Abstract Reservoirs are significant contributors to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whose broad impacts on the climate warrant appropriate assessment and reporting. However, existing tools for estimating reservoir emissions are often limited in scope or require extensive input data and manual processing, restricting their application to small sets of reservoirs. Here, we present Re-Emission, a free and open-source tool that streamlines the modelling of reservoir emissions, offers custom configuration options, and enables estimation at regional to national scales. We demonstrate its utility through two case studies involving approximately 250 reservoirs. Re-Emission can be integrated into broader multi-domain frameworks, supporting applications in domains such as water resources and energy planning. It interfaces with a catchment analysis tool to automate reservoir emission assessments, eliminating the need for extensive user input – a key barrier to a wider adoption of spatially-explicit emission models.

In today’s era of climate change: Global warming, the business are facing challenges to balance growth and environmental sustainability. This paper focuses on green energy strategies for running successful business enterprises in today’s climate challenges. The transformation towards green energy ensures revamping of business. To effectively impede global warming, emissions must be controlled reducing it to half by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050. Achieving these goals would require advanced solutions such as energy management systems, renewable energy integration, and sustainable operational models. It would also need global cooperation from businesses, public sector and industries to adhere strictly to energy regulations and follow environmental guidelines. Using the trans-formative approaches, the businesses would gain a competitive edge, not only economically but also attain environmental sustainability. Taking a shift from non-renewable energy to renewable energy is the urgent need of the hour. It’s an ethical responsibility of industrial and commercial entities, government bodies, utility companies and business of all sizes- small to medium sized business, must reconfigure their operations directly or indirectly to reduce green- house gas emissions.

An induction cooker fed from a renewable source of energy like solar. Many people in the flourishing areas of the world struggle to cook with stoves that emit hazardous fumes and contribute to green- house gas emission; Induction cooking is derived from the principle of electromagnetic induction by inducing eddy currents in the coil that get excited in the ferromagnetic material to cause heating.Solar Powered Induction Cooker uses solar (polycrystalline pvmodule)as a source of energy. The overall setup is done in two stages, one is Dc to Dc converter stage and the other one is conversion of boosted Dc to high frequency Ac. Dc to Dc converter is required for boosting action because output from solar panel is very less. Dc to high frequency Ac conversion stage is used in order to meet the need of high frequency requirement(50KHz) in induction cooking. The output from the converter is given to an induction coil that produces the electrical energy which is converted to heat due to the resistance of the coil that cooks tahe food very quickly..

Comparative study of Decrease in Direct (CO2) and Indirect Green House Gases (CO, NOx, SO2) Emissions from the Coal fired Thermal power Plants Using Energy from Municipal Solid Waste

A new process-based model designed to develop a methodology for the inventory of green- house gas emissions from peatbog soils is presented. Within the framework of the general model, a new parameterized formula for calculating methane oxidation in the aerated soil layer and the vegetation layer is proposed. The proposed approach is defined as model-empirical, since the theoretical model relies on the use of values of model parameters determined by a specially developed experimental procedure. A detailed description of the model calibration by means of experimental studies of soil samples is given. Examples of the calculated dependences of methane and carbon dioxide flux densities on the peatbog water level are presented. A comparison with data on methane fluxes measured in boreal bogs demonstrated a satisfactory consistence of the calculated and measured values.

A stochastic constrained optimization on multi-echelon renovated supply chain with sustainable production and transportation

International concern is now focused on reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions which drive climate change. The use of fossil fuels, either flaring natural gas and burning fossil fuels, are predicted contributing GHG emissions. As a consequence, International cooperation through United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has pointed to increase policy interest in developing CO2 and GHG emission trading system. The system would allow the countries who have opportunities to reduce CO2 and GHG emission (generally developing countries) and sell or trade GHG emission reduction to the countries (generally developed countries). The second part of this paper will be emphasized on oil and gas reserves, production, refineries,and utilization. Indonesia oil resource as of January 1st, 2006 amounts to about 56.60 BBO, while gas resources as of January 1st, 2006 is about 334.5 TSCF. Indonesia has nine refineries owned by PT Pertamina (Persero) and six refineries owned by private. Indonesia has also voluntary participated in reducing GHG emissions by formulating energy policy, doing research on carbon capture and storage (CCS), and developing innovative projects. This paper will highlight the energy policy, research program and innovative projects for reducing GHG emission from oil and gas activities in Indonesia

Logistics activities, e.g., transportations of goods and people, are responsible for at least one-third of energy consumption and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. About 70% of them are related to people’s mobility, with millions of cars moving every day. The people home-work logistics represents undoubtedly an important part of it since flows are concentrated on fixed time windows (beginning, lunch break, and end of the working day) creating huge traffic congestions and negative impacts on time, economics, and the environment. This study proposes an integrated model, summarized through a methodological framework, where three actors (companies, public administrations and local shops) work together aiming to economically incentivize the use of sustainable mobility systems. Three are the main elements of the proposed sustainable people home-work logistics model: (1) the economic self-sustainability of the incentives, funded in different ways by the actors, (2) the scalability, thanks to the possibility to add new territories to the project and (3) the territorial circular economy generated thanks to the incentive’s destinations and the public-private integration. Starting from survey questionnaires and territorial attributes, sustainable mobility ways are defined. Then, participant workers are monitored by activating a mobile app, called Ecoattivi, during their home-work journeys. In such a way, workers can directly analyze their sustainable mobility and reach the possibility to accumulate and spend money in local shops as a function of the saved CO2. On the other hand, companies and public administrations compete in a special ranking for sustainable mobility. The methodological framework has been applied to a real case study in the Chiampo Valley, in the northeast of Italy, where about 10 small towns and dozens of companies in 2020 started the “Bike to Work Valchiampo” project.

Using post-mining areas for planting energy crops has emerged as a promising and sustainable reclamation solution due to its potential contributions to environmental protection, land restoration, and especially energy security. However, to ensure the sustainability of this reclamation solution, its environmental performance needs to be thoroughly assessed case by case. Located in Ha Thuong Commune, Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province in northern Vietnam, Nui Phao is the world's largest tungsten mine. To restore post-mining sites at Nui Phao, cassava planting for ethanol production was one of the proposed measures. To support the decision-making, this study employs life cycle assessment to thoroughly evaluate the environmental performance and potential environmental benefits/costs of cassava-based reclamation system in terms of resource consumption and green house gas (GHG) emission. The results show that cassava-based reclamation might bring significant environmental benefits in terms of fossil fuel saving and GHGs reduction (i.e., reduce 50% fossil fuel consumption and 36% GHGs emission); however, it does not bring any benefit in terms of water and land resource consumption. Moreover, the results define cassava cultivation as the "hot spot" of the system, where innovations to enhance the yield and reduce water and fertilizer consumption are required to improve the environmental performance of the cassava-based reclamation system.

The use of an Electric Vehicle (EV), particularly in different operations of goods distribution is a solution for salvaging the crowded cities of the world from air and noise pollutions as well as Green House Gas (GHG) emission. This paper presents a Multi-Depot Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (MD-EVRP) with recharging stations by considering the expected penalty of fuzzy time windows in pickup/delivery. Since the MD-EVRP with Fuzzy Time Windows and Pickup/Delivery (MD-EVRP-FTW-PD) constraints is an NP-hard problem, three meta-heuristics (i.e., Simulated Annealing (SA), Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) and a hybrid of SA and VNS (VNS-SA)) are used to solve such a hard problem. The parameters of these algorithms are measured by the Taguchi experimental design method. The proposed hybrid VNS-SA algorithm is more efficient in comparison with other algorithms.

Cambodia is rich in forest resources, which play critical roles in local rural livelihoods, as well as providing valuable ecological and economic resources for the country’s economic development. Managing forests sustainably and equitably will be essential for maintaining the ecological integrity of the country, maintaining freshwater supplies and protecting biodiversity. Approximately 80% of the Cambodians live in rural areas depend upon the forests to support many people’s lives as a source of food, medicine and building products, and as a source of materials and goods for small business ventures. Forest degradation globally contributes around 17 % to Green House Gases (GHG) emissions, but in Cambodia represents the main factor in the country becoming a net emitter of GHGs. Climate change is one of the most environmental issues facing to the government. The study aimed at i) assessing the impact of climate change on NPP, Vegetation Carbon and Soil Organic Carbon using LPJ model; ii) projecting the spatial representation of Impact of climate change on NPP, Vegetation Carbon stocks, and Soil Organic Carbon. The Lund Potsdam Jena (LPJ) model combines process-based, large-scale representations of terrestrial vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges in a modular framework. The model climate data requirements are benign as it requires only Temperature, Rainfall and Cloudiness as climatology inputs. Model validation is used for Net Primary Productivity (NPP), Vegetation Carbon (VegC), and Soil Organic Carbon (SoC). Obtaining observation of NPP, VegC, and SoC data for the region from the published literature or from the international databases and compare these with the LPJ projections (Spatially or non- spatially). As results, LPJ Simulated distribution on NPP in Cambodia using different scenarios including Baseline, RCP 8.5, and RCP 8.5 with control CO2 generated based on NPP, VegC, and SoC. Also, LPJ simulated Soil carbon change (%) projections for Cambodia under the RCP 8.5 under the two scenarios of CO2 fertilization and no-CO2 fertilization.

Conventional materials are considered to be major contributors of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. New cost effective technologies for housing is, therefore, a need of the hour. To make mass housing cost effective in shortest possible time, each of the housing components has to be optimized for cost and production time. Disposal of fly ash is posing a great threat for its disposal problem. There is a dire necessity for alternate materials replacing conventional costly material with cost effective and environmental friendly materials making them energy efficient. This paper presents the technology and advantages of construction of cost effective and energy efficient construction using the developed Carbon Neutral Soil-Cement Fly Ash (SCF) blocks. Construction methods adopted were Arch foundation, Rat-Trap bond using SCF blocks for masonry, precast SCF block Lintel elements and partially precast SCF Slab Panels for flooring/roofing. Overall Cost to the extent of 42% can be saved using this cost effective construction technology over the conventional method. Energy of the buildingcan be drastically brought down from. 36.39 GJ (4.2T of CO2) for conventional construction to 9.51 GJ (1.33T of CO2) for cost effective construction. Energy to the extent of 74% can be saved using this Technology.

Protection of the Environment and Sustainability goes hand in hand as one mechanism compliments the other. On the other hand, Sustainable Economic Growth can only be achieved if it is linked to Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD). Sustainability can best be described as "Living within the limit of what the environment can provide while safe guarding the environment for future generation, Understanding the many connections between environment, society and economy, and equitable distribution of resources and opportunities". Uncontrolled Green House Gas Emission has caused global warming, sea level rise, change of weather pattern (e.g severe untimely rainfall at unusual location), and alarming increase of natural disasters (Cyclone, Hurricane, Floods, Tsunamis and other natural phenomena). Third world countries are worst affected by the Green House Gas Emission and Global Warming Impact and Bangladesh is one of them. UN has taken a leading role and guiding the world to work together not only to reduce pollution but to make significant contribution in achieving pristine environmental conditions. Under the umbrella of UN, the world is now taking collective action to reduce Green House Gas Emission and Tackle Global Warming Impacts. Concerted efforts must be taken in an accelerated pace to educate at Global, Regional, National and Community level, about the benefits of the above-mentioned concepts and introduce incentive-based programs for mass participation. The environmental cleanup process should start from individual home and gradually extending to community, national and global level to achieve accelerated measurable success. An opportunity must be created to reform land use change, replacing pollution producing industries with environmentally sustainable practices. It is overdue to put through a series of EPA recommended processes to clean up the contaminated land, soil and water and secondly, introduce and adapt an Ecologically Sustainable Development program. The long-term goal should be to expedite and spread the land use change practices to relace the contaminated practices and introduce mandatory adaption of environment friendly technology for the ongoing industrial and business activities to reduce pollution while contributing improving the environment. With a global collective action this world can be transformed into a heaven on earth.

Access to energy is fundamental to meeting the economic and environmental needs of a country as well as the basic social needs for households. The study aimed at assessing the causes of failure of the South African Solar Water Heating Programme (SWHP) and the effect they had on the intended social, economic and environmental benefits. In 2009, the South African Government pronounced the national SWHP, which was meant to provide one million Solar Water Heaters (SWHs) by 2014 and four (4) million SWHs by 2030 across the country. The programme, however, experienced institutional, social and technical challenges which led to the non-achievement of the set targets. The study presents findings drawn from interviews conducted with households from two communities in the Gauteng Province (i.e. Soshanguve and Alexandra) and officials from the Department of Energy (DoE), the Gauteng Department of Economic Development (GDED) and two municipalities (i.e. City Power on behalf of the City of Johannesburg and the City of Tshwane). The study found that the programme failed due to the subsidisation of imported products, poor quality installations leading to non-functioning SWHs, lack of training and poor planning by the involved institutions as well as unreliable verification of the number and location of installed heaters as a result of lack of systematic reporting and independent verification. For the programme to contribute to the reduction of electricity load, reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and improving the livelihood of the poor, there is a need for better ecological governance systems which include improved institutional arrangements, improved capacity for the technology and scaling up the roll-out of the SWHs as intended.

Nowadays, the world is at a critical moment of facing serious environmental and economic problems. A very large number of people in developing countries is exposed to dangers associated with flammability and toxicity of traditional source of energy while others in industrialized countries are facing the effects of atmospheric air pollution and green house (GHG) gas emission .Despite the global reforestation policies, despite latest remarkable increase in renewable energy and natural gas production, there is still a problem of domination fuel and coal consumption. This paper explored the effects of rapid economic growth, industrial development on climate. Additionally the effects of continuous exponential population growth, a fast increase of energy global energy demand, conventional transport system on carbon and GHG emission have discussed. Finally the paper revealed how modern smart electricity system with sustainable energy system and electric transport system contribute to the reduction of hazardous emission.

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates an imperfect production–reproduction inventory model for two types of quality items (item-I and item-II) produced in two different plants (plant-I and plant-II) in the same premises under a single management system over a known-finite time horizon with consideration of environment pollution control through industrial waste management. Both the production plant-I and plant-II produce a mixture of perfect and defective units. Some of the defective units are reworkable, and non-reworkable defective units are continuously transferred to the raw material processing unit. Used units are collected from the customers and deposited in the raw material processing unit as raw materials for plant-II. Treatment of industrial waste from both the plants and raw material processing unit is considered to protect the environment from water pollution and Green House Gas (GHG) emission as industrial waste has become a serious environmental issue. Two conflicting objectives are integrally considered of which one is the maximisation of the total profit out of two plants and other is the minimisation of GHG emission from industrial waste over the finite time horizon.

The Ministry of Transportation Republic of Indonesia adopted several co-benefits activities related to climate change mitigation action through 2010-2014. In order to claim these activities results as climate change mitigation action, Ministry of Environment and Forestry need to verify them. The verification covers data accuracy, consistency, transparency and completeness of data quality and information. The author also verify the other parameters such as the calculation method, managerial system, monitoring system and funding support. In this program, several mitigation actions were implemented such as Area Traffic Control System (ATCS), traffic impact control, parking management, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, smart driving, non-motorized transport, shifting from private vehicles to rail transport, rejuvenating of navigation facilities, aircraft fleet rejuvenation, renewal of the operation and maintenance system of airplane and improvement of flight navigation system during take-off and landing. The absolute difference results between claim and verification for all climate change mitigation actions based on Government Regulation (PP) No. 61/2011 were 13.44% - 43.5%. While for mitigation action beyond PP 61/2011, the absolute difference were 0% - 67.31%. There are no mitigation action satisfying all verification criteria. Based on these verification activities, The Ministry of Transportation should refine the method of mitigation action.

Aim. Proper development of animal breeding in the conditions of current global problems and the decrease of anthropogenic burden on environment due to greenhouse gas emissions, caused by animal breeding activity, require the study of interaction processes between animal breeding and external climatic conditions. Methods. The theoretical substantiation of the problem was performed based on scientifi c literature, statistical informa- tion of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the data of the National greenhouse gas emissions inventory in Ukraine. Theoretically possible emissions of greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to animal breeding in Ukraine and specifi c farms are calculated by the international methods using the statistical infor- mation about animal breeding in Ukraine and the economic-technological information of the activity of the investigated farms. Results. The interaction between the animal breeding production and weather-and-climate conditions of environment was analyzed. Possible vectors of activity for the industry, which promote global warming and negative processes, related to it, were determined. The main factors, affecting the formation of greenhouse gases from the activity of enterprises, aimed at animal breeding production, were characterized. Literature data, statistical data and calculations were used to analyze the role of animal breeding in the green- house gas emissions in global and national framework as well as at the level of specifi c farms with the consid- eration of individual specifi cities of these farms. Conclusions. Current global problems require clear balance between constant development of sustainable animal breeding and the decrease of the carbon footprint due to the activity of animal breeding.

Though the problem of climate change is global its effect on the developing countries like Ethiopia are very significant, because of less capacity to reduce and reverse the problem. Ethiopia has always suffered from great climatic variability; that causes for various socio-economic and environmental problems. This review paper examines why and how climate, forest, and agriculture interfaces matters to the climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia. Different researchers explain that, Ethiopia has lost accumulative level of over 13% of its agricultural output between 1991 and 2010. And if no adaptation measures are taken, climate change may reduce Ethiopia's GDP by up to 10% by 2045. Considering this the government of Ethiopia is working to build green economy development policies with a view to climate change, which is considered as necessity as well as an opportunity ,but there are controversies among the risk in a changing climate, demand for economic development, reduction of agricultural productivity, and natural resource. So, Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) approach needs to follows the principle of harmonizing these controversies. The highest bases of Ethiopian economy and source of energy are agriculture and forests respectively, plus to this both sectors are source of more than 80% Green House Gas (GHG) emission in the country. Therefore CRGE strategy which based mainly on agriculture and forest developmental policy is very important but the efforts so far have done on the two sectors are facing some challenges due to the strong interferences among Climate-Forest-Agriculture and related factors such as population growth, high dependency of national energy on fuel wood, lack of good governance, changing growing seasons, lack of real public policy discussion and policy contradiction like investment and settlement. Therefore taking in to account the role of climate, forest and agriculture interfaces in the effort to build Climate Resilient Green Economy and solving the related challenges is very important to achieve the CRGE strategy of Ethiopia.

N2O emission from agriculture has been assumed to increase by 30-35% until 2030. This gas has a major contribute to the emission from agriculture. N2O emission from managed soils is the 2nd contributor to green house gas (GHG) emission from agriculture in Indonesia. Rainfed area requested high management input. This research aimed to examine N2O emission from different crops in the rainfed area and its affecting factors, also to identify things that need to be considered in conducting N2O measurement from managed soil. Research conducted in Pati and Blora District, Central Java Province. Four (4) different experimental sites with 4 different crops were chosen. Those were mung bean, rubber plantation and sugarcane which located within Pati District, and maize crop which located in Blora District. No treatment was applied. Gas samples were taken following the day after fertilizing. Daily N2O fluxes from managed soil in tropical land of Indonesia determine by several factors, which are: days after fertilizing, fertilizer type and dosage, previous land use, growth phase of crops, sampling point and soil characteristic. The peak time was mostly influenced by crop type. Maize has the highest N2O daily fluxes with the range of 311.9 - 9651.6 ugN2O m-2day-1 and rubber plantation has the lowest with the range of 16.1 - 2270.7 ugN2O m-2day-1. Measurement of N2O from managed soil to determine annual emissions should be done at all crop types, soil types, considering crops growth phase and also high sampling frequency to prevent an over or underestimation.