Source Of Hot Water Research Articles

Ray tracing design-optimization & experimental validation of water based optical filter to reduce solar PV module heating

The operating temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module significantly impacts its efficiency. Increased temperatures reduce the efficiency due to a negative thermal coefficient, which decreases its power above standard test conditions (25 °C, 1000 W/m2). This research targets the reduction of thermal load on PV modules through the incorporation of a water-based optical filter, designed and optimized using ray tracing techniques. The optimal thickness for the glass was determined as 3 mm and 5 mm for the water layers of the filter, providing the best yield. The filter effectively absorbs 92 % of the infrared radiation and 47 % of the ultraviolet spectral flux, significantly reducing heat-induced efficiency losses in the PV module. Water-based optical filter system reduces the module temperature up to 9.80 °C. The optical filter-based PV system achieved a 4.56 % increase in electrical efficiency compared to the reference module, with an average efficiency of 12.19 %. The heated water, reaching up to 48.25 °C, can be reused for various industrial processes, providing both cooling for PV modules and a hot water source, making it versatile and efficient for regions needing both electricity and hot water.

Seismic structure beneath Ebeko Volcano and surrounding areas of Paramushir Island (Kuril Arc) inferred from local earthquake tomography

Paramushir is a large northernmost island of the Kuril Arc in the Russian Far East. Here, we study the northern part of Paramushir, which is dominated by the Vernadsky Ridge with an altitude of around 1000 m above sea level. This ridge is composed of a series of Pleistocene and Holocene volcanoes and includes the presently active Ebeko Volcano, which exhibits frequent phreatomagmatic eruptions and ongoing fumarolic activity. Studying the internal structure beneath Northern Paramushir is important to understand the interrelationship of magmatic, hydrothermal, hydrological and geological processes below Ebeko Volcano. We use seismic data of a portable network consisting of 20 broadband stations installed for one year from the summer 2021 to 2022 and one permanent station in the city of Severo-Kurilsk. We performed the local earthquake tomography inversion, which provided the distributions of Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs and local seismicity in an area of northern Paramushir with lateral extent of ∼20 km and depth of a ∼ 15 km. The results of several tests gave the information about the resolution limitations of the computed model, which were taken into account during its interpretation. In the resulting model, the coexistence of low Vp, high Vs, low Vp/Vs and a seismicity cluster down to ∼10 km below Ebeko indicates the presence of a large gas-saturated area that was formed due to the contacts of liquid fluids with hot magmatic intrusions. The western border of this area coincides with the location of Verkhne-Yurievsky hot water sources and possibly highlights the path of fluids traveling around the hot body below Ebeko. Below the upper part of the eastern slope, we observe a shallow anomaly of low Vs and high Vp/Vs indicating the presence of a near-surface aquifer, confirming the previous results of ambient noise tomography. Below the lower part of the eastern slope, a nearly vertical anomaly of low Vs and high Vp/Vs may represent a fault zone, which is also marked on the surface by a series of lineaments.

Characteristics and sedimentary evolution of late Ediacaran-early Cambrian microbial carbonates, chert, and phosphorite in South China

ABSTRACT The Ediacaran-Cambrian (E-C) transition period witnessed one of the most important environmental changes in Earth’s history. The western margin of the South China Block (SCB), a shallow-water environment, shows a complete sedimentary record of the E-C transition. Section surveys revealed that dolostone, microbial carbonate, chert, and phosphorite predominantly compose the lithologies of the western margin of the SCB during the E-C transition. Petrological analysis indicates that microbial carbonates in this region exhibit stromatolitic, thrombolytic, cavitated, and sporadic microbial structures. Microbial carbonates with stromatolitic, thrombolytic/cavitated, and sporadic structures correspond to strong, moderate, and weak hydrodynamic conditions, respectively. Microcrystalline dolomites crystallize during the syngenesis stage, while meso- to macrocrystalline and sparry dolomites develop during the burial diagenesis stage. Analysis of major elements and rare earth elements anomalies (δCe: 0.580 ~ 0.753; δEu: 1.234 ~ 1.433) suggests that the siliceous component originates from hot-water sources and is transported into shallow-water environments by upwelling. The absence of a δEu anomaly and the morphology of peloids indicate that the phosphatic component is primarily influenced by biological activity and upwelling. During the Tongwan Movement (545–535 Ma) in the E-C transition period, cyclical upwelling transported increased amounts of deep-source materials into shallow platform waters, leading to higher concentrations of siliceous components and widespread microbial mortality. Following the widespread microbial mortality, the phosphatic component became enriched in deep-water environments. Subsequently, the upwelling transported siliceous- and phosphatic-rich fluids back into the shallow-water environments. The phosphatic component was ultimately assimilated by small shelly fauna and deposited in the phosphatic-rich strata of the early Cambrian period. This study elucidates the origins of complex lithological compositions and the sedimentary evolution model in shallow water environments of the E-C transition period in western SCB, offering evidence for global environmental changes during this period.

Fermatean Fuzzy Distance ORCA Methodology for Analysis Solar Water Heating Systems

This study presents an in-depth exploration and evaluation of solar water heating systems, focusing on their technological advancements, economic viability, environmental impact, and practical applications. Solar water heating systems stand as innovative solutions, utilizing solar thermal energy to provide a sustainable and renewable source of hot water. The assessment encompasses an analysis of various collector designs, materials, and efficiency metrics, showcasing the evolution and effectiveness of these systems across different climates and settings. Economic evaluations reveal the cost-effectiveness and potential savings associated with solar water heating, emphasizing reduced energy bills and lower carbon footprints. Environmental assessments highlight the systems' significant contribution to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. Furthermore, real-world applications across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors underscore the versatility and scalability of solar water heating systems. Despite their numerous benefits, challenges persist regarding upfront costs, system integration, and technological limitations. However, strategic research, development, and policy interventions present opportunities to overcome these barriers and promote wider adoption. The findings from this comprehensive assessment provide valuable insights into the significance, challenges, and potential pathways for optimizing solar water heating systems towards a sustainable and energy-efficient future. This study used the Fermantean fuzzy sets with the Operational Competitiveness Rating (ORCA) model for analysis of the criteria and alternatives in solar water heating. We used the 12 criteria and 15 options in this study. The sensitivity analysis is conducted to show the stability of the results.

The combined application technology of solar heat utilization and ground source heat pump

Energy issues play an increasingly important role in national security and economic development. The country has put forward the policy of building energy-saving and land-saving buildings. The application of the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy in the construction field has gradually become a need for technical progress and industry development. With the official promulgation and implementation of the Renewable Energy Law in 2006, the application of solar energy, geothermal energy, and other related renewable energy in the construction industry has attracted more and more attention. However, the scope of practical application is currently limited to solar energy alone to supply domestic hot water, power generation, or ground source heat pump system heating and cooling. The actual engineering cases of the combined operation of the two are relatively few, and the unreasonable joint operation mode leads to low system efficiency. In this paper, the combined application system of solar heat utilization and ground source heat pump is elaborated and analyzed in detail, from the technical feasibility, system efficiency, and other aspects of the analysis. It emphasizes the necessity and development prospect of the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy.

Performance analysis of a novel two-bed adsorption humidification-dehumidification desalination system using Metal-organic framework 801

Adsorption desalination techniques have been increasingly studied over the last century as a sustainable option for meeting the rapidly growing demand for fresh water. One of the attractive factors for using adsorption desalination systems is the use of low-grade thermal energy normally wasted in the atmosphere. The current study introduces a novel adsorption desalination system integrated with a humidification dehumidification system for producing potable water. Four system configurations are presented. The main distinction between them is the source of hot water used for the humidifier. Scheme #1 utilizes the heat of condensation, Scheme #2 applies the heat of condensation plus the heat of adsorption, while Scheme # 3 adds the outlet of heating water from the desorber as a source of heat to the humidifier. Scheme #4 is a standalone adsorption desalination system that applies chilled water to cool the condenser. The novelty of this system is the application of the chilled water from the evaporator to the dehumidifier to create the highest possible temperature difference necessary for the humidification and dehumidification process. This advantage allows larger water productivity, especially in hot humid regions. In this case, it is possible to extract water vapour in the ambient humid air, water vapour gained from the humidification process and water vapour condensed in the condenser of the adsorption desalination system. Moreover, we have used a novel material Metal Organic Frameworks 801 as an adsorbent for a highly efficient process. Based on the results, Scheme #3 produced the maximum amount of fresh water, 210 kg/h while Scheme #2 obtained the maximum gained output ratio, 4.4 with a minimum cost of 0.0079 $/L. A standalone adsorption system produced the minimum amount of distillate water and the lowest gained output ratio. It is not advisable to use a standalone adsorption system to produce distillate water; as the full desalination potential is not achieved.

Development of a Machine Learning Framework Based on Occupant-Related Parameters to Predict Residential Electricity Consumption in the Hot and Humid Climate

Occupant-related variables constitute one of the most significant groups of factors influencing residential building energy consumption. However, prediction methods often oversimplify these parameters, leading to substantial discrepancies between predicted and actual consumption. To address this issue, the present study aims to develop a machine learning framework for predicting electricity consumption in residential buildings based on occupant-related factors. The study incorporates twenty-six inputs, including occupant characteristics such as demographics, occupancy, behavior, and behavioral efficiency, two time-related factors, and three extra parameters related to equipment (refrigerator age, hot water source, and type of electricity meter) for training and testing the Random Forest (RF) algorithm in both regression and classification forms. The results indicate that the trained RF regressor exhibits well performance (R2Train = 0.989, R2Test = 0.916, MAETrain = 0.81, MAETest = 2.21, RMSETrain = 1.27, and RMSETest = 3.45). Furthermore, feature importance analysis reveals that the most significant parameter is the time of year, representing weather conditions, followed by the number of occupants, neighborhood, indoor set-point range, mean age of occupants, window opening, and cooling system mode. Even after removing the least impactful factors, the model maintains strong performance with the 16 most important variables (R2Train = 0.986, R2Test = 0.910, MAETrain = 0.83, MAETest = 2.25, RMSETrain = 1.31, and RMSETest = 3.49). Additionally, the RF classifier is designed for problems with 2, 4, 6, and 8 classes based on energy consumption ranges. The results of this model demonstrate that the 2-class model achieves the highest performance (AccuracyTest = 0.963, MAETest = 0.04, and RMSETest = 0.19). However, it lacks detailed categorization of homes based on electricity consumption. On the other hand, the 4-class and 6-class models strike a good balance between prediction performance and the level of detail. In conclusion, the proposed method can accurately predict residential electricity consumption and can serve as a valuable reference for researchers and utility managers when formulating energy reduction policies and comparing the effectiveness of different strategies.

Experimental performance evaluation of water source heat pumps in different circumstances and comparison to air source heat pumps

This study aims to present a novel experimental method for studying the performance of wa-ter source heat pumps which have not received sufficient attention, although this is particu-larly important for hot regions with great potential of hot water sources. The experimental model has special characteristics as it allows to investigate the performance of heat pumps under different operating conditions and allows a comparison between different types of heat pumps without the need to install a ground heat exchanger. The ground heat exchanger is known to be the most expensive part of any experimental model. In addition to that, it only allows to study the performance under specific conditions. The ground heat exchanger was replaced by a secondary heat pump that allows to provide an environment that simulates the different operating conditions of different types of heat pumps. It was found that water source heat pumps are more efficient than air source heat pumps with efficiency that increases with increasing water source temperature. It was found that increasing the water source tempera-ture from 5 to 20 oC, improved the rate of heat extracted from the water source by 11.3% and the coefficient of performance by 2.8% for each degree. Another important feature of water source heat pumps is the stability of the energy flow rates, which is a guarantee of higher sea-sonal performance coefficients. It can be concluded that hot regions with high potential of hot water sources has valuable opportunities to invest in the field of water source heat pumps with the consequent significant energy savings.

Performance evaluation of a two-stage air-cooled silica gel + water adsorption cooling system: Effect of key operational parameters

The primary objective of this work is to extract some design criteria of the upper-stage adsorber bed in a two-stage two-bed adsorption cooling system. The second objective is to experimentally investigate the effects of air-cooled heat sink, and hot water source temperatures on the chiller performance. These studies are important as the adsorber bed design together with the input operational parameters determines the chiller performance. It was observed that the performance indicators, namely, cooling capacity (CC) and coefficient of performance (COP) exhibit opposite trends with the reduction in the temperature of the sink where heat of adsorption is rejected. The performance parameters are evaluated for heat source temperatures in the range of 75–85 °C against different half-cycle times. The CC and COP are found to vary between 148 - 324 W and 0.09–0.11 respectively depending on the heat source temperature and half cycle time. The novelty of the present work is in providing experimental evidence on influence of heat source temperatures on two-stage adsorption chillers when air cooling is adopted for all heat rejections to the ambient. Another key finding is that the upper stage performance is critical because of smaller volume and lower heat transfer area available in it compounded by higher uptake differences across which it operates.

On the Use of Ultrasonic Flowmeters for Cooling Energy Metering and Sub-Metering in Direct Expansion Systems

The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED, Directive 2012/27/EU) has made mandatory the installation of individual metering systems in the case of buildings with centralized heating/cooling and hot water sources (multi-apartment and multi-purpose buildings), provided it is economically and technically feasible. Individual metering of heating/cooling systems is mainly based on thermal energy meters (TEM), which are widely used for direct metering in heating applications. On the other hand, direct metering of energy consumption in cooling systems still represents a challenge, given the different types of cooling units and the lack of regulations from the technical and legal points of view. In this context, this paper briefly overviews the available centralized cooling systems and the possible solutions for metering and sub-metering, which depend on the specific application. Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) systems are spreading worldwide for air conditioning applications. Particular attention has been paid to the direct metering of cooling energy and specifically to refrigerant flow rate measurement, which represents a critical issue because of the small-diameter pipes and the different thermodynamic properties of the fluid used. Thus, an experimental campaign has been developed and carried out in order to compare a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter with a more accurate Coriolis one in a direct expansion (DE) system. The experimental tests have been performed at two different temperature conditions, showing a relative error in the mass flow rate measurements within ±10%.

Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda

A hot spring is a hot water source that naturally occurs on the surface of the Earth from underground; it is typically heated by subterranean volcanic activity and the local underground geothermal gradient. There are four main hot springs in Rwanda, such as: Kalisimbi, Bugarama, Kinigi, and Nyamyumba, formerly named Gisenyi hot springs. It is often believed that soaking in a hot spring is a great way to naturally detox human skin. This research focuses on the geochemical analysis of Nyamyumba hot springs, located near the fresh water supply of Lake Kivu, with the purpose of understanding its healing capacity and safety. The Nyamyumba hot springs are located in the western branch of the East African Rift System, near the Virunga volcanic complex, which explains the rising and heating mechanism of the water. The concentrations of sulfate, iron, ammonia, silica, and phosphate, and the conductivity, alkalinity, and salinity of the water were measured using standard procedures. The results showed that the hot spring water has higher concentrations of chemicals compared to the Lake Kivu water, and the geochemistry of these hot springs may be associated with rock dissolution by hot water. The measured parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for recreational waters, and it has been identified that the Nyamyumba hot springs are safe to use for swimming and therapeutic activities.

Characterization Of Lojing Hot Springs, Gua Musang, Kelantan From Geosciences Aspects

The study was conducted to identify and determine the relationship between geology, geophysics and geochemistry of the study area. Geophysical surveys were conducted to obtain the sub-surface profile and to relate it with lineament analysis. Based on gravity method analysis, it is interpreted that the study area consists of granite bedrock close to the surface which exhibits high gravity anomalies whereas low density rock areas with high fractures and lineaments exhibit low gravity anomaly values. The electrical resistivity survey shows that the study area is underlain by granite bedrocks which also proves that the origin of the hot springs are non-volcanic as no volcanic activity or rocks can be found around the study area. Resistivity values recorded for granite bedrock exceeded 900 Ωm. Based on the resistivity profile, it is also possible to determine the reservoir zone and fractured zone which shows the resistivity values between 0 Ωm to 250 Ωm. The direction of the lineaments on the resistivity profile together with gravity survey are parallel to the lineament analysis, which is Northeast-Southwest, Northwest-Southeast and North-South. The borehole log data also shows that the study area is underlain by granite bedrock and the hot water source in this area is from confined aquifer. Geochemical and geothermometry analysis were performed on 14 hot water samples. The results of geochemical analysis show that the average elements concentration is as follows; silica 277 ppm, calcium 2.00 ppm, magnesium 0.14 ppm, potassium 2.3 ppm, sodium 29 ppm, iron 0.12 ppm, bicarbonate 41 ppm, sulphate 18 ppm, chloride 1.5 ppm and fluoride 2.9 ppm. The calculation results of quartz geothermometry shows an average temperature of 203°C, while chalcedony geothermometry shows an average temperature of 177°C. The enthalpy for heating water calculated from quartz geothermometry using the Steam Table shows an average of 864 kJ/kg which can be interpreted as a mid-level enthalpy. The geology of the hot springs area shown in the geological map and lineament analysis map proves the relationship with the geophysical survey and borehole log data.

IDENTIFICATION OF ROCK CHARACTERISTICS USING XRF, XRD, AND SEM TESTS ON API ALAM IN PAMEKASAN

Research has been conducted into the nature of geothermal rocks in Pamekasan. This place is located in Tlanakan Pamekasan. This study aims to determine the composition of mineral compounds in the soil so that fire can burst out from the soil and the soil does not melt. Three steps can be done with simple refinement and filtering methods, namely X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of XRF analysis show the element of Api Alam 1 is Ca 66.2%, Api Alam 2 is Si 37.4%, and in hot springs, is Si 39.6%. The XRD results show that mineral qualitatively in Api Alam 1 was in the form of CaCO3 compound at 60.1% and SiO2 at 39.9%, while in Api Alam 2, hot water sources were in the form of SiO2 compound (>90%). SEM Results on Api Alam 1 show that the sample is almost homogeneous (the distribution of CaCO3 and SiO2 is uneven), the presence of slab-shaped clumps that identify the presence of varying grain size, and with high porosity, which indicates that the sample is partially amorphous in structure, in Api Alam 2. The Hot springs show irregular aggregations and poor homogeneity of the sample. The size of the three samples is ten μm or 10.000 nm, while PSA results showed an average size of Api Alam 1 was 509.7 nm, Api Alam 2 was 891.3 nm, and Hot Springs was 468.3 nm.

Performance of a Solar Water Flat Plate Collector Made from Locally Available Materials

A solar water heater is one of the ways through which sunlight energy can be harnessed for domestic use. The performance of a typical solar water heater made from locally available materials was determined and in the process a solar water heater is designed, construct and tested on the university of Maiduguri campus. The sunlight energy is absorbed by the collector made up of an aluminum absorber plate enclosed within a transparent cover to prevent the emitted radiation from escaping (greenhouse effects). The absorber is made with fluid carrying tubes to absorb heat and increases the temperature of the water in the tank through theromsyphon principle. Maximum fluid output temperature and the collector temperature of 59 and 70 respectively were obtained on a sunny day. This solar water heater find useful application as a source of hot water for cooking, washing and laundry, and acts as a renewable energy resources in regions where there is abundant sunlight.

A Cascade Proportional Integral Derivative Control for a Plate-Heat-Exchanger-Based Solar Absorption Cooling System

Automatic proportional integral derivative control techniques are applied in a single-stage solar absorption cooling system, showing 3.8 kW (~1 ton) cooling capacity, with a coefficient of performance of 0.6 and −4.1 °C evaporator cooling temperature. It is built with plate heat exchangers as main components, using ammonia–water as the working mixture fluid and solar collectors as the main source of hot water. Control tuning was verified with a dynamical simulation model for a solution regarding mass flow stability and temperature control in the solar absorption cooling system. The controller improved steady thermodynamic state and time response. According to experimental cooling temperatures, the system could work in ranges of refrigeration or air-conditioning end-uses, whose operation makes this control technique an attractive option to be implemented in the solar absorption cooling system.

Energy Saving and Economic Evaluations of Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Hot Water Supply System for Resort

The objective of this study is to investigate the energy savings and economics of the hot water supply system for the luxury resort. The hot water was generated using the waste heat from the exhaust gas heat (EGH) of internal combustion engine (ICE) installed at the luxury resort. The capacity and characteristics of waste heat source, flow demand and supply system of hot water were surveyed, and data is collected from the real system. The new heat exchanger system which utilizes the EGH to produce the hot water is designed considering the dew point temperature and the back pressure of exhaust gas system. The results show that the proposed system could supply hot water at a temperature of 55 °C corresponding to the present resort demand of 6 m3/h using EGH of ICE at 20% load. The proposed system could achieve the saving of 400 L/day in diesel oil (DO) fuel consumption and the payback time of new system could be evaluated as 9 months. The proposed system could produce hot water of 14 m3/h at 25% of engine load and 29 m3/h at full engine load which are sufficient to satisfy the regular and maximum hot water demand of resort. The presented results show the capability of the proposed system to satisfy the current hot water demand of resort and suggest the larger potential to save energy by recovering EGH of ICE. The novelty of the present work involves detailed methodology to design heat exchangers and evaluate system economics for hot water supply system based on EGH of ICE.

The Zhacang thermal field, Qinghai Province, China: its geology, geophysics, chemistry, and conceptual model

The Zhacang thermal field has the highest temperature and the most typical characteristics among the 84 geothermal anomalies discovered in Qinghai Province, China. It is located 15 km southwest of Guide County and has a total area of 8.4 km2, where two geothermal wells have been drilled since 2011. This paper summarises the geological conditions, drilling data, geophysical exploration data, and hydrochemical characteristics of the Guide–Zhacang geothermal field. The Zhacang geothermal field has a high geothermal flow value and is rich in geothermal resources with high thermal conductivity (2.910 W/(m•K)) and high geothermal flow value (87–117 mW/m2). The main strata are made up of Neogene mudstone, Triassic sand slate, and Indosinian granite and granodiorite, which provide a good thermally insulating cover layer and storage zone. The Zhacang and Reguang faults are deep, which helps the deep heat source and underground hot water move upward. The source of borehole hot water and hot spring water in the Zhacang geothermal field is atmospheric precipitation with a recharge elevation of 3320–3470 m, and the circulation depth is −2888.6 m. The results of explorations and surveys are integrated to propose a new conceptual model of the Zhacang geothermal reservoir.

Comparison of CFD and Multizone Modeling from Contaminant Migration from a Household Gas Furnace

In Central and Eastern Europe, a growing popularity of gas heaters as the main source of heat and domestic hot water can be observed. This is the result of new laws and strategies for funding that have been put in place to encourage households to stop using coal and replace it with cleaner energy sources. However, there is a growing concern that gas furnaces are prone to malfunction and can be a threat to occupants through CO (carbon monoxide) generation. To see how a faulty gas furnace with a clogged exhaust may affect a household, a series of multizone and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out using the CONTAM software and CFD0 editor created by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The simulations presented different placements of the furnace and ventilation outlet in an attached garage. The results showed how the placement influenced contaminant migration and occupant exposure to CO. It changed the amount of CO that infiltrated to the attached house and influenced occupant exposure. The results may be used by future users to minimize the risk of CO poisoning by using the proper natural ventilation methods together with optimal placement of the header in the household.

Širenje i značaj ijatričkih kultova u antičkom periodu sa posebnim osvrtom na Asklepijev kult i njegovo poštovanje u Naisu

Iatric cults were spread in Hellas, and in the Hellenistic period were also venerated in Roman Empire. The most famous were Asclepius and his daughter Hygeia. Asclepius was famous Greek physician whose divine nature helped to heal the patients, which is why he was very popular among people. That's why he was popular among people. Asclepius was the only Greek deity to be accepted in the Temple of Westphalia in Rome, which means that the Romans thoroughly accepted him as very important deity in the Roman religion. He was considered to be the guardian of the individuals as well as the whole families, in addition, the protector of soldiers and even emperors. Sanctuaries were built in his honor, but he was also revered in sanctuaries of other gods. The healing power of Asclepius was associated with hot and cold water springs for use of water in the healing process which was very respected since the water was used in healing processes. It is assumed that one shrine was placed in imperial villa in Mediana, due to near hot water source in Niška banja. The veneration of cult of Asclepius in Mediana is traced back to the Roman emperor Julian and his restoration to paganism. Although Julian ruled for a short period of time, the statues of Asclepius and Hygeia remained in the villa in Mediana for decoration, only to be destroyed during the Hun devastation of Nais in 378. The need to prevent and cure people form deadly infectious diseases, which took many lives, had caused the respect of the cult of Asclepius in the territory of Hellas, Asia Minor and most part of Roman Empire in the period from the 16th century BC until the 6th century AD. From ancient time, people felt the need to take care of their own health, and when there was no other way to be cured, Asclepius helped with his supernatural power. His ability and readiness to provide help to everyone who needed it, made him the most widespread and respected cult of healing.

Evaluation of Turkey’s renewable energy potential in terms of 2023 energy vision

Turkey is a quite rich country in terms of renewable energy potential. Turkey has significant hydropower and wind energy potential with its coastal line of 7200 km and an average elevation of 1132 m. Turkey’s wind energy potential is primarily focused in Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions from higher to lower, respectively. Since Turkey’s geological structure has a volcanic origin the existence of more than 600 hot water sources whose temperature reaches almost 100°C makes the country very rich in terms of geothermal energy. 
 If Turkey uses only traditional energy sources, it simply will not have enough energy capacity for its population. Renewable energy sources have the potential to make a large contribution to Turkey’s sustainable and independent energy future. Turkey aims to utilize its energy potential, including from renewable sources in a cost-effective manner. Turkey targets the share of renewable resources in electricity generation to be at least 30% by 2023. This paper included many aspects of renewable energy in Turkey as an emerging country. In addition, renewable energy policies were evaluated in terms of Turkey's 2023 energy vision.