Hospitalisation provides an opportunity to deprescribe (withdraw inappropriate medications), however, safe and effective deprescribing relies on good communication between relevant stakeholders. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of Australian hospital and community pharmacists on communicating information about deprescribing at transitions of care and their role in the deprescribing process. A diverse group of hospital and community pharmacists was purposively recruited. Data were collected via individual semi-structured interviews and focus groups that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim using NVivo. Each transcript was thematically analysed using an inductive coding approach, performed by two independent coders. Thirty-two pharmacists were recruited between June and August 2023. Seventeen participants worked in hospitals, 10 in community pharmacies, and five across both settings. Four themes with 12 subthemes were identified, pertaining to (i) how pharmacists communicate about deprescribing on hospital discharge, (ii) how pharmacists collaborate with other healthcare professionals and patients to optimise deprescribing, (iii) how the role of the pharmacist in deprescribing at transitions of care can be optimised, and (iv) how pharmacists feel about their current and future role in deprescribing. Challenges in communicating deprescribing recommendations and ensuring continuity of care when patients transition between care settings were identified. Development of new tools (e.g., templates and guidance on how and what should be communicated) and processes to support communication at the transition of care from hospital to the community are needed to support deprescribing activities.

Optimising antimicrobial use during surgery is essential for preventing surgical site infections, ensuring patient safety and minimising the risk of antimicrobial resistance. To investigate the management, use and documentation of 'off-label' antimicrobials in Australian operating theatres (OT). A cross-sectional online survey of hospital pharmacists with expertise in antimicrobial stewardship, surgery or and/or medication safety. Demographic and quantitative questions were analysed using descriptive statistics. Free-text responses underwent reflexive thematic analysis. Responses from 61 Australian hospital pharmacists were analysed. 83 % of survey participants reported that ceftriaxone was stocked in OT, with 70 % and 62 % stocking IV amoxicillin-clavulanate and piperacillin-tazobactam respectively. Vancomycin (34 %), rifampicin (18 %) and gentamicin (16 %) were the most commonly used antimicrobials for wound irrigation. Over half (51 %) of participants reported seeing vancomycin powder applied directly to surgical sites. Thematic analysis of free-text responses generated three dominant themes: surgical staff work-arounds, risks to patient safety, and detached or unclear pharmacist role in OT. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are used topically as washes, soaks, and applied directly to surgical sites, however the extent of this practice is unclear due to poor documentation. There is wide variation between hospitals regarding which antimicrobials are kept in OT, with inconsistent compliance to systems restricting use in this setting. Opportunities to improve the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials include: better utilisation of automated dispensing cabinets to track use and facilitate audits, embedding of pharmacists in OT to improve management, and policies to ensure documentation and patient consent for use outside of evidence-based guidelines.

To identify and compare the non-technical skills that Australian community and hospital pharmacist employers value in early career pharmacists. A mixed-methods study combining a cross-sectional online survey and qualitative interviews to investigate the non-technical skills sought by Australian employers when hiring early career pharmacists in community or hospital settings. Pharmacist employers rated the importance of 21 non-technical skills on a five-point Likert scale; interviews explored perceptions regarding key non-technical skills in greater depth. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, and qualitative data underwent thematic analysis using the Framework Method. Survey respondents (n= 57) rated effective communication skills, integrity, ability to build trust, reliability, and accountability highest. Community and hospital pharmacist subgroups rated ability to build trust and ask for help highest, respectively. Interview participants (n= 19) described the growing importance of non-technical skills in hiring decisions. Most non-technical skills were regarded as equally important and transferable across settings, though application was context specific. Themes relating to intra and interpersonal skills were evident. Key intrapersonal skills described included willingness to learn, problem-solving, and decision-making. Key interpersonal skills raised included communication and teamwork. Community employers expressed prioritizing the ability to build trust, while hospital employers focused on the importance of self-awareness. This study underscores the growing importance of non-technical skills for early career pharmacists, highlighting communication, teamwork, willingness to learn, problem-solving, accountability, reliability, and integrity as key. Subtle differences in priority non-technical skills were identified between community and hospital settings. These findings inform tailored educational strategies to better prepare graduates for the expectations of employers.

Opioids are the cornerstone of severe pain management but they have a strong potential for abuse. To mitigate this risk, hospitals are required to track and account for these controlled substances (CS). Despite widespread adoption of electronic medication administration records (eMAR), nurses also performed paper-based registrations for CS. We hypothesised that a validated dashboard combining dispensing and eMAR data could be implemented for CS accountability. This study describes trends in accountability of dispenses through administrations before, during and after implementation of the dashboard that replaced the paper-based process. Furthermore, we describe its application in analysing signalled discrepancies. This implementation study was performed in a university hospital. The dashboard was developed by a multidisciplinary team consisting of hospital pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, nurses and data analysts. Data from 2018 to 2024 were compared in three periods: prior implementation (2018-2019), during implementation (2020-2022) and after implementation (2023-2024) of the dashboard. Monitored CS medications were limited to oral solids. The data for dispenses and administrations were validated against the electronic health record (EHR) and electronic delta calculations were manually recalculated. The dashboard was piloted on a single ward by shadow running the dashboard for 6 months. Processes were optimised before hospital-wide implementation. The dispense and administration data in the dashboard accurately reflected the registrations in the EHR and all predefined validation criteria were met. Subsequently, the paper process for accounting for CS was successfully digitised, allowing nurses to discontinue the double registration workflow. The CS accountability showed a slight upward trend from 88% prior to implementation to 91% after implementation. Furthermore, use of the dashboard resulted in a more efficient workflow and facilitated evaluation between the pharmacy and the wards, contributing to optimisation of prescribing, administration and the logistical processes. The dashboard provided an accurate and reliable reflection of CS-related dispenses and administrations documented in the EHR, supporting its hospital-wide implementation for CS monitoring. The CS accountability dashboard reduced the administrative workload for nurses and the pharmacy and improved traceability.

Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing is a key component of precision medicine, supporting individualized drug therapy, improving treatment outcomes, and reducing adverse drug reactions. Pharmacists are central to PGx-guided decision-making; however, their readiness for implementation remains unclear in Türkiye. Identifying current knowledge levels, attitudes, and barriers is essential to inform national strategies for PGx integration into clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate pharmacists' knowledge, awareness, attitudes, experience, and perceived barriers regarding PGx testing in Türkiye, and to identify predictors of PGx knowledge. A nationwide, web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between November and December 2025 among pharmacists practicing in diverse settings across Türkiye. A structured questionnaire evaluated pharmacists' PGx-related knowledge and awareness, attitudes, clinical experience, perceived implementation barriers, and training needs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and multivariable ordinal logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of self-rated PGx knowledge. A total of 455 pharmacists participated, mainly community pharmacists (44.2%) and hospital pharmacists (37.8%), with clinical pharmacists representing 9.5%. Although 72.5% were familiar with PGx, only 8.8% had received PGx-related education, and 37.8% self-rated their knowledge as poor. Familiarity with PGx resources and gene-drug knowledge scores were similarly low. Attitudes toward PGx were highly positive, particularly regarding dose optimization and reducing adverse drug reactions. However, real-world experience remained scarce, with only 5.9% having recommended PGx testing and just 4% having made PGx-guided therapeutic recommendations. Insufficient knowledge and awareness emerged as the primary barrier to PGx implementation in practice (47.9%), followed by testing cost (26.2%) and limited trained personnel availability (14.3%). Regression analysis indicated that prior PGx education, postgraduate qualifications, and being a clinical pharmacist significantly predicted higher self-rated PGx knowledge, while age, gender, and years of experience showed no association. Notably, 92.5% expressed willingness to pursue PGx training. Pharmacists in Türkiye hold positive views toward PGx but demonstrate limited knowledge and real-life involvement. Expanding education, integrating PGx into pharmacy curricula, and developing national guidelines and implementation strategies may improve PGx adoption and support personalized pharmacotherapy.

A scoping review of the impact of research engagement interventions in hospital pharmacy staff.

Translated article] Generational priorities, motivations, concerns, and expectations of hospital pharmacists in Spain.

Hospital pharmacists are increasingly involved in direct patient care; however, little is known about how to learn, adopt, and sustain this pharmacist-clinician role in practice. This study aimed to examine the implementation of the pharmacist-clinician role by exploring the key factors that shape its learning, adoption, and sustainment in clinical practice. Early adopters of the pharmacist-clinician role in Dutch hospitals were recruited through purposive sampling via professional networks and national outreach. A semi-structured interview was conducted with the respondents. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis and were subsequently interpreted using the Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) to investigate key factors in learning, adopting, and sustaining the pharmacist-clinician role. A total of 21 Dutch pharmacists working in a hospital were included. Factors, grouped into four themes (Scope and role enactment of the pharmacist-clinician role, interprofessional collaboration as the driver for adoption, experiential workplace learning is more important than formal learning, and organisational conditions shape sustainment and scalability) described how the pharmacist-clinician role develops from local sense-making and interprofessional adoption to enactment through workplace learning. Although individual initiative enabled early uptake, the role remained highly context-dependent. An NPT-informed synthesis showed that long-term sustainment relied mainly on organisational support and structural embedding, and less on individual factors. Our findings imply that embedding the pharmacist-clinician role should be approached as an organisational effort rather than merely as an expansion of professional competencies. Its sustainable development requires deliberate implementation, clear role definition, and organisational support for embedding the role in everyday practice.

The evaluation of innovative oncology medicines presents significant challenges related to the selection of appropriate clinical endpoints and the sufficiency of evidence, particularly in therapeutic areas, such as immunotherapies, targeted treatments, single-arm trials, and tumor-agnostic therapies. In these contexts, the added value of new treatments is often not adequately captured by traditional clinical trial endpoints, such as overall survival (OS), which remains the gold standard in oncology assessment. This article aims to analyze the main sources of uncertainty in the value assessment of oncology therapies in Spain, with a focus on the limitations of current endpoints and evidence-generation processes, and to provide recommendations for enhancing the recognition and assessment of additional clinical benefit. A multidisciplinary expert panel composed of twelve professionals, including medical oncologists, hospital pharmacists, health economists, and patient representatives, was convened to identify and discuss key sources of uncertainty in the value assessment of oncology treatments, particularly those related to clinical endpoint selection and evidence generation. The panel participated in three structured plenary sessions. Additional external experts were engaged to provide complementary input in areas, such as tumor-specific characteristics and statistical methodology. Consensus statements were developed through an iterative process of discussion, critical appraisal, and refinement across and between sessions. The expert panel issued twelve recommendations to improve value assessment in oncology. These include tailoring clinical endpoints to treatment type, tumor characteristics, and stage; complementing overall survival with milestone analysis and quality-of-life measures; and standardizing real-world evidence collection across the healthcare system. The panel advocated for a national portfolio of prioritized endpoints, appropriate statistical methods by context, and the conditional use of early-phase data for decision-making. Additional recommendations addressed the use of synthetic control arms, flexible reimbursement models, advanced analytics (e.g., AI and Big Data), evaluator expertise, and the promotion of stakeholder training and transparency. Addressing the challenges of clinical endpoint selection and evidence generation is essential to reduce uncertainty in the value assessment of innovative oncology treatments. The twelve expert recommendations outlined in this study provide a structured roadmap to improve methodological consistency, enhance the relevance and robustness of clinical and real-world data, and promote a more adaptive and transparent evaluation framework. These proposals aim to support more evidence-based, equitable, and sustainable decision-making within the Spanish healthcare system, while aligning with broader European initiatives in oncology drug assessment.

Background Pharmaceutical services play a critical role in safeguarding medication safety and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Their value is increasingly recognized in China, where recent policy reforms have introduced new medical service pricing items, and several provinces have piloted an inpatient consultation fee (clinical pharmacy surcharge), namely inpatient pharmacist consultation (IPC), as a billable services. Objective This study used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate hospitalized patients’ preferences for IPC and the factors shaping these choices, providing evidence to inform service development and policy-making. Methods Study attributes and levels were derived from literature review, patient surveys, and expert interviews. Attributes included hospital tier (tertiary vs. non-tertiary), pharmacist professional title (attending pharmacist, associate chief pharmacist, chief pharmacist), consultation frequency (once, three times, five times per week), duration (5, 10, 15 min), service outcome (improved efficacy vs. reduced medication errors), and unit cost (10 or 15 CNY per session; 1 CNY ≈ 0.15 USD). A DCE questionnaire was administered to inpatients across six Sichuan hospitals. Preferences were analyzed using a mixed logit model to estimate regression coefficients ( β ) and willingness-to-pay (WTP). Results Of 320 valid responses, patients preferred consultations delivered by associate chief pharmacists ( β = 0.182, p < 0.001; WTP 5.00 CNY) in tertiary hospitals ( β = 0.138, p < 0.001; WTP 3.80 CNY), with a primary focus on reducing medication errors ( β = 0.125, p = 0.002; WTP 3.42 CNY). Patients favored three sessions per week ( β = 0.156, p = 0.005; WTP 4.29 CNY) lasting 15 min each ( β = 0.133, p = 0.016; WTP 3.65 CNY). Service cost had a limited negative influence on choices ( β = −0.036, p < 0.001) within the narrow price range of 10 to 15 CNY tested in this study. The optimal profile (associate chief pharmacist, tertiary hospital, three times per week, 15 min/session, error reduction focus, 10 CNY/session) achieved a 68.4% predicted choice probability. Subgroup analyses showed that low-income patients prioritized consultation frequency, urban patients preferred longer duration, and patients with chronic diseases emphasized efficacy over error reduction. Conclusion Inpatients demonstrated clear preferences for attributes of IPC, with variations by income, residence, and chronic disease status. Greater involvement of clinical pharmacists, tailored adjustment of consultation frequency and duration, and integration into hierarchical diagnosis and treatment and chronic disease management were encouraged. Price has limited influence on choices. We recommend including pharmaceutical consultations in health insurance reimbursement after pilot programs.

The voices of implementers are crucial in enhancing policy implementation. In the North West Province of South Africa, there have been no studies on the implementation of national guidelines for patient safety incident reporting since its introduction. Hence, this study explored the implementation of the national guidelines for patient safety incident reporting in selected public hospitals in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district from the implementers' perspectives. This study employed a qualitative exploratory design with purposive sampling of hospital leaders, nurses, doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and pharmacists, leading to a total of 23 focus group discussions, spread across three participating hospitals, with four to seven participants in each focus group. The policy triangle framework of context, content, actors, and process guided the development of the focus group discussion guide and informed a deductive thematic analysis. Seven themes emerged, including contextual issues leading to implementing guidelines, common incidents & contributing factors, clarity of policy content, actors' knowledge, role clarity, motivation, and implementation process. The context of implementing guidelines was a need to standardise reporting practices, improve record-keeping, and mitigate potential litigation risks. Key contributing factors to patient safety incidents were inadequate security response, staff shortages, and resource constraints. The content of standard operating procedures was clear, yet lengthy. Discrepancies between the reporting tool and standard operating procedures complicated the reporting process. The actors' knowledge gaps hindered accurate reporting. Managers lacked effective strategies for motivating their reporting staff, further impeding the system's efficacy. While intrinsic motivation, grounded in professional accountability, drove some reporting, fears of consequences were present. The process of reporting was considered burdensome, and insufficient feedback mechanisms left staff uncertain about the value of their contributions. To improve implementation of the patient safety incident reporting, a system-wide approach is necessary; healthcare providers and leaders' knowledge must be improved, strategies to motivate reporting must be explored, leaders must create environments conducive for reporting, including protection of the reporters, and improvements after every reported system-level weakness are mandatory in order to encourage reporting. If reporting is for learning, anonymous reporting should be emphasised. Reporting processes must be made easy and consider available technology.

Barriers to access to anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in Spain: survey of neurologists, hospital pharmacists, and patients.

The Committee for Anti-infective Therapy within the Federal Association of German Hospital Pharmacists (ADKA) regularly surveys the status of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) implementation in German hospitals. Following the last survey in 2017, an updated S3 guideline on AMS was published. This current survey conducted by the ADKA in 2023 aimed to assess the status of AMS implementation, highlight developments over time and analyse pharmacists' participation in AMS activities. From 13 March to 20 April 2023, an online survey was conducted among all chief pharmacists of hospital pharmacies in Germany. The questionnaire covered structural and process characteristics of AMS, as well as questions regarding pharmacists' involvement. The data were evaluated descriptively and compared to data from the 2017 survey. Data from 226 hospitals were analysed. 85 % of the hospitals have a multidisciplinary AMS team (51 % according to the S3 guideline). However, only 9 % met the staffing level recommendations for AMS activities. Hospital pharmacists are heavily involved in AMS activities, regardless of explicit funding. The implementation rate of AMS strategies mostly correlates with AMS staffing levels. The results demonstrate a positive trend in the implementation of AMS teams and interventions. Pharmacists play a central role in conducting AMS strategies. However, staffing levels fall short of national recommendations and international standards, limiting the comprehensive implementation of AMS. Hospital pharmacists play a crucial role in AMS. There is a sufficient number of qualified pharmacists. To ensure widespread establishment of AMS programmes in German hospitals, however, investment in human resources and infrastructure is necessary.

Standardized classification of pharmaceutical interventions in intensive care units.

Multiple medication safety recommendations to reduce preventable medication-related hospitalisations have been introduced in the Netherlands. Still, these hospitalisations remain prevalent. This might be due to suboptimal implementation in clinical practice. Therefore, more insight is needed into barriers and facilitators for the implementation of these medication safety recommendations across healthcare sectors. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators for implementing medication safety recommendations across healthcare sectors from the perspective of various stakeholders. A selection of 17 Dutch medication safety recommendations targeting medications responsible for a large proportion of medication-related hospitalisations was evaluated in focus groups to identify barriers and facilitators to their implementation. These included recommendations for: reducing fall risk in elderly; initiating prophylactic medication; monitoring patients at risk of electrolyte disorders; clarifying responsibilities for patient care; informing patients about alarm symptoms; and prescribing antithrombotics on strict indication. Stakeholders were selected through purposive sampling based on their profession and healthcare sector. Transcripts of audio-recordings were analysed inductively, after which implementation factors were categorised using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Thirty stakeholders were divided into five focus groups. These included community pharmacists (n = 9), general practitioners (n = 4), hospital pharmacists (n = 3), representatives from healthcare knowledge organisations (n = 3), patient representatives (n = 2), medical specialists (n = 2), nurses (n = 2), and other stakeholders (n = 5). Forty-nine barriers and facilitators were identified. Key themes were lack of specified responsibilities, limited information exchange, local collaboration and protocol adherence. Recommendations with a lower level of implementation often required collaboration with multiple healthcare providers, whereas recommendations with a higher level of implementation were frequently supported by clinical decision support systems. A broad range of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of medication safety recommendations was identified. Overall, the findings highlight the need for recommendations with specified responsibilities, improved information exchange, strengthened local collaboration, and increased protocol adherence.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined intervention consisting of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) integrated into the hospital information system (HIS) and pharmacist consultation in managing drug-disease interactions (DDSIs) among outpatients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) comorbidities at a Tertiary Hospital in Vietnam. A pre- and post-interventional study was conducted using data from outpatient prescriptions and electronic medical records. The pre-intervention phase took place from May 1 to August 31, 2024, followed by the post-intervention phase from September 15, 2024, to January 15, 2025. Following the CDSS implementation in September 2024, clinical pharmacists performed interventions, which were prospectively documented. Descriptive statistics and comparative tests were used for data analysis. Patient characteristics were comparable between two phases, with a mean age of 76 ± 8.5 years (pre-intervention phase) and 77 ± 7.5 years (post-intervention phase). After the intervention, the prevalence of absolute contraindication showed a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05). The rate of relative contraindication plummeted from 0.33% to 0.01% (P < 0.05). Notably, relative contraindications involving bisoprolol - chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and gliclazide-hepatic fibrosis - cirrhosis sharply reduced post-intervention (P < 0.001). "Use with caution" interactions also witnessed a decline from 0.20% to 0.13% (P < 0.05), most significantly for lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide - gout (P < 0.001). Pharmacist interventions were largely fully accepted, except for a few gout-related cases that received partial acceptance. No interventions were rejected. The integration of CDSS into HIS and pharmacist interventions were associated with significantly reduced harmful DDSIs in high-risk CV-DM patients. This approach demonstrates the value of integrated clinical tools and multidisciplinary collaboration in optimizing medication safety in outpatient settings.

Against the backdrop of the rapid integration of artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems (AI-CDSSs) into pharmacy practice, the actual acceptance of these systems by pharmacists and the underlying psychological and organizational mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Grounded in the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), this study examines the factors influencing hospital pharmacists' intention to use AI-CDSS and their subsequent usage behavior in China. The UTAUT framework was augmented by incorporating two additional constructs: technology trust and perceived risk. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the hypothesized relationships among variables. The results indicated that performance expectancy (β = 0.308), effort expectancy (β = 0.274), and technology trust (β = 0.252) exerted significant positive effects on behavioral intention, whereas perceived risk showed a significant negative influence (β = -0.164). Social influence was not a significant predictor. Behavioral intention (β = 0.676) and facilitating conditions (β = 0.326) were both direct predictors of usage behavior. The acceptance of AI-CDSS among hospital pharmacists is primarily driven by perceptions of performance benefits, ease of use, and trust in the technology. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing the clinical value, algorithm transparency, and organizational support for AI-CDSS implementation. This study extends the theoretical applicability of UTAUT in high-stakes AI-mediated clinical environments.

Supply chain management is a major challenge for hospital pharmacists, particularly in minimising stock-outs and their impact on patient care. This study aimed to map the risks associated with the supply chain of sterile medical devices in the operating room using a patient-centred approach. Risk analysis, conducted using the 'failure modes and effects analysis' approach, took place in 2024. It focused on the sterile medical devices supply chain within an operating room pharmaceutical unit. A multidisciplinary working group developed a risk map for stock discrepancies in four stages: identification of risks, risk rating based on occurrence and severity, listing of control measures and prioritisation of risks. The risk analysis identified 52 risks across seven subprocesses, with 10% of these risks classified as priority. These priority risks mainly involved the emergency dispensing of equipment in the operating room, the scheduled provision of medical devices through the preparation of case carts, and the storage of products in the pharmaceutical unit. Key areas for improvement included staff training, enhancing software expertise and strengthening quality assurance. This study presents the first risk map of stock errors for health products in a hospital setting. This approach is applicable to other supply chains in healthcare. Effective risk management depends on a collective effort and the engagement of all stakeholders. Optimising stock management is critical in enhancing the quality and safety of care provided to patients.

This case describes the individualised pharmacological management of a 2-month-old infant with genetically confirmed type I hypertriglyceridemia due to lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency. After the failure of conventional treatment and contraindication to plasmapheresis, intravenous insulin therapy was initiated, followed by subcutaneous insulin and omega-3 fatty acid adjustment. The hospital pharmacist played a key role in selecting off-label treatments, adapting pharmaceutical forms for paediatric use and performing therapeutic reconciliation. The approach was effective and safe, achieving triglyceride levels below 1000 mg/dL and clinical stability. This report contributes practical evidence on alternative treatment strategies for a rare disease with limited therapeutic options in paediatrics, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and pharmaceutical care.

Abstract Pharmacy practice research is vital for evidence-based pharmaceutical care. Despite broad recognition of its value, it is unclear how pharmacy practice research skills should systematically be addressed in pharmacy education. This paper elaborates on how research is embedded in undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate pharmacy education in the Netherlands and how this is put into pharmacy practice, and provides recommendations for further development of pharmacy practice research education. Utrecht University is taken as an example for undergraduate and graduate pharmacy education in the Netherlands. The bachelor’s phase provides a strong scientific foundation and systematic training in research skills, while the master’s emphasizes clinical and practice-oriented learning. Pharmacy practice research assignments are embedded throughout master-level rotations in community and hospital pharmacies, engaging students and supervising pharmacists in real-world research. This model familiarizes future pharmacists early on by engaging with practice-based research questions, collecting and interpreting data, and reflecting on their implications. After graduation, research and quality improvement remain core components of postgraduate specialization for both community and hospital pharmacists, although time pressures and workload limit routine involvement in practice-based research. Strengthening national coordination of research priorities, systematically linking student projects to high-quality practice research, and investing in doctor of philosophy pathways for community pharmacists could build sustainable research capacity. Together, these measures would more closely integrate education, research, and practice and thereby advance evidence-based pharmaceutical care in the Netherlands.