Horse-drawn Carriage Research Articles

OS2 日本の車技術の源流を探る : 牛車と車輪

Author thinks it is undisputed fact that today's automotive is the direct descendant of horse-drawn carriage used in western countries. On the other hand, we had used ox-drawn carriage in our medieval history. Although the knowledge of ox carriage went to oblivion from modern automotive engineer, they themselves had pregnant universe. This paper is one attempt to dig out our lost roots of wheeled vehicle from many aspects; origin, structure and utilization style.

IDEAS INTO REALITY - TRAVEL IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY.

Keywords SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY TRAVEL, TRAFFIC, TECHNOLOGY, GROWTH, CONGESTION, POLLUTION, SUSTAINABILITY, ROADS, HIGHWAYS, TOWNS, CITIES, URBAN, PLANNING, ENGINEERING, TRANSPORT, CARS, VEHICLES, ENVIRONMENT, MOBILITY, BEHAVIOUR, CONTROL, SYSTEMS, TELEMATICS, POLICIES... Show All

Class and Environmental History: Lessons from “The War in the Adirondacks”

In the waning days of 1903, the editor of the Adirondack News paused to reflect upon recent events in the Adirondack Park, a three million-acre tract of land that was both a favorite vacation spot for wealthy Easterners and the centerpiece of New York State's conservation policies. On the surface, with its dense forests of spruce and fir framing crystalline mountain lakes, the Adirondacks seemed a picture of pastoral tranquility. Yet recently a wave of social turmoil had swept across the region. In early summer, arsonists took advantage of an unseasonable drought to set a number of fires that had ravaged the park's woodlands. Unknown snipers fired shots at the foresters who patrolled state forest lands and at the guards who oversaw the region's private game preserves. In September 1903, Orrando Dexter, the owner of a ten thousand-acre preserve in the park, was ambushed and killed while out for a ride in his horse-drawn carriage. Just days later, New York City publisher John C. Freund and his family barely escaped with their lives after several assailants torched their vacation house on Raquette Lake. Such untoward happenings, observed the Adirondack News, were a clear manifestation of the hostility of the region's backwoodsmen to the recent changes in the Adirondacks, especially the closing up of all the roads and pathways and fishing grounds that were formerly used in common. The coming of conservation, the paper concluded, had unexpectedly fostered an atmosphere of class hatred that now pervades the region.' The editor's decision to place class relations at the heart of the conflict unfolding in the mountains of northern New York ought to compel our attention, not only because it can help us to understand the events in the Adirondacks, but because class is a category that remains little explored by environmental historians. Labor historians such as David Montgomery, Sean Wilentz, and Herbert Gutman have long focused on the different ways that various social classes related to the structures of power and conceptualized the world around them. Yet one seldom finds class operating in this manner in environmental history's more prominent works. Donald Worster's Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s,

The Case Against Arbitral Awards of Specific Performance in Transnational Commercial Disputes

> In the case of a binding promise that it shall rain tomorrow , the immediate legal effect of what the promisor does is, that he takes the risk of the event, within certain defined limits, as between himself and the promisee. He does no more when he promises to deliver a bale of cotton. … The only universal consequence of a legally binding promise is, that the law makes the promisor pay damages if the promised event does not come to pass. > > [Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr, The Common Law (ed. M. Howe, 1963) (1881) at pp. 235–236] THESE WORDS about the limitations of the concept of promise, written by Justice Holmes in a commercial age characterized by the horse-drawn carriage and the steamship, represent one side in a doctrinal and philosophical controversy over the nature of contractual obligation that is at least a century old. Their characterization of the remedial device available to an injured promisee highlights particularly well a fundamental incongruence between contractual rights and moral entitlements: is a contracting party entitled to demand that it receive the benefit of its bargain by exacting an enforced performance from its promisor, or is the contract, as Justice Holmes would argue, merely a promise in the alternative - either to perform or to pay damages? It is a testament to the hardiness of this intellectual dispute about the proper nature of contractual relief that in today's world, where commercial relations are increasingly described by near-instantaneous transfers of capital and resources across national boundaries, the debate has not been resolved. But the continuing vitality of this perennial question in the transnational commercial context should give thoughtful lawyers pause: the issue has not been settled definitively in the various fora where international commercial relations are played out. Contracts of a transnational nature are …

Custom Automotive Coachbuilding in the United States, 1900-1940

From the early days of the automobile until the sobering years of the Great Depression, a market existed in the United States (and in Europe) for custom designed and crafted automobile bodies. Some wealthy men and women; not content with the standard offerings of luxury automobile manufacturers such as Packard, Pierce-Arrow, and Lincoln; were willing to spend additional sums on coachwork custom designed and built by a separate company, and then placed upon the bare chassis supplied by the auto company. A few highclass automobile makers, such as Duesenberg and the American Rolls-Royce, deferred to this preference of their clientele, and manufactured chassis only. Such a custom-bodied motor car would be recognized by the owner's peers as a sign of uncommon taste and wealth. The American custom automotive coachbuilding industry stemmed from the earlier luxury horse-drawn industry, and reached its apex in the late 1920s, at a time when a flourishing carriage trade market was able to support more than a dozen luxury automotive coachbuilding firms. Yet, within a few years, after the October 1929 stock market crash, the field had been decimated as urban mobs often stoned any passing ostentatious conveyance, and the remaining upper crust chose a low profile public appearance. By America's entry into World War II, the industry was all but dead. The horse-drawn carriage, or coach as we envision it today, was developed in Europe in the seventeenth century; as doors, windows, and metal suspension springs came into use. By the end of that century, basic construction methods had evolved which were to continue largely unchanged through the first half of the twentieth century. Fundamentally, a consisted of a strong timber frame, strengthened by iron connections, covered by thin wooden panels and a leather roof, and placed on a spring suspension and wheels. In the early twentieth century, the wooden side panels and leather roof were replaced with aluminum or steel, but the crafts involved remained the same. With the advent of the automobile and the resultant demise of horse-drawn vehicles, the same firms that previously had made carriages saw the necessity to move into some aspect of the emerging automotive industry. Some, such as Studebaker, chose to design and manufacture the entire vehicle, and became full-fledged autoAll illustrations are from the automotive sales literature collection of the author.

One Multimedia Medical World

Contrary to recent reports describing the pending demise of biomedical journals,¹print versions of medical journals are not yet ready to go the way of the horse-drawn carriage. And to avoid an information gap for those who do not wish to receive medical information on-line, we are not abandoning our print journals and jumping into cyberspace. We are not, however, resting on our paper laurels. For many years, we have written and spoken of one medical world²—all humankind as brothers and sisters. Now we speak about serving the information needs of one medical world. We at the American Medical Association have been at this for more than 100 years. Mostly, we use print periodicals—<i>JAMA</i>, nine primary-source specialist journals, 44 secondary-source medical journals distributed worldwide in 11 languages, and<i>American Medical News</i>, the weekly medical newspaper. But it's time to extend this reach even further. Our journals

Egon Hynek Kodicek, 3 August 1908 - 27 July 1982

Egon Hynek Kodicek was born on 3 August 1908 at Kamenny Ujezd, a little village on the river Moldau in southern Bohemia, which at that time was part of the Austro -Hungarian Empire. He was an only child and his father was a general medical practitioner, trained in Vienna. Egon’s father was widely known in the region for his expert diagnostic skills. Using only his senses of touch, vision and smell he was able correctly to identify disease processes where other doctors would need the help of hospital facilities. As a doctor he was much influenced by the teaching of Sigmund Freud and he was one of the first to use psychological methods, when appropriate, in the treatment of disease. Egon admired and had an enormous respect for his father and sometimes would accompany him in his horse-drawn carriage on visits to patients. When Egon was 6 years old the family moved to nearby Budweis, where his father had been appointed doctor-in-charge of the military hospital there. Although his grandparents on both sides w ere orthodox Jews, Egon’s parents were not religious and he described him self and his father as ‘Czech liberals’

Horseless Carriage &amp; Cracked Mirror: The Electronic Media in the Pacific Islands

Some of the problems of television, I believe, are the result of the uncritical transplantation of certain of the norms of radio. It is something like the early automobile, which was designed with features of its predecessor, the horsedrawn carriage … I want to argue that the carriage is not only horseless but driverless as well … it is my impression that television (especially in new and small nations) goes off on its own way, despite the best efforts of often capable and willful people. Television in new nation X, with all that nation's aspirations for indigenous cultural creativity seems to want to be like television everywhere else, and nobody seems able to stop it. Elihu Katz, ‘Television as a Horseless Carriage’, (1973 p381) Perhaps the most useful contribution TV can make to a community is the opportunity it offers for increased self-awareness. By ‘holding, up a mirror’ for a society, more effectively than any other medium, TV vastly increases the flow of information, ideas, entertainment, opinion, and can encourage involvement by all levels of society in the development of a sense of identity. But this is only possible if local people have control of the medium and access to it. Ian Johnstone, ‘From Closed to Open Television in the South Pacific’, (1973, p7) Colonialism is a communication system that presents cracked mirrors which distort reflections of our true selves. Lasarusa Vusoniwailala, Fijian Broadcaster, (1976, p4) I think media are so powerful they swallow cultures. I think of them as invisible environments which surround and destroy old environments, Sensitivity to problems of culture conflict and conquest becomes meaningless here, for media conquers all cultures. One may pretend that media preserve and present the old by recording it on film and tape, but that is mere distraction, a sleight-of-hand possible when people keep their eyes focused on content. Edmund Carpenter, Communications consultant to New Guinea Administration (1973, pp190–191)

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE AID OF CRIPPLED CHILDREN IN RELATION TO GRANTS FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH

The board of the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children asked me to convey its greetings to the participants in this conference and the hope that it would prove to be a valuable one. The Association is happy to have had a part in making the conference possible and it is an additional pleasure to have joined with the Human Embryology and Development Study Section of the National Institutes of Health in furnishing the auspices for it. On the assumption that not everyone is acquainted with the present program of the Association and why it is interested particularly in teratology and related research, a brief description of the current program will be given. The Association was founded in 1900. Its first service was the teaching of crippled children. As new developments dictated, it moved later into a program of financial, material and medical aid to handicapped children and their families and later to nursing and physical therapy and the teaching of public health nurses in orthopedic nursing. In 1900, a horse-drawn carriage trundled through a small East Side New York neighborhood bringing crippled children to the first special class in the city conducted by the Association. In 1953, a huge Stratoliner flew the Association's director halfway around the world to help plan for the rehabilitation of Korean children. This switch from horsepower to air power is more than symbolic. It represents the changes in program brought about through the years. The Association had a part in shifting the focus of interest in handicapped children from the handicap itself to the whole child and his total needs and this in turn led to a new emphasis on prevention.