Housing Lot Research Articles

A Housing Supply Absorption Rate Equation

What is the optimal rate of new housing supply? We answer this question with a simple model of new housing supply where the choice variable is the rate of new housing lot sales. This model is informed by the cost-side assumptions of the static equilibrium model but allows for demand for home-buying to vary over time. It differs from static models of housing production equilibrium by assuming that landowners hold land assets that are sold in asset markets to create new supply. Landowners maximise the present value of their balance sheet by choosing a rate of new housing lot sales, accounting for the effect on asset price growth from their sales in a housing market of finite depth. The resulting absorption rate equation has radically different parameter effects compared to the popular static housing density model. Constraints on density, for example, increase the optimal rate of supply by reducing the return to delaying development. Interest rates, land value tax rates, and demand growth, positively relate to the optimal rate of supply. The policy lessons are (1) the relationship between demand growth and the optimal supply rate limits the ability for market supply to reduce prices, and (2) increasing the cost to delaying housing development is the primary way to increase the market rate of housing supply.

Optimizing bus stop locations for walking access: Stops-first design of a feeder route to enhance a residential plan

Feeder buses provide a small but important part of the public transport system by carrying people between residential areas and transport interchanges. A feeder bus to a train station planned in advance will attract new residents of a housing development to use the bus. The bus route can influence the location choice of a buyer concerned about access for children, the elderly or anyone not wishing to drive a car. Our bus route modelling starts with the bus stops – not the route – to be reached from each dwelling by the shortest possible walk. In demand terms, people locating close to bus stops are more likely to use the service than those choosing more distant locations, and the nearby residences have higher values. The stops-first application determines a feeder bus route to enhance an irregular residential plan covering an area of one square kilometre. The planned road and housing lot locations provide the data for calculating the access measure from each dwelling to each potential bus stop, the closest stop being used. A genetic algorithm tests potential bus stops to find demand maximizing locations, the propensity to use the bus being formulated as an exponential (increasing elasticity) function of walking distance. Then a ‘travelling salesman’ genetic algorithm finds the shortest route linking the stops, so that an efficient circuit route is generated for each alternative number of bus stops, ranging from 7 to 11. More stops not only give better access but also increase the route length, so that total accessibility must be assessed against route length. The distribution of walking distances shows most between 150 and 240 metres, with none more than 400 metres. The results indicate that planning policy should require prior design of a bus route to achieve good walking accessibility, so that residents become accustomed to the convenience of using the bus. This study shows that, at the planning stage, estimating a bi-objective model giving a Pareto front between accessibility and route length can reveal a policy compromise that shortens the route with little reduction in expected patronage.

Living environment of flag-shaped housing lot

Living environment of flag-shaped housing lot

Could public policies reduce inequalities in physical activity and health?

create cities and local communities that support active living. The idea that city planning might enhance health isn’t new. At the turn of last century, city planning was successfully used to protect residents of rapidly industrialising overcrowded and polluted cities in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Infectious disease outbreaks plummeted with the provision of clean water and sanitation, land use zoning that separated polluting industries from residential development; and regulations establishing minimum housing lot sizes. However, in the 21 st century, city planning is now needed to tackle chronic diseases, the rise of which threatens global social and economic development growth 2 . Creating cities that support physically active lifestyles ‐ walking, cycling and public transport use ‐ is consistent with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals 3 and never more urgent, given rapid population growth and urbanisation 4 . Transitioning cities to support lifestyles that are both ‘healthy for individuals and for the planet’, is therefore a priority climate mitigation strategy 5 with co-bene!ts for health and health equity. A fast body of evidence from across the globe now shows that ‘if we build it, they will come’ 6,7 . Higher density, mixed use development with connected street networks, accessible local destinations and public transport, are consistently shown to encourage walking for transport. Brazilian research is consistent with the international literature. Reis et al. 8 found that the odds of walking for transport was twice as high in residents of high rather than low walkable neighbourhoods, and the odds of leisure time MVPA was 60% higher. Yet, like many rapidly developing countries, motor vehicle ownership in Brazil is skyrocketing increasing by 172% in the decade up to 2013. This has important implications for the health and wellbeing of Brazilians. Studies consistent show that time-spent driving (including driving to work) is associated with weight gain 9,10 , with evidence from China showing that in men (but not women), the adjusted odds of obesity doubled in households which gained a motor vehicle 11 . Is motor vehicle dependence inevitable? Isn’t this simply an external sign of ‘progress’ in countries in response to economic growth? Not really: fostering motor vehicle dependency is a choice, inuenced by federal, state and local

江戸会所地の開発に関する研究

This study is to consider how “Kaishochi” (the open space in the block), which was planned in initial Edo town, transformed into the housing lot, emphasizing on Minamidenma-cho. To understand the changing process of “Kaishochi” I based my analysis from the historical maps and historical records of Minamidenma-cho. The analysis of this paper consists of three contents;(1) the formation process of “newly developed alley” when “Kaishochi” became the housing lot in Minamidenma-cho, (2) inspection of the fact that the substitute lot for “newly developed alley” moved to “Kaishochi”, (3) change in a role burden by the substitute lot.To consider the process that “Kaishochi” transformed into the housing lot, “newly developed alley” is built, and it has been developed while moving the lot instead of “newly developed alley” to “Kaishochi”.

Contentions and Prospects of Land Reform in Nepal: A Historical Review

This paper traces how the government policies on land rights have evolved over recent decades in Nepal and analyses the roles of existing power relations and vested interests in shaping their development and implementation. It is shown that historically entrenched power relations existing in the patrimonial political system have led to a highly unequal distribution of land. Ways to reduce inequality in land ownership to provide access to land for real farmers are essential, but due to these same entrenched power relations, they have not been implemented in earnest and land reforms over the last few decades have been unsuccessful. As a result, the same types of pre-capitalist social relations have persisted in rural areas. These relations have not been able to generate an agrarian surplus that can be invested in agriculture or other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the concept of ‘property rights’ in relation to land has created a new problem in agrarian development in recent years, by fostering an environment in which people invest in land not to increase production but for speculation. As a result, it has become extremely difficult for poor people to purchase land to have a housing lot or for farming. The present democratic politics and institutions in the post 2006 context have still not shown any capacity or the interest to address the issue of land. Accordingly, the prospects for change at the moment seem bleak even though the rhetoric has increased. Moreover, the changed context calls for a new concept of land reform. This would take into account changes in the agrarian structure and an agrarian economy where mobility is high and injection of cash from outside the country has increased. It is finally argued that successful land reform should be led by grassroots political movements, with limited external intervention.

The Political History of Indagru VDC

This paper traces how the government policies on land rights have evolved over recent decades in Nepal and analyses the roles of existing power relations and vested interests in shaping their development and implementation. It is shown that historically entrenched power relations existing in the patrimonial political system have led to a highly unequal distribution of land. Ways to reduce inequality in land ownership to provide access to land for real farmers are essential, but due to these same entrenched power relations, they have not been implemented in earnest and land reforms over the last few decades have been unsuccessful. As a result, the same types of pre-capitalist social relations have persisted in rural areas. These relations have not been able to generate an agrarian surplus that can be invested in agriculture or other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the concept of ‘property rights’ in relation to land has created a new problem in agrarian development in recent years, by fostering an environment in which people invest in land not to increase production but for speculation. As a result, it has become extremely difficult for poor people to purchase land to have a housing lot or for farming. The present democratic politics and institutions in the post 2006 context have still not shown any capacity or the interest to address the issue of land. Accordingly, the prospects for change at the moment seem bleak even though the rhetoric has increased. Moreover, the changed context calls for a new concept of land reform. This would take into account changes in the agrarian structure and an agrarian economy where mobility is high and injection of cash from outside the country has increased. It is finally argued that successful land reform should be led by grassroots political movements, with limited external intervention.

Agglomeration effect and tax competition in the metropolitan area

This paper analyzes tax competition between a central city and a suburban city in a metropolitan area allowing migration. We compare the local government’s tax policies both in the closed economy and in the open economy. Then, we investigate how the agglomeration effects influence the migration in equilibrium and examine the centripetal forces and the centrifugal forces in the metropolitan area. We also investigate the efficiency of the market equilibrium. It is found that each government has a dominant strategy in determining tax rate in a closed economy. The population distribution depends on the housing lot’s and public good’s elasticity of utility in an open economy. The tax rates of both cities depend on the marginal productivity of the public good in the central city. It is shown that less concentration on the central city occurs in the equilibrium.

THE SPATIAL COMPOSITION OF KALINGA-BUTBUT VILLAGE, NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES

The aim of this paper is to clarify the spatial structure of Kaliga-Butbut village, Northern Luzon, Philippines. This paper is composed of three main chapters. 1)Analyzing their space vocabulary, their orientation concept and territorial concept were clarified. 2) Land ownership varies by land use, like rice terrace, housing lot, pine woodland. As different from the rice terrace land-use, the concept of land ownership has weakened. 3) Analyzing the actual village map by these spatial concept, like orientation, territory or land ownership. Consequently, the role of the rice terrace in the village space was clarified.

千里ニュータウン集合住宅団地内に現存する樹木の樹形と立地との関連

Through the development process of collective housing sites in Senri New Town, planted areas in residential lots havebeen established as a component of natural and artificial environment of the area. Facing a challenge of restoring old collectivehousings, we intended to clarify characteristics of existing arbores in collective housing sites developed by Japan HousingCorporation. Applying data of tree height, branch spread, and trunk circumference, the characteristics of tree figure and itschanges were investigated by comparison of arboreal vegetation of two selected sites. Not only layout of buildings and open spaces but also maintenance practice of vegetation critically affected figures and growth of the trees. Among the findings, it wasnoted that development process, land formation in particular, of housing lot also affected their growth. In terms of decisionmaking on whether to conserve or transplant existing trees in restoration procedure, significance of those trees on the site shouldbe reorganized through evaluation on trees themselves, context of landscape and development process by revealing archivalrecords. Updating the records is also important to inherit the values of open spaces in collective housing sites as naturalenvironmental structure.

Monocentric City with Discrete Transit Stations

The monocentric model is extended by considering a discrete number of accessible mass transit stations. Households combine two modes for their daily home-to-work trip: a first mode for terminal access to stations and a second (long-haul) mode that consists of radial mass transit axes. The urban equilibrium, that is, city size and household distribution, is derived as a function of the mass transit network and the distribution of land housing capacity. At the urban equilibrium, the land rent peaks at transit stations and decreases with the travel cost from the city center, rather than with the distance to it. Accordingly, the housing lot size increases with the travel cost from the city center. These features distinguish this framework from previous monocentric models. The analysis is based on the assumptions that land owners are absent and the city is open (households’ level of utility is given and the population size is endogenous). For numerical illustration, the model is calibrated to a selected rail network in the Paris area. A sensitivity analysis of the urban structure and land use equilibrium is conducted, with key model parameters.

Painting the Urban Skyline

This paper attempts to explain housing supply, land price and structural density, the last of which paints the urban skyline. It proves that structural density and land price are positive functions of housing rent and lot size, but negative functions of interest rate and construction cost. Because of technological improvement, modern urban skyline and land price gradient have become steeper. This paper also explains why the skyline is usually not smooth, and why two adjacent land parcels can have very different prices.

THE OPTIMAL PROVISION OF LOCAL PUBLIC GOODS IN A METROPOLITAN AREA WITH FLEXIBLE JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES*

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze the optimal structure of a monocentric city that has multiple jurisdictions. The cost of providing a public good depends on both the area of the jurisdiction and the quality of the service, both of which are endogenous variables. We show that the optimal quality of the public good decreases as distance from the central business district (CBD) increases if the public good and the housing lot are substitutes, and may increase if they are complements. The optimal population density always decreases as distance from the CBD increases.

A STUDY ON THE LANDOWNERSHIP OF “KAISHOCHI”

This study is to consider the process how “Kaishochi” (the open space in the block), which was planned in early Edo town, transformed into the housing lot, focusing on Nihonbashi area. To understand the landownership of “Kaishochi”, two historical maps (Cadastre) are utilized for this analysis. This paper consists of two contents;(1)landlords and the property forms around “Kaishochi” in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century, (2) “Kokenkin”(land price) around “Kaishochi”. The purposes of this paper are to clarify the aim of possessing “Kaishochi” and to consider the distribution of “Kaishochi” by “Kokenkin”. Through the transition of “Kaishochi”, particular land formation in Edo, the urban space of Edo town transformed through mutual adjustments amongst local community.

江戸会所地の沽券地化に関する研究

This study is to consider how "Kaishochi" (the open space in the block), which was planned in initial Edo town, transformed into the housing lot, emphasizing on Nihonbashi area. To understand the changing process of "Kaishochi" I based my analysis from three historical maps and historical records of "Machibure". The analysis of this paper consists of four contents; (1)the formation process of "newly developed alley" when "Kaishochi" became the housing lot (2)how to build "newly developed alley" from the view point of "Machibure" (3)several types of "newly developed alley" when "Kaishochi" is built on the housing lot (4)several types of "Kaishochi" when its incorporated into certain surrounding city later on. Due to peculiar land formation process of Edo called "Kaishochi", the urban space of Edo town changed by mutual adjustments between townspeople and the image of the mature society is evident.

Development of farmland for housing lot in Setagaya ward and Agricultural Committee. 1960-1975

Development of farmland for housing lot in Setagaya ward and Agricultural Committee. 1960-1975

토지이용패턴에 따른 하천수질과 식생분포

The land use pattern, water quality and vegetation were investigated in the six tributaries, including Hanggeumcheon and Satancheon of the Namhan hydrosphere, Iksancheon, Jeonjucheon and Gosancheon of the Mankyung hydrosphere as well as Jongeupcheon of the Dongjin hydrosphere. Forest and farmland area were extensive in Hanggeumcheon, Satancheon and Gosancheon. Farmland and livestock area were wide in Iksancheon. Jeonjucheon were occupied with broad urban. Industrial and urban area were extensive in Jongeupcheon. The loading amounts of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P) of Iksancheon and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of Jeonjucheon were determined to be very high, respectively. The quality of water in Hanggeumcheon, Satancheon and Gosancheon were determined to be good quality. The species diversity was lower in the down stream than in the upper stream except for the Gosancheon. Life form of plane were mostly perennial plane in the upper stream and annual plants in the down stream of rivers. It was estimated that there is high level of disturbance in the down stream of rivers. The quality of water was significantly correlated with farmland and forest area. In conclusion, human impact, such as farmland and housing lot exerted an influence on the disturbance of down stream and the water quality of rivers.

Incentive Method for Extending Existing Small Housing Lot by Low-interest Financing

既存小規模敷地において相隣環境の保全に配慮しながら居住面積を拡大するには、隣接敷地の買い拡げによって敷地規模を拡大する方法がある。東京都江戸川区では、一定規模以上への敷地の隣地買い拡げや土地の新規購入に際し低利融資を行う「街づくり宅地資金貸付制度」を創設し、運用を行っている。本稿では、同制度の適用事例の特性を分析し、敷地規模拡大の効果と今後の制度運用上の課題を整理し、低利融資による既存小規模敷地拡大のためのインセンティブ手法のあり方について考察している。分析の結果、持家１次取得層による土地の新規購入事例が多く隣接地買い拡げ事例は少ないこと、隣接地買い拡げ事例においても購入後の実質的な一体的利用は進んでいないことが明らかとなった。同制度の運用改善策として、隣接地買い拡げ後の敷地の一体的利用実現に期限を設ける、隣接地買い拡げ事例を増やすため需給のマッチングに向けた公的支援を行う（供給敷地のリザーブ、半隣地買い・1/3隣地買いの支援、土地税制の優遇、土地売却時の事前相談）、「面」的整備につなげるため地区計画や密集事業の補助ツールとして地区を重点化し本制度を活用する、等を提案した。

Social Hazard Index: A Model Evaluating of Vulnerability of Urban System with Climate Change

This study aims to develop an evaluation method of the impacts of climate change on Social Hazard, which represents the general vulnerability of urban systems. Various kinds of vulnerabilities are not only caused by the impacts of climate change, but also by various urban problems in an urban system, for example, the increase of automobile traffic, urban sprawling, and location in the disaster hazardous area. Social Hazard of a housing lot, the social life cycle cost per one Quality Of Life (QOL) unit, is defined as a comprehensive indicator for vulnerability caused by these urban problems. This study proposes the representation of Quality of Life, by using the Quality Adjusted Life Year, originally developed in the medical field. This evaluation method of the vulnerability of an urban system by Social Hazard Index is applied for the examination of adaptation and retreat measures against climate change.

Incentive Method for Extending Existing Small Housing Lot by Low-interest Financing

Incentive Method for Extending Existing Small Housing Lot by Low-interest Financing