COVID-19 is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response associated with endothelial dysfunction and microvascular complications Unfortunately, no specific treatment for the disease and its life-threatening complications is available as of now Ozone (O3) gas is a molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms in a dynamically unstable structure due to the presence of mesomeric states Although O3 can have dangerous effects, it can have many therapeutic effects due to hormesis The direct effect of ozone may be the direct inactivation of COVID-19, stimulation of oxygen metabolism, and activation of the immune system Fortunately, COVID-19 contains sulfur-bound proteins that can be easily damaged through ozone oxidation This structural content can be crucial to the antiviral effect because ozone can easily break down the double bonds in sulfur protein structures through a reaction called ozonolysis Therefore, medical ozone can help reduce pneumonia, slow viral replication, regulate lung circulation and oxygenation, and prevent microvascular thrombosis Ozone therapy can be considered as a cost-effective and easy-to-administer adjunct therapy while awaiting the development of a specific drug or vaccine for COVID-19 Furthermore, a growing number of studies have shown that ozone can be used as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19

Natural products and traditional medicines are of great importance. Recent studies have demonstrated, that cereal grass juice improves wound healing, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes have not been fully characterized. Also, the full phytochemical characteristics of freshly squeezed juices obtained from cereal grasses is still missing. Thus, in this study a multi-dimensional analysis of juice parameters like refraction value, pH, chlorophyll and flavonoids content as well as antioxidant properties was performed. The results demonstrate that the effect induced by freshly squeezed cereal juices is strictly cell type-dependent. In this study, it is shown for the first time, that in normal fibroblasts (BJ cells) low dose cereal grass juices exhibit strong adaptive response through hormetic mechanism mediated by NF-κB/HO-1 and insulin/IGF-1 anti-oxidant pathways. As consequence, the process of wound healing is significantly upregulated. In cancer cells (ES-2 cells), despite anti-oxidant defense mechanism activation, levels of ROS and RNS are elevated. This leads to enhanced O-GlcNAcylation, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, and as a result impaired wound healing. This study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms through which cereal grass juices activate hermetic adaptation response in normal fibroblasts, and induce cytotoxic and genotoxic events in cancer cells.

Introduction: Hormesis and adaptive responses are two important biological effects of low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) in organism and mammalian cell lines. Notably, LDIR generates distinct biological effects in cancer cells from normal cells, e.g., it may affect the growth of cancer cells via the activation of certain cell signaling pathway, which does not exist in normal cells. Therefore, LDIR is considered as a promising assistant method of clinical cancer therapy. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the intermittent LDIR effect on breast cancer, MDA–MB–231 cells were divided into four experimental groups. Group A, cells were irradiated in 10 fractions with a dose of 30 mGy at each one. The time interval between two irradiations was 24h. Group B, were cultured simultaneously for the same10 days and received a dose of 300 mGy and subsequently a high dose of 2 Gy after 24h. Group C, accepted a single high dose of 2 Gy. Group D was mock irradiation group as control. We examined cell proliferation activity using MTT assay and PI-Annexin V kit to assay cell apoptosis after 24 hours of last irradiation dose (2Gy). Also we used RT-PCR to examine the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathway. For this purpose we examined p21 and cespase3 genes in this study. Results: The intermittent LDIR increased cell apoptosis up to 32.55% and in other groups, apoptosis were 30.14%, 25.49% and 8.37% in single LDIR, HDIR and control group respectively. The apoptosis percentages were markedly higher than in the intermittent LDIR groups (P<0.01). Through the cell growth assays, we observed that 300 mGy intermittent LDIR significantly increased the killing effect of radiotherapy (viability: 71.95%) (P<0.01). Although apoptosis in intermittent LDIR was the highest (32.55%) in comparison with other groups, the expression of caspase3 gene in this group was the lowest (1.42fold), 4.26fold and 5.2 fold in single LDIR and HDIR respectively. On the other, the expression of p21 gene, which plays the role of cell cycle arresting, was the lowest in intermittent LDIR group (1.21fold) which suggests that low dose of radiation can reduce the expression of p21 gene and promotes cell cycle in damaged cell and finally causes the death of cancer cells. Conclusion: Intermittent LDIR followed by HDIR are a novel strategy to improve radiotherapy efficiency and could be combined with other therapeutic modalities for cancer treatments. Low dose has a different mechanism for killing cancer cells, therefore, it has no killing effect on normal cells.

Although seldom considered, sublethal insecticide exposure may lead to harmful, neutral, or even beneficial responses that may affect (or not) the behavior and fitness of the exposed insects. Intriguingly, little is known about such effects on stored product insect pests and even less is available regarding the bioinsecticide, spinosad. Thus, we assessed the sublethal effects of spinosad on walking, feeding, drinking and mating behaviors of maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais), also assessing their survival, reproductive output, and grain loss compared with maize weevils exposed to the pyrethroid deltamethrin (as positive control), and water only (negative control). Both spinosad and deltamethrin were able to effectively control the insects, although the latter caused a faster mortality than the former. Behavioral pattern changes were caused by both insecticides, especially deltamethrin, triggering irritability (i.e., avoidance after contact). Different feeding and drinking responses were also detected with significant avoidance to deltamethrin, but not to spinosad. Maize weevil couples sublethally exposed to deltamethrin and spinosad exhibited altered reproductive behavior, a likely consequence of their altered activity, but deltamethrin caused greater behavioral changes. Curiously, higher progeny emergence and grain loss were observed in deltamethrin-exposed insects, suggesting that this pyrethroid insecticide elicits hormesis in maize weevils that may compromise control efficacy by this compound. In contrast, such effect was not detected with spinosad, which did not elicit avoidance allowing the intended weevil exposure and control.

The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the current evidence reported in the literature on the efficacy of resting in normobaric hypoxia as a potential intervention for patients with impaired fasting blood glucose. Available databases was searched, under the PRISMA guidelines, throughout to the end of August 2017. A total of four empirical studies (out of 3281 filtered) were identified as eligible for the review. Two studies were on the acute effects of one-hour exposure to moderate hypoxia, and reported a reduction of blood glucose by 0.74 to 2.1 mM. The other two studies were on the effects of repeated exposure with nine to ten sessions in two to three weeks, however did not shown sustained decrease in fasting blood glucose. These studies employed self-controlled design with relatively small numbers of participants (n= 6-18). Similar findings were also reported in studies on the effects of exercising in hypoxia with single bout or several weeks of intervention. Further research, particularly randomised controlled clinical trials, is required to determine the efficacy and hormetic dosage range of long-term IH intervention on pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the treatment effects.;

Die Vorhersage des Auftretens und des Ausmases von stimulierenden Wirkungen subtoxischer Dosierungen (Hormesis) in Herbizidmischungen ist eine anspruchsvolle und notwendige Aufgabe, da Herbizid-Expositionen in der Praxis haufig in Mischungen und bei niedrigen Dosierungen erfolgen konnen, z.B. bei Abdrift, Anwendungsfehlern, Schutz durch Mulchauflagen, Herbizidresistenz oder kleinraumiger Heterogenitat der Applikationsmenge. Wahrend Mischungswirkungen im toxischen Dosisbereich zuverlassig modelliert und vorhergesagt werden konnen, fehlt fur die Auswertung im hormetischen Dosisbereich bisher ein einfacher statistischer Ansatz. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Vorhersage von Hormesis-induzierenden Dosierungen durch Modelle, die fur monotone Dosis-Wirkungszusammenhange entwickelt wurden, hinreichend moglich ist. Im Gegensatz dazu gestaltet sich die Vorhersage der Amplitude der Stimulation, als eines der Hauptmerkmale der Hormesis, als schwierig. Derzeit stehen keine mechanistischen Modelle zur Verfugung um die Amplitude in Mischungen vorherzusagen, noch gibt es ein allgemein akzeptiertes statistisches Modell. Dennoch wurden einige vielversprechende Versuche unternommen, die hormetische Amplitude in Mischungen von herbiziden Wirkstoffen vorherzusagen. Diese Versuche zeigen, dass es grundsatzlich moglich ist, eine hormetische Stimulation in Mischungen zu modellieren und dadurch wertvolle Einblicke in das Phanomen der Herbizid-Hormesis zu gewinnen. Die Errungenschaften dieser Versuche werden zusammengefasst und zukunftiger Forschungsbedarf und Grenzen werden diskutiert.

Biogerontology is the study of the biological basis of ageing and age-related diseases. The phenomenon and the process of ageing are well understood in evolutionary and biological terms; and a conceptual framework has been established within which general principles of ageing and longevity can be formulated. The phenotype of ageing in terms of progressive loss of physical function and fitness is best seen during the period of survival after the evolution-determined essential lifespan (ELS) of a species. However, the ageing phenotype is highly heterogenous and individualistic at all levels from the whole body to the molecular one. Most significantly, the process and the progression of ageing are not determined by any specific gerontogenes. Ageing is the result of imperfect maintenance and repair systems that allow a progressive shrinkage of the homeodynamic space of an individual. The challenge is to develop and apply wholistic approaches to the complex trait of ageing for maintaining and/or improving health. One such approach is that of mild stress-induced physiological hormesis by physical, mental and nutritional hormetins. Biogerontological research offers numerous opportunities for developing evidence-based novel biomedical technologies for maintaining and improving health, for preventing the onset of age-related diseases, and for extending the health-span. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Pest Management ScienceVolume 70, Issue 5 p. 689-689 Editorial Hormesis with Pesticides Stephen O. Duke, Corresponding Author Stephen O. Duke Editor-in-Chief Oxford, Mississippi, USAE-mail: sduke@olemiss.eduSearch for more papers by this author Stephen O. Duke, Corresponding Author Stephen O. Duke Editor-in-Chief Oxford, Mississippi, USAE-mail: sduke@olemiss.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 April 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3756Citations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume70, Issue5May 2014Pages 689-689 RelatedInformation

The growing impact of herbicide resistant weeds increasingly affects weed management and the delay of resistance evolution has become a major task of chemical weed control. Hormesis and, thus, the phenomenon that low doses of herbicides can boost weed growth could be of importance in this regard since the recommended field rate may represent a low dose for weeds that have evolved resistance to the applied herbicide and, thus, a potential hormetic dose. Applying the field rate may thus not only directly select resistant biotypes, it may also indirectly promote the success and spread of resistant biotypes via hormesis. Nevertheless, hormetic effects in resistant weeds are hitherto merely randomly observed and, thus, a clear quantitative basis to judge the significance of hormesis for resistance evolution is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed at quantifying the degree and frequency of herbicide hormesis in sensitive and resistant weed species in order to provide a first indication of whether the phenomenon deserves consideration as a potential factor contributing to the development of herbicide resistance. In germination assays complete dose-response experiments were conducted with sensitive and resistant biotypes of Matricaria inodora (ALS-target-site resistant; treated with iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl), Eleusine indica (glyphosate­resistant; treated with glyphosate), and Chenopodium album (triazine/triazinone-target-site resistant; treated with terbuthylazine). After 10 days of cultivation under controlled conditions plant growth was analyzed by measuring shoot/root length and mass. Results indicated that herbicide hormesis occurred on average with a total frequency of 29% in sensitive/resistant biotypes with an average growth increase of 53% occurring typically within a dose zone exceeding 350fold. Hormetic effects occurred, however, very variable and only for specific endpoints and not plant growth in general. If such a variable stimulation of specific traits will translate to resistance relevant growth promotion under more practical conditions is uncertain. None-the-less, for a full understanding of the development of herbicide resistance, hormetic effects should be considered as a potential factor in resistance evolution. Keywords: Biphasic, growth stimulation, herbicides, target-site resistance Ist Hormesis ein unterschatzter Faktor bei der Entwicklung von Herbizidresistenz? Zusammenfassung Der wachsende Einfluss der Herbizidresistenz in Unkrautern erschwert zunehmend das Unkrautmanagement und das Hinauszogern der Resistenzentwicklung ist zu einem wichtigen Aspekt der chemischen Unkrautkontrolle geworden. Hormesis und damit das Phanomen, dass niedrige Dosierungen von Herbiziden das Unkrautwachstum fordern konnen, konnte in diesem Zusammenhang von Bedeutung sein, da die empfohlene Aufwandmenge fur resistente Unkrauter eine niedrige Dosis und somit eine hormetische Dosis darstellen kann. Eine Applikation der empfohlenen Aufwandmenge konnte somit nicht nur direkt resistente Biotypen selektieren, sondern die Ausbreitung von resistenten Biotypen durch Hormesis indirekt fordern. Bisher wurden hormetische Effekte bei resistenten Unkrautern allerdings nur zufallig beobachtet, sodass die Datenbasis nicht ausreicht, um die Relevanz hormetischer Effekte fur die Resistenzentwicklung abzuschatzen. Ziel dieser Studie war es deshalb, das Ausmas und das Auftreten von Hormesis in sensitiven und resistenten Unkautbiotypen zu untersuchen, um einen Hinweis darauf zu erhalten, ob Hormesis als potentieller Mechanismus zur Resistenzentwicklung beitragen konnte. In Keimtests wurden deshalb Dosis-Wirkungsversuche durchgefuhrt mit sensitiven und resistenten Biotypen von Matricaria inodora (ALS-Target-Site Resistenz; Behandlung mit Iodosulfuron-methyl-Natrium/Mesosulfuron-methyl), Eleusine indica (Glyphosat­resistent; Behandlung mit Glyphosat) und Chenopodium album (Triazin/Triazinon-Target-Site Resistenz; Behandlung mit Terbuthylazin). Nach 10 Tagen Versuchsdauer wurden die Lange und das Gewicht von Spross und Wurzel als Wirkungsparameter erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass hormetische Effekte sowohl beim sensitiven, als auch beim resistenten Biotyp im Durchschnitt mit einer Frequenz von 29% auftrat bei einer durchschnittlichen Wachstumsstimulierung von 53% und einem hormetischen Dosisbereich von durch­schnittlich uber 350fach. Hormetische Effekte zeigten jedoch eine hohe Variabilitat und waren nur jeweils fur spezifische Wirkungsparameter zu beobachten und nicht das Pflanzenwachstum im Allgemeinen. Ob die beobachtete variable und spezifische Stimulierung einzelner Wachstumsparameter unter Praxisbedingungen zur Resistenzentwicklung beitragen kann ist fraglich. Fur ein vollstandiges Verstandnis der Entwicklung von Herbizidresistenz sollten hormetische Effekte dennoch als ein potenzieller Faktor der Resistenzevolution in Erwagung gezogen werden. Stichworter: Biphasisch, Herbizide, Wachstumsstimulierung, Wirkortresistenz

Published ahead of print 9 April 2013 The views expressed in this Commentary do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM.

Neuro-endocrinology of the skin, brain-skin axis and hormesis as possible mechanisms of therapeutic modalities using mechanical tactile stimulation (MTS)

Hormesis and integrated medicine: synonymity of a paradigm

Homeopathy: Clarifying its relationship to hormesis by EJ Calabrese and WB Jonas

Hormesis and Homeopathy: Introduction

Hormesis controversy

Andrea Dei references published paper “Hormesis is not Homeopathy”

Part 1. The role of ROS in health disease: Part 2. Proposing a definition of hormesis

Hormesis in aging: approaching cautiously

Hormesis and the law.

Hormesis and the radical moderation of law.