min), maximal minute ventilation (98.5 vs 113.31/min), and peak blood lactate value (10.44 vs 12.47 mmol/l) in response to DWR were significantly lower than those of TMR in the thermoneutral conditions. The lower VO2max and HRmax values of DWR compared to those of TMR are shown to be attributed to the hydrostatic effects caused by water and different muscle recruitment patterns between DWR and TMR.

USE OF NORMATIVE DATA IN THE VERY OLD

404 Prediction equations are used to estimate maximal oxygen consumption(˙VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax). These estimates are commonly compared with measured values to determine if an exercise test was maximal. In an attempt to predict ˙VO2max and HRmax in 85-95 yr old subjects (6 Women, 5 Men), we noted that prediction equations for this age group were not available in the literature. Thus, we extrapolated a number of frequently cited equations and evaluated their effectiveness in predicting˙VO2max and HRmax in our 87 ± 2 yr (Mean ± S.D) old subjects. All subjects performed symptom limited graded exercise testing. HR and ˙VO2 were measured continuously. Mean HRmax was 130 ± 11.3 bpm for women and 126 ± 6.5 bpm for men. Five different equations, two of which were gender specific, were used to predict HRmax. Predicted HRmax values ranged from 133-166 bpm for both men and women. ANOVA demonstrated that three of the five prediction equations differed significantly (p<0.01) from measured HRmax in both men and women. One equation over-estimated HRmax by 36 bpm. Mean peak ˙VO2 values were 16.2 ± 2 mL·kg-1·min-1 for women and 18.1 ± 1.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 for men. Two gender specific equations were used to predict ˙VO2max. Predicted values for˙VO2max ranged from 12.1-15.6 and 11.9-18.4 mL·kg-1·min-1 for women and men, respectively. ANOVA revealed that one equation for each gender significantly differed from˙VO2 at peak exercise (p<0.01). Although, it is possible that our data may not be representative of this entire age group, we conclude that currently available prediction equations should be used cautiously to evaluate exercise performance in this population.

Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise After Modified Fontan Operation: Determinants of Performance

Objectives. This study sought to measure the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and to identify the perioperative determinants of exercise performance in children, adolescents and young adults who underwent the modified Fontan operation.Background. Several studies of the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise after the Fontan operation have demonstrated subnormal maximal oxygen uptake and exercise heart rate, but the perioperative variables that ultimately affect exercise responses have not been assessed systematically.Methods. The study included 59 of the 548 patients who underwent a modified Fontan operation between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1993 at the Mayo Clinic. Spirometry was performed at rest in all patients before exercise testing. The patients then exercised using a previously calibrated cycle ergometer and a 3-min incremental cycle exercise protocol. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine a subset of variables associated with oxygen uptake at peak exercise (V̇o2max), blood oxygen saturation (O2sat) and heart rate at peak exercise (HRmax).Results. V̇o2max ranged from 29% to 95% of normal value; O2sat at peak exercise ranged from 77% to 96%; and HRmax ranged from 39.7% to 97.4% of normal value. Multivariate analysis showed that log V̇o2max/kg2/3was associated with age at exercise, male gender, body surface area, preoperative confluent pulmonary arteries and rest V̇o2max/kg2/3. Preoperative left pulmonary artery stenosis, the presence of a classic Glenn anastomosis at exercise and rest O2sat were associated with O2sat at peak exercise. Age, body surface area at exercise, heart rate at rest and diastolic blood pressure were associated with HRmax at exercise.Conclusions. Subnormal V̇o2max and HRmax values were demonstrated at peak exercise. Several perioperative variables were associated with V̇o2max and O2sat at peak exercise. The presence of a classic Glenn anastomosis was associated with decreased O2sat at peak exercise, suggesting intrapulmonary shunting with the classic Glenn anastomosis.(J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:785–90)

Wheelchair exercise performance of the young, middle-aged, and elderly.

The purpose of this study was to quantitate the maximal power output (POmax), peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) for wheelchair ergometer (WERG) exercise performed by three groups of disabled males: young adult (20-30 yr), middle-aged (50-60 yr), and elderly (80-90 yr). These subjects, who were confined to wheelchairs for similar time periods (mean = 11.7 yr), participated in progressive-intensity discontinuous test protocols on a WERG. Lower (P less than 0.01) mean POmax, peak VO2, and HRmax values were found with advancing age groups. In relationship to age, decreases in POmax and HRmax values were best described by parabolic models, whereas decreases in peak VO2 values were best described by a linear model. In comparison with young adults (83 W, 27 ml . kg-1 . min-1), surprisingly low POmax and peak VO2 values were found for the middle-aged (16 W, 10 ml . kg-1 . min-1) and elderly (7 W, 8 ml . kg-1 . min-1). When our peak VO2 data were combined with other data in the literature for upper body exercise by male disabled individuals, a decrease of 0.19 1 . min-1 or 2.9 ml . kg-1 . min-1 per decade of life was found.