Source Of Hot Water Research Articles

Results of magnetotelluric survey for studying geothermal system in the Bang area, Quang Binh province

This paper presents the first results from the application of magnetotelluric method (MT) using the new equipment MTU 2000 (Canada) and analysis software to investigate the structure of geothermal area around the Bang hot water source (Quang Binh province). Results of data analysis by MT 1D and 2D models to a depth of 20 km show low resistivity zone in the southwest of Bang hot water (100°C) and allow for interpreting the structural elements of athehydro- geothermal system. This includes a very low resistivity layer at depth of 2 km suggesting a clay cap (heat resistive shield), a relatively low resistivity zone at depth ≥ 2 km reflecting fractured rocks containing geothermal fluid and hot steam. A lower resistivity body at depth of 12-14 km located about 1.5 km from the hot water source indicates the existence of a heat source or a hot mass of intrusive magma., commonly thought to be sources of typical hydro- geothermal systems potential for energy exploitation. The obtained results not only provide new information for better understanding geothermal resource in the surveyed area, but also point out the methods and technology needed to improve the effectiveness for assessing potential of geothermal resources elsewhere in Vietnam.ReferencesBản đồ Địa chất và khoáng sản Việt Nam tỷ lệ 1:1.000.000. Cục Địa chất và Khoáng sản Việt Nam xuất bản 2004. Lưu trữ Địa chất. Cumming W., 2009: Geothermal resource conceptual models using surface exploration data. In: proceedings, 34th workshop on geothermal reservoir engineering, Stanford University. Data Processing User guide. Phoenix Geophysic Ltd. 2005, 201p. Di Pippo R., 2012: Geothermal Power plant. Principles, applications, case studies. 3rd edition. Elseverdirect, 579p. Doan Van Tuyen, Tran Anh Vu, Nguyen Thi Kim Thuong, 2014: Geochemical Characteristics of Geothermal Hot Water Sources on the Territory of Vietnam. Proceeding, Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 24-26, 2014 SGP-TR-202. Duchkov A.D., Nguyen Trong Yem, Dinh Van Toan, and Trinh Viet Bac, 1992: First estimations of heat flow in northern Vietnam. Soviet Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp 92-96. Flynn T., Quy H. H., 1997: Assessment of the geothermal resources of Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Geothermal resources Council Transactions, vol.21, 341-345. IGA report, 2013: Geothermal Exploration best practices: A Guide to resource data collection, analysis, and presentation for Geothermal projects. He Lijuan, 1999: Analysis of heat flow along a transect across the South China Sea. Geothermal Training Programme, Reports 1999, Number 5, 125-140. Hoang Huu Quy, 1998: Overview of the Geothermal potential of Vietnam. Geothermics, Vol.27, n.1, 109-115. Koenig J. et al., 1981: Evaluation of the potential for Geothermal Energy Resources in the SR of Vietnam. Berkeley, CA. Kulinich G.G., Zabolotnikov A.A, Markov Yu., 1989: Cenozoic evalution of the Earth crust and orogeny in South- Eastern Asia (Tiếng Nga). MTU2000: User guide. Phoenix Geophysic Ltd. 2000, 36p. Munoz Gerard, 2014: Exploring for Geothermal Resources with Electromagnetic Methods. Surv Geophys (2014) 35:101-122, Springer, DOI 10.1007/s10712-013-9236-0. Pellerin et al., Johnston M, Hohmann W., 1996: A numerical evaluation of electromagnetic methods in geothermal exploration. Geophysics 61(1996):121-130. Thomas Mathews, et al., 2008: Study on the sozio-economic framework for the use Geothermal energy in Vietnam. Proceedings of the 8th Asian Geothermal Symposium, Hanoi. Trần Huyên, Trương Minh, Nguyễn Tiến Bào, 1999: Về chế độ địa nhiệt ở các bể trầm tích thềm lục địa Việt Nam. Tạp chí Kinh tế Địa chất và Nguyên liệu khoáng. Cục Địa chất và Khoáng sản Việt Nam. Số 18 tháng 2 năm 1999, tr.16-25. Võ Công Nghiệp (chủ biên), 1998: Danh bạ các nguồn nước khoáng và nước nóng Việt Nam. Cục Địa chất và Khoáng sản Việt Nam. Hà Nội, 300tr. Zhdanov M., 2009: Geophysical Electromagnetic Theory and Methods. Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, Volume 43. ISSN: 0076-6895 Elsevier, 831pp. WinGLink User guide. Geosystem 200, 182p. www.geosystem.net.

Research and Analysis of Combined Operational Mode of Solar Energy Hot Water Heating System and Sewage Source Heat Pump Units

Based on the test studies of solar hot water system and water source heat pump units combined heating system and its theory analyses, we discussed the IPLV and electricity consumption of each major equipment in the system under different combined operation mode and control strategies, then it is concluded the best system equipment selection, best joint operation mode, the operation of the best control strategy theory of a complete set of suitable for solar energy and water source heat pump in the joint use,that eventually concluded that it is suitable for cold region of composite energy heating system optimum heating mode.

Fluid selection of Organic Rankine Cycle for low-temperature waste heat recovery based on thermal optimization

The purpose of the present paper is to propose a methodology for the fluid selection of an Organic Rankine Cycle for low-temperature waste heat recovery. The selection of an optimal working fluid is carried out by an optimization process, using the Genetic Algorithm. Three decision variables are considered: the working fluid, the evaporation temperature and the condensation temperature. These variables are subjected to some constraints that take into account the good operation of the heat exchangers and the expander. The defect of efficiency and the total heat exchange area per unit of power output are selected as the objective functions to be minimized. The heat recovery is made possible by a hot water source, which assumes inlet temperatures of 100 °C and 150 °C. The water mass flow rate is fixed to 1.0 kg/s. The results show that fluids with low value of critical temperature, like Novec649, RE347mcc, R245fa, optimize the defect of efficiency, whilst, in order to minimize the total heat exchange area per unit of power output, fluids with high value of thermal conductivity and latent heat of vaporization must be selected. This work offers a tool to selected an optimal working fluid, among all possible candidates, for this type of applications.

Ligase-Independent Cloning of Amylase Gene from a Local Bacillus subtilis Isolate and Biochemical Characterization of the Purified Enzyme

Five hundred ninety-seven bacterial isolates from Turkish hot spring water sources were screened for their ability to produce extracellular α-amylase. Among them, a high enzyme-producing Bacillus subtilis isolate, A28, was selected, and its α-amylase gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by a ligase-independent method. α-Amylase from the recombinant strain was purified to homogeneity by Q-Sepharose anion exchange and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatographies. The final yield of the enzyme was about 22.5% of the initial activity, with a 16.4-fold increase in specific activity compared with the culture lysate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 70°C and 6.0, respectively. The enzyme was highly active at acidic-neutral pH range of 4.5-7.0. The amy28 α-amylase retained 100% of its activity after incubation at 50°C for 90min. Co(+2), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Ni(+2), and Zn(+2) caused significant inhibition in enzyme activity, which was not affected by Na(+), Mg(2+), Li(+), and Ba(2+). The activity was inhibited about 70% upon treatment of the enzyme with 10mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. However, Ca(2+) ions known as high temperature stabilizer for other amylases did not stimulate the activity of the enzyme. Due to pH stability and thermostability of the recombinant amylase, this enzyme may be suitable in starch processing, brewing, and food industries.

An Economic Analysis of Horizontal Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) For Use in Heating and Cooling in Bolu, Turkey

In the winter, a heat pump removes heat from the heat exchanger and pumps it into the indoor air delivery system. However, in the summer, the process is reversed, and the heat pump moves heat from the indoor air into the heat exchanger. The heat removed from the indoor air during the summer can also be used to heat water, providing a free source of hot water. Geothermal heat pumps use much less energy than conventional heating systems, since they draw heat from the ground. They are also more efficient when cooling houses. Not only does this save energy and money, but it also reduces air pollution. Studies show that approximately 70% of the energy used in a geoexchange heating and cooling system is renewable energy from the ground. The remainder is clean electrical energy which is employed to concentrate heat and transport it from one location to another. In the winter, the ground soaks up solar energy and provides a barrier to cold air. In the summer, the ground heats up more slowly than the outside air. In this study, an economic analysis is carried out for ground source heat pumps in Bolu, Turkey. The results obtained are given and compared to other systems.

Novel Heat Controller for Thermogenerators Working on Uncontrolled Stoves

This paper describes the development of a thermogenerator designed for uncontrolled firewood household stoves. It was built on BiTe thermoelectric (TE) modules, and it uses a water pot as a cooling device that also serves as a hot water source. An original heat controller was developed; it has low thermal resistance (R) during low-power operation, but its R can be continuously increased according to the stove temperature so that the TE never overheats while its power generation is optimized.

Control of biofouling by Cordylophora caspia in freshwater using one-off, pulsed and intermittent dosing of chlorine: laboratory evaluation

Cordylophora caspia is a hydrozoan which causes biofouling in power plants and is an increasing problem in UK drinking water treatment works. Thermal control is not usually feasible without a ready source of hot water so laboratory experiments were conducted to assess whether using pulsed doses of chlorine is an alternative solution. C. caspia polyps disintegrated after a single 20 min dose (the length of one backwash cycle in water treatment work filter beds) of 2.5 ppm chlorine. Without further treatment colonies regenerated within 3 days, but repeated dosing with chlorine for 20 min each day inhibited this regeneration. The resistance of surviving colonies to chlorine increased over time, although colony size and polyp regeneration continued to fall. These results suggest pulsed treatment with chlorinated backwashes at 2 ppm could be used to control C. caspia biofouling in rapid gravity filters and this may have relevance to other settings where thermal control is not feasible.

Geothermal waters heat integration for the desalination of sea water

Abstract The main objective of this work is to utilize the existing geothermal potential of the Greek island of Nisyros located in the southeastern part of the Aegean Sea for desalination of seawater. The technology most applicable for the exploitation of geothermal purposes is the multiple effect distillation process (MED). The exploitation of the geothermal hot water sources located in the island combined with an effective desalination technology can eliminate energy consumption from hydrocarbons, minimize the environmental impact and reduce dramatically the cost of fresh water. The determination of the overall environmental impact of the desalination plan by means of a Life Cycle Analysis, and the evaluation of the measure’s economical feasibility by means of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Life Cycle Cost methods will be shown. Exergy Analysis of the process will determine its thermodynamic efficiency. This work is to determine and demonstrate the feasibility of a geothermal-driven power-desalination plant ...

ĐẶC ĐIỂM CẤU TRÚC ĐỘ DẪN ĐIỆN VÀ MỐI QUAN HỆ VỚI DỊ THƯỜNG ĐỊA NHIỆT Ở ĐỚI ĐỨT GÃY SÔNG HỒNG

Structural features of Electrical conductivity and its relation to anomaly of geothermal heat flow in the Red River Fault zoneOn the Red River plain, anomalies of geothermal heat flows are high enough like as in rift zones, many geothermal hot water sources are distributing largely in the region. It possibly related to the deep activities in the low crust of the Earth. In the 1996, the Institute of Geological Sciences (Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology) under cooperation with the Paris Institute of Physic of the Earth (France) were conducted the survey by magnetotelluric soundings (MTS) for studying deep structures of the Red River Fault zone (RRFZ) in the region.The paper presents results of data re-interpretation of 8 MTS distributing along the profile about 75km in length, started from Luong Son Village (SW site) going through Hanoi City and ended in Bac Ninh town (NE site), perpendicular crossing the main structures of RRFZ. Received results are 2D structural cross-section to 100km depth, reflecting features with high electrical conductivity of Red River - Chay River subzone and Lo River fault crossing the “crystallized” surface and Moho discontinuity. One anomaly structure of high electrical conductivity is determined under the Red River - Chay River subzone at the depth 90km. It is permitting to suggest possibly the presence of one anomaly of high temperature relating to the “intrusion” of mantle here.By analyzing the features of the high electrical conductivity structures caused by fracture and temperature factors inthe crust and mantle, it is allow to explain that, the anomaly of geothermal heat flow and geothermal hot water sources inRed River plain are supported heat from high temperature mantle sources under the Red River - Chay River subzone.

Modeling and Simulation of a Mixing System With Water Saving Function

This work focuses on the modeling and simulation of a mixing system for domestic use, which includes the water saving function. Water to be saved is the cold or partially cold water that reaches the mixing valve through the hot water inlet, as the tube length between the hot water source and the mixing valve is initially filled with cold water. Water saving function is obtained through a storage tank for accumulation of the initially cold or partially cold water, which is later used to feed the cold water inlet of the mixing valve. The accumulation system is designed such that accumulated water is preferably used than the cold water coming from the main cold water supply/distribution system to feed the cold water inlet of the mixing valve. Modeling considers fluid flow through the internal chambers of the system, the pressure evolution of water when flowing through the internal chambers of the system, and the temperature evolution of the separated and mixed water flows along the system. Simulation of the overall system is made using specialized tools to deal with stiff equations’ systems. Results show that, under real conditions, potable water savings of nearly 80% can be obtained relative to the water that is usually lost.

Insect Conservation and Diversity- making an impact

We are pleased to announce that Insect Conservation and Diversity (ICAD) has received its first Thomson Reuters ISI journal impact factor of 1.621, which is higher thanwe had earlier anticipated (Didham et al., 2010) and places the journal in 14th position within the entomology listing. This is a real achievement for the launch of a new journal in entomology and one of which our authors, Editorial Board members and publishers can be justifiably proud. Not only does this emphasise the high quality of our contributors but also demonstrates the importance of our subject area. Our papers are being cited far andwide and not just by entomologists. Our research areas are of broad relevance and have an impact across the fields of conservation biology and ecology. In 2009 we received almost twice as many submissions as in the previous year and the very high quality of those submissions has made the decision-making process very difficult. To those authors that have suffered disappointment, we offer our condolences but hope you understand that one rejection does not mean that we will not welcome your future submissions. Our goal is both to maintain the highest standards of excellence in published manuscripts, and to keep the time to publication as short as possible.We are, however, looking forward to increased page numbers for 2011 in order to ensure that we can accommodate the increasing number of high quality submissions. We have also produced our second Virtual Issue, this time on the responses of wood and litter arthropods to anthropogenic disturbance, highlighting the importance of those twomicrohabitats to biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Future themes will include the conservationmanagement of grassland habitats. Looking back at the 95 articles published by ICAD during its 3 years of existence, we noticed that only four articles (4%)were related to extreme environments as habitats for arthropods: one dealing with subarctic beetles in Argentina (Fergnani et al., 2010), one with canopy termites in Panama, one with the fauna of phytotelmata in Argentina (Montero et al., 2010), and one with canopy bees in USA (Ulyshen et al., 2010). We would appreciate submissions related to this theme, including marine, cave, arctic, desert, alpine environments, hot water sources, forest canopies, and so on. On the latter, may we remind our readers that submissions are certainly not limited to tropical forest canopies. The canopy of temperate forests represents a challenging environment formany arthropod species, which has been little studied to date, as a timely compilation attests (Floren & Schmidl, 2008). We welcome you to this first issue of 2011 and hope that you will continue to read and submit articles. We would also like to express our gratitude to the efforts of our Editors, Associate Editors, Editorial Board members, our referees and our authors, without whomwewould never have achieved this initial success.

Radiation doses due to natural radioactivity in Wadi Bin Hammad, Al-Karak, Jordan

This paper aims to introduce original data from measurements conducted in Wadi Bin Hammad, region, Jordan. These data highlight the new result of high-radiation dose equivalents found in part of the region, and also recommend further studies. The exposure rates due to terrestrial gamma radiation were measured in cold and hot water in Wadi Bin Hammad cold and hot water springs. The radiation levels were measured using a portable Geiger-Muller counter and an NaI (Tl) detector. The measured absorbed dose rates in air ranged from 15-30 nGyh -1 in cold and 100 to 2740 nGyh -1 in hot water spring areas. The maximum high radiation dose was found nearby the principal hot water source. The gamma doses outside this region were around 30 nGyh -1 , which is very low.

In Situ Biomass Production of a Hot Spring Sulfur-Turf Microbial Mat

Sulfur-turf microbial mats develop in sulfide-containing hot spring water dominated by chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The sulfur-turf mat that developed at a source of hot water (72°C, pH 6.8) exhibited a growth rate of 0.48±0.04 h(-1) and biomass production of 4.6±1.0 mg of C h(-1). On a per-cell basis, this biomass production was at least an order of magnitude higher than the CO(2) uptake rate calculated for a photosynthetic mat dominated by thermophilic Synechococcus spp. at 70°C. The sulfur-turf-associated microbial community likely contributes to carbon fixation and primary production in this geothermal habitat.

Environmental surveillance of Legionella pneumophila in two Italian hospitals.

The aim of this study was to identify the most effective disinfection protocol to reduce the presence of Legionella pneumophila in the water system of two Italian hospitals. From 2004 to 2009, 271 samplings of hot water were carried out in 11 hospital units to detect the presence of L. pneumophila. Additionally, water samples collected from one boiler outlet and the hot water recirculation were tested. From 2004 to 2009, L. pneumophila was present in 37% of the samples. Of these, 68.3% and 18.8% were positive for serogroups 2-14 and 1, respectively. Furthermore, 12.9% of the samples were positive for both serogroups. Finally, a maximal count of 10(4) CFU/L was measured in the most distal sites. To reduce L. pneumophila colonization, a two-year long hyperchlorination (2004-2006) was carried out. Moreover, from June 2005 until now, continuous maintenance of boilers and tanks, substitution of the shower heads and increase of the boiler outlet temperature to 60 °C were performed. All these treatments led to a marked reduction of L. pneumophila colonization in the short but not in the medium-long term. Only the use of chlorine dioxide led, after four years, to a reduction of the loads of L. pneumophila to values below 100 CFU/L. However, in the distal sites a persistent degree of colonization (maximum value 700 CFU/L, average 600 CFU/L) was observed probably due to the presence of L. pneumophila in the stagnant water in dead legs. In conclusion, data show that long-term chlorination of hot water sources together with carefully aimed maintenance of water pipes can lead to an effective reduction of L. pneumophila concentration in hospital water systems.

Substance Users Get Creative to Fool Drug Tests

Substance Users Get Creative to Fool Drug Tests

MILLIMETER AND SUB-MILLIMETER WAVE PERFORMANCE OF AN ERAS:INALGAAS SCHOTTKY DIODE COUPLED TO A SINGLE-TURN SQUARE SPIRAL

We report the first experimental results for noise-equivalent power (NEP) and noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of single-crystal ErAs:InAlGaAs , zero-bias rectifier diodes coupled to free space quasi-optically in the THz region. At a frequency of 639 GHz, an optical NEP of 4.0×10−12 W / Hz 1/2 is measured with the rectifier coupled to a quasi-plane-wave coherent source through a single-turn square spiral antenna. With a broadband thermal (hot water) source, an NETD of 120 mK is measured from the same device. Antenna radiation patterns at 100 GHz and 639 GHz are also presented.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis-like Granulomatous Lung Disease with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Exposure to Hot Water Aerosols

ObjectiveHuman activities associated with aerosol-generating hot water sources are increasingly popular. Recently, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)-like granulomatous lung disease, with non-tuberculous mycobacteria from exposure to hot water aerosols from hot tubs/spas, showers, and indoor swimming pools, has been described in immunocompetent individuals (also called “hot tub lung”). Our objective in this study was to examine four additional cases of hot tub lung and compare these cases with others reported in the English print literature on this disease.Data sources and extractionWe retrospectively reviewed all cases (n = 4) of presumptively diagnosed hot tub lung in immunocompetent individuals at the various physician practices in Springfield, Illinois, during 2001–2005. In addition, we searched MEDLINE for cases of hot tub lung described in the literature.Data synthesisWe summarized the clinical presentation and investigations of four presumptive cases and reviewed previously reported cases of hot tub lung.ConclusionsThere is a debate in the literature whether hot tub lung is an HP or a direct infection of the lung by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Primary prevention of this disease relies on ventilation and good use practices. Secondary prevention of this disease requires education of both the general public and clinicians to allow for the early diagnosis of this disease.

A new numerical approach to weathering and alteration in rock using a pilot area in the Tuzla geothermal area, Turkey

Weathering and subsequent alteration processes affect rocks by changing their physical, chemical, mineralogical, petrographical and mechanical properties. Although these changes are important inputs for project designs, especially in engineering geology and civil engineering, their complex nature in rocks makes evaluation difficult for non-specialists. In this paper, we propose a new, simplified method for quantifying the degree of weathering and subsequent alteration in rock materials based on pycnometer measurements of specific gravity and a combination of relevant formulas using porosity, void ratio and dry unit weight. The relationship between these properties and rock material change is defined using a Point Rock Change Value (RCV P) at P i ( x i , y i ) coordinates and a point Rock Change Ratio, RCR p. Another numerical value, the Overall Rock Change Value (RCV o) is introduced to characterize specific geological formations in the study area. RCV o uses dry unit weight ( γ d), saturated unit weight ( γ sat), porosity ( n), void ratio ( e), degree of saturation ( S) and specific gravity ( γ s) and optical properties of rock material. These optical properties are quantified from thin-sections of the rocks with a Numerical Image Value (NIV). RCV p and RCV o range from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates no change by weathering or alteration and 0 indicates completely weathered or altered rocks. Application of this method in the Tuzla geothermal field of northwest Turkey reveals strong similarity in the distribution maps for the physical parameters and the calculated values for RCV P and RCV o. The new method correctly identified greater alteration near hot water sources and along fault planes.

Exploration of a geothermal reservoir using geoelectrical resistivity inversion: case study at Hammam Mousa, Sinai, Egypt

Geoelectrical resistivity is a pioneer geophysical technique used in geothermal exploration. With the advent of computing technology, it has become convenient to apply sophisticated data analysis and inversion to geoelectrical resistivity field data. In this work, a geoelectrical resistivity survey was conducted in the Hammam Mousa area to explore the geothermal resources and groundwater aquifer. The survey comprises 19 vertical electrical soundings (VES) using the well-known Schlumberger array with AB/2 up to 1000 m. Interpretation of one-dimensional (1D) inversion gave a layered-earth resistivity model using a nonlinear least-squares method. However, some resistivity sections of the 1D inversion were not fully resolved for the complicated geologic structure. Therefore, we carried out a two-dimensional (2D) inversion based on the ABIC least-squares method for the same data set. The general distribution of resistivity shows a very low value near Hammam Mousa Hot Spring. The 2D resistivity cross section clearly elaborates the subsurface structure in the spring area and it elucidates and gives an explanation for the hot water source in the area. It is concluded that the hydrothermal system in the Hammam Mousa area is adequately delineated from the 1D and 2D inversions of vertical electric sounding data using a Schlumberger electrode array. Accordingly, a proposal for geothermal drilling in the study area is recommended.

Moderately high temperature water source heat-pumps using a near-azeotropic refrigerant mixture

A ternary mixture of R124/R142b/R600a, named HTR01, for moderately high temperature heat pumps, was developed. Tests of material compatibility and oil miscibility showed that the mixture could be used with a R22 compressor in an HTR01 heat-pump system. A 2.92 kW moderately high temperature water source heat pump system was set up with HTR01 as the refrigerant to study the system performance with HTR01. Then, a 300 kW moderately high temperature water source heat pump system was built with HTR01 as the refrigerant to test the performance with a geothermal hot water source. The test showed that the condenser outlet water temperature could reach and hold on about 90 °C with a high coefficient of performance.