Hot Flushing Research Articles

Preventing Healthcare-Associated Legionellosis with Rapid Reduction of High Concentrations of Legionella Using Mechanical Removal of Blind Ends and Intensive Hot Water Flushing

Background: The aim of this paper was to present the effectiveness of the mechanical removal of blind ends and flushing of hot water systems at outlets as the only possible emergency measures to reduce the concentration of Legionella spp in hot water. Methods: Two measures have been undertaken: mechanical removal of blind ends and intensive hot water flushing when the water has not been used for more than 7 days. Results: We detected Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in concentration of 1.000- 55.000 CFU/L at all samples sites. In the control sampling, after three weeks, we found seven sampling sites negative for Legionella and only two sampling sites positive. All nine sampling sites were negative after ten weeks. Conclusion: Establishing good water flow throughout the hospital seems to be the most important measure, in order to make the multiplication of Legionella in the hot water distribution systems unlikely.

The effect of different dosage of piascledine on hot flushes in postmenopausal woman of Jahrom, Iran

Introduction: Menopause is one of the natural stages of women’s life usually begins in 45-55 y old. The most common symptom is hot flushes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different doses of piascledine on hot flashes of post-menopausal women. Method: 69 postmenopausal women referred to Dr. Rasekh clinic was entered to the study and were randomly divided into 3 groups, first group; 300 mg piascledine daily, second group; 300 mg piascledine twice a day and third group; hormone replacement therapy (1.25 mg conjugated estrogen for 25 d and 10 mg dydrogestrone for 15 d). Hot flushing symptoms were evaluated before and after intervention using Blatt-Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI). The data were analysed by SPSS 21 software. Result: BKMI had a reduction of 17.91 in first group, 20.9 in second group and 20.96 in third group. Conclusion: We found that a higher dosage of piascledine leads to a significant reduction in hot flushes rate and according to the effectiveness and also lack of side effects related to the higher dose of piascledine, it seems to be an appropriate alternative for hormone replacement therapy to treat the menopausal symptoms in high dosage.

A Study on Process Design of Hot Oil Flushing System Using Oil-Nitrogen Gas Mixing Fluid

A Study on Process Design of Hot Oil Flushing System Using Oil-Nitrogen Gas Mixing Fluid

Analysis of Temperature Field Based on Hollow Sucker Rod Hot Flushing Technology

The hot flushing is a major means of removing wax. For low pressure reservoir, it is possible to produce a large number of washing fluid flowing into the formation, which affects the well production recovery. The application of hollow sucker rod hot flushing technology can avoid fluid pouring back into the formation, and the wells can keep production. Based on the principle of hollow sucker rod hot flushing and heat transfer theory, calculation model of temperature field was established, and hollow sucker rod hot flushing simulation system was developed, which can guide flushing in oilfield.

Hot flushes, vascular reactivity and the role of the α-adrenergic system

ABSTRACTBackground Seventy percent of postmenopausal women suffer from hot flushes but the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Proposed mechanisms include altered peripheral vascular reactivity and a narrowed thermoneutral zone. A trigger has not yet been identified; however, the α-adrenergic system, and specifically noradrenaline, has been implicated.Aim To assess the role of the α-adrenergic system by studying the effect of clonidine (α-adrenergic agonist) on flushes and cutaneous microvascular perfusion.Methods Thirty-two postmenopausal women with severe flushing and 14 non-flushing postmenopausal women were recruited. Cutaneous microvascular perfusion was measured using laser Doppler imaging and endothelial function was assessed by iontophoresis (administration of vasoactive agents through the skin by an electric current) of acetylcholine (ACh – endothelium-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP – endothelium-independent). In a double-blind, longitudinal, cross-over study, clonidine (an α-adrenergic agonist) was compared to placebo in its ability to modulate this response in the flushing group of women.Results The response of the subcutaneous vessels was greater in women who flushed than those who did not (ACh, p < 0.001 and SNP, p = 0.001). However, even though the intensity and number of flushes were decreased by clonidine, there was no difference compared to placebo (p = 0.21) and this ‘placebo effect’ was also noted in perfusion responses (ACh, p = 0.98; SNP, p = 0.50).Conclusion There was a significant ‘placebo effect’ for both clinical response and the reactivity of the subcutaneous vessels, making conclusions regarding the role of the α-adrenergic nervous system in hot flushing difficult to determine at a peripheral level. The mechanism for the change in vascular reactivity remains unclear.

Hot flushes: are there effective alternatives to estrogen?

Hot flushes are the most common indication for the prescription of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) since it is effective in over 80% of cases. In 1995, 37% of American women took HRT, principally for this purpose. However, over the last five years, publications such as those from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) have caused concern among women since they perceive that the risks outweigh the benefits. Following this publication, half of the women taking HRT in the UK, USA and New Zealand discontinued HRT. With the discontinuation of estrogen many women re-developed hot flushes; however only a small number (18%) of women report restarting hormone therapy. The majority of these (76%) for the recurrence of severe hot flushes or night sweats. Alternatives are available, but limited knowledge on aetiology and mechanisms of hot flushing represents a major obstacle for the development of new, targeted, non-hormonal treatments, and no current alternatives are as effective as estrogen.

Effectiveness of tibolone on hypoestrogenic symptoms induced by goserelin treatment in patients with endometriosis

To investigate the efficacy and safety of tibolone on hypoestrogenic vasomotor symptoms and bone parameters in patients treated with goserelin acetate. Prospective, randomized placebo controlled double-blind study. Human volunteers in a university-based fertility clinic. Twenty-nine women of mean age 29.2 +/- 4.8 years with mild to severe endometriosis undergoing 6 months of treatment with 3.6 mg goserelin acetate in an SC depot formulation were studied. The patients were allocated randomly to either 2.5 mg/d tibolone (n = 15) or an iron pill (n = 14) in a double-blinded fashion beginning in the third cycle. Frequency and severity of hot flushes, sweating, irritability, loss of libido, nervousness, and sleeplessness were assessed by the patients using 0 to 6 point scoring system and compared. Samples of urine were obtained for calcium and creatinine (Ca:Cr) ratios at the start of treatment and monthly there after. The vasomotor scoring for each symptom and Ca:Cr ratios before the treatment and at the end of 6th month were analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests. The mean age, weight, vasomotor scores, pelvic scores, and urine Ca:Cr ratios were similar in both placebo and tibolone group (28.7 +/- 4.8 versus 27.6 +/- 6.3 years, 50.9 +/- 5.3 versus 53.1 +/- 7.1 kg, 4.7 +/- 1.1 versus 4.2 +/- 0.8, and 0.056 +/- 0.008 versus 0.059 +/- 0.006, respectively). The decreases in vasomotor scoring as regards to hot flushing, sweating, and other associated symptoms were statistically significant in tibolone group compared with placebo (10.4 +/- 1.6 versus 24.6 +/- 4.9). During the study significant reductions in urine Ca:Cr ratio was obtained in the tibolone patients compared with placebo (0.031 +/- 0.006 versus 0.0055 +/- 0.007). The incidence of side effects (weight change, vaginal bleeding) was low and did not differ from the placebo group. Considering the beneficial effects of tibolone on vasomotor symptoms and bone loss, our data suggest that this synthetic steroid is an effective and safe option in relieving symptoms induced by GnRH-analogue.

Effectiveness and long-term safety of prolonged gosereline and tibolone in women with endometriosis

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are widely administered to treat endometriosis, but generally are not prescribed for more than 6 months since they are associated with vasomotor symptoms and bone loss. A GnRH agonist and steroid add-back therapy can be given for longer times without flare-up or significant hypoestrogenic symptoms. We examined the efficacy and safety of a weak estrogenic steroid, OD14, with prolonged goserelin treatment in seven regularly menstruating women (age 26-33 yrs) with laparoscopically diagnosed, symptomatic endometriosis. The women received goserelin 3.65 mg subcutaneously/month and 2.5 mg OD14 2.5 mg/day beginning in the fourth cycle for 18 to 20 months. The frequency and severity of hot flushes, sweating, irritability, loss of libido, nervousness, and sleeplessness were scored by the women on a scale of 0 to 6 and compared. Samples of blood and urine were obtained to measure serum estradiol (E2) levels, lipids, and urinary calcium:creatinine (Ca:Cr) ratios at the start of treatment and monthly thereafter. The vasomotor scores, serum E2 levels, and urine Ca:Cr ratios were consistent with the hypoestrogenism induced by goserelin (24.2 &plusmn; 3.1, 18.5 &plusmn; 7.2 pg/ml, and 0.063 &plusmn; 0.008, respectively). The decreases in vasomotor scoring with regard to hot flushing, sweating, and urinary Ca:Cr ratios were significant after adding OD14 (14.8 &plusmn; 2.2, 0.031 &plusmn; 0.005, p <0.05), whereas E2 levels remained below 40 pg/ml (23.1 &plusmn; 8.2 pg/ml, p >0.05) throughout therapy. The increased low-density:high-density lipoprotein ratio with goserelin improved with OD14, remaining at the lower limit of normal. Thus, OD14 add-back to GnRH agonist therapy enabled us to extend medical therapy of endometriosis longer than 6 months, preventing hypoestrogenic side effects, and with adequate suppression endometriosis symptoms.

Control of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease through Hot Water Flushing and Supplemental Chlorination of Potable Water

Control of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease through Hot Water Flushing and Supplemental Chlorination of Potable Water

On the Treatment of Psoas, Iliac, and other Large Tuberculous Abscesses by Hot Water Flushing without Drainage

On the Treatment of Psoas, Iliac, and other Large Tuberculous Abscesses by Hot Water Flushing without Drainage