Honey Solution Research Articles

Tuning Optical and Granulometric Properties of Gold Nanostructures Synthesized with the Aid of Different Types of Honeys for Microwave-Induced Hyperthermia.

Size-controlled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesised with solutions of three types of Polish honeys (lime, multiflower, honeydew) and used in microwave-induced hyperthermia cancer treatment. Optical and structural properties of nanostructures were optimized in reference to measurements made by using UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV/Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR). In addition, concentrations of reducing sugars and polyphenols of honeys applied were determined to reveal the role of these chemical compounds in green synthesis of AuNPs. It was found that the smallest AuNPs (20.6 ± 23.3 nm) were produced using a 20% (w/v) multiflower aqueous honey solution and 25 mg·L−1 of Au(III) ions. These AuNPs were then employed in microwave-induced hyperthermia in a system simulating metastatic tissues. This research illustrated that AuNPs, as produced with the aid of a multiflower honey solution, could be suitably used for microwave-induced heating of cancer. A fluid containing resultant Au nanostructures, as compared to water, revealed facilitated heating and the ability to maintain a temperature of 45 °C required for hyperthermia treatment.

Improvements in the Rearing of the Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista larvarum (Diptera: Tachinidae): Influence of Adult Food on Female Longevity and Reproduction Capacity.

Exorista larvarum (L.), a polyphagous gregarious larval parasitoid of lepidopterans, can be mass produced both in vivo, using the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a factitious host, and in vitro, on artificial media composed of crude components. The present study was focused on another aspect of E. larvarum rearing, namely the influence of adult food on parasitoid performance. The standard food, consisting of lump sucrose and cotton balls soaked in a honey and water solution (1), was compared with other foods or food combinations, namely lump sucrose alone (2), honey and water solution (3), sucrose and water solution either alone (4) or combined with bee-collected pollen (5), and, finally, pollen alone (6). All foods were provided together with distilled water supplied in drinking troughs. Based on the parameters considered (i.e., female longevity, number of eggs laid on host larvae, puparia obtained from eggs, and adults emerged from puparia), pollen alone was deemed to be the most suitable food for adult females of E. larvarum. In particular, the pollen showed a longevity-promoting effect, increasing the number of eggs laid on host larvae throughout the female lifespan. The use of this adult food may also result in a higher flexibility of the management of E. larvarum colonies because it can be replaced weekly, as no desiccation or mold infections were ever found to occur.

Determination of glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate in honey by online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACTA simple method was developed for the simultaneous determination of glyphosate, its main degradation product (aminomethylphosphonic acid), and glufosinate in honey. Aqueous honey solutions were derivatised offline prior to direct analysis of the target analytes using online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using the developed procedure, accuracies ranging from 95.2% to 105.3% were observed for all analytes at fortification levels of 5, 50, and 150 μg kg−1 with intra-day precisions ranging from 1.6% to 7.2%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 1 μg kg−1 for each analyte. Two hundred honey samples were analysed for the three analytes with AMPA and glyphosate being most frequently detected (99.0% and 98.5% of samples tested, respectively). The concentrations of glyphosate were found to range from <1 to 49.8 μg kg−1 while those of its degradation product ranged from <1 to 50.1 μg kg−1. The ratio of glyphosate to AMPA was found to vary significantly amongst the samples where both analytes were present above the LOQ. Glufosinate was detected in 125 of 200 samples up to a maximum concentration of 33.0 μg kg−1.

Towards development of a parasitoid cottage industry of the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor (say): optimum rearing and releases conditions for successful biological control of the millet head miner Heliocheilus albipunctella (De Joannis) in the Sahel

Augmentative biological control by the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the most promising strategy to control millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella (De Joannis) a major insect pest of pearl millet in the Sahel. As H. hebetor survival is somehow challenging during the nine month long off-season when the host, H. albipunctella is in diapause, there needs to be a sufficient supply of parasitoids for fresh release each year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a small-scale parasitoid rearing process adjusted to the Sahel conditions that can be scaled-up as necessary. We conducted experiments to fine-tune and standardize the rearing technique of H. hebetor for cottage industrial use. The results showed that parasitoids fed with 30% honey solution and supplied daily with one late-larval-stage Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidotera, Pyralidae) produced highest number of progeny. The optimal times for mating and egg fertilization, was achieved when a male and female pair was confined for 24 h in a 30-cc vial. Our findings indicated that, compared with the conventional rearing method -2 females supplied once with 25 C. cephalonica larvae-, this new method resulted in 14-times greater parasitoid production. Furthermore parasitoid female can be stored for up to three weeks at fluctuating 23–32°C temperature and 25%–80% relative humidity for numbers accumulations prior to on-farm augmentative releases without altering its fitness.

Antibacterial activity of honey in preserving high-pressure cooked milkfish stored at room temperature

High-pressure cooked milkfish is susceptible to decay during the storage process at room temperature because it has a relatively high water and protein content. The use of honey as a natural preservative containing antibacterial compounds is expected to improve the quality and shelf life of high-pressure cooked milkfish. This study aims to determine the effect of honey as a natural preservative against the total amount bacteria and organoleptic value during storage at room temperature. The treatment in this study was the use of a honey solution concentration as the preservative using samples consisting of 0% (without honey or control), 20%, 25%, 30% and 0.1% sodium benzoate solution. The results showed that the concentration of 30% for the honey solution was able to maintain the quality of the high- pressure cooked milkfish during storage at room temperature for up to 72 hours with the total bacteria being 2,3x105 colonies/gram (< 5,0x105 colonies/gram) with an average organoleptic value of 7,45.

Effect of six sugars on the longevity, oviposition performance and nutrition accumulation in an endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract The effects of six sugar resources (fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose and honey) on the longevity, oviposition performance and nutrition levels of Meteorus pulchricornis, a thelytokous larval endoparasitoid of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura were examined under laboratory conditions. Female adults of M. pulchricornis fed 1 M fructose, glucose, trehalose or sucrose solutions survived longer than those fed on other sugar solutions or water. When provided with honey or sucrose solutions, the female parasitoids laid more offspring than those fed other sugar diets or the control. The body size of offspring driven from honey-, fructose-, sucrose-, and glucose-fed females, along with water-fed group, were larger than the trehalose- and raffinose-fed females. However, the emergence rates of all offspring generated from different sugars- and water-fed females were similar. When separately given honey, sucrose or fructose, M. pulchricornis females accumulated fructose at a higher level than the other groups. Parasitoid wasps fed trehalose solution accumulated the highest level of total sugar. Glycogen levels and lipid content were highest at emergence and then decreased across all diets. In addition, females fed on trehalose had the highest level of glycogen compared to other sugar diets and water control regardless of emergency level. Females fed trehalsoe, fructose, and glucose solutions had a higher level of lipid than those fed other sugar solutions and water at life end. The outcome of this study can benefit both laboratory rearing and management interventions that improve sugar sources for the parasitoid in the field.

Insight into the sensing mechanism of an impedance based electronic tongue for honey botanic origin discrimination

An impedance based electronic tongue was developed and used to discriminate honey of different botanic origin. The e-tongue presented here is based on the small-signal frequency response of the electrical double-layer established between the honey solution and an array of four different sensing units composed by gold, carbon, indium-tin-oxide, and doped silicon. The ability of the e-tongue to discriminate honey of different floral origins was demonstrated by distinguishing honey from Bupleurum and Lavandula pollen prevalence. The honey fingerprint obtained with the e-tongue was validated by parallel melissopalenogical analysis and physico-chemical methods. It is demonstrated that the e-tongue is very sensitive to changes on the honey electrical conductivity. Small differences in electrical conductivity are introduced by the presence of ionisable organic acids and mineral salts. Moreover, we propose that the sensitivity of the tongue to changes in electrical conductivity can be explored to probe other complex liquid substances.

Geographical differentiation of Cypriot multifloral honeys through specific volatile compounds and the use of DFA

The objective of the present work was to investigate the volatile profile of multifloral honeys collected from different regions in Cyprus, and whether these specific volatiles could serve as true markers of geographical origin. An effort to highlight differences in the volatile amounts of Cypriot honeys according to altitude of harvesting was also carried out. Aqueous solutions of honeys were subjected to headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Results showed that 25 volatile compounds of different classes were identified in all samples by 100% frequency rate. Application of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that 3 volatiles [1-(2-furanyl-ethanone), cis-linalool oxide, para-cymenene] recorded significant variations ( p 0.05 ) according to geographical origin. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) classified honeys according to geographical origin providing a total classification rate of 85% using the original and 70% the cross validation method based on the aforementioned volatiles. It is possible then for an analyst to characterize the geographical origin of honey, even in cases when multifloral honeys are subjected to research/analysis. Regarding the effect of altitude on Cypriot honey aroma, results showed that the lower the altitude of harvesting the richer the aroma of honeys.

Biological traits of Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), parasitoid of the eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Thailand.

Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle, a parasitoid of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle, is a uniparental species. This study assessed the biological traits of Q. mendeli in the laboratory at a temperature of 27 ± 1 °C. Diets had a highly significant effect on the mean longevity of female Q. mendeli. Feeding honey solution prolonged the mean longevity of the parasitoid to 4.80 days. The estimated 50% survival period was 3 days. The mean potential fecundity in all ages was 8.85 eggs per female. Age had a highly significant effect on the mean egg load. There was a positive relationship between egg load and female size. The mean of realized fecundity throughout the life span was 2.47 progenies per female. The mean developmental time of Q. mendeli from the egg to adult stage was 27.06 days. The shorter developmental time of Q. mendeli in comparison to its host can be considered a reason for the successful control of L. invasa in Thailand.

Cryopreservative Effect of Adding a Honey Solution to Native Chicken Spermatozoa

Cryopreservative Effect of Adding a Honey Solution to Native Chicken Spermatozoa

Oviposition, feeding preference, and biological performance of Thrips hawaiiensis on four host plants with and without supplemental foods

Thrips hawaiiensis is a polyphagous flower-inhabiting insect pest that causes considerable damage to numerous plants worldwide. However, not much is known about the interaction between this thrips species and its host plants. In the present study, laboratory experiments were performed to determine the oviposition and feeding preferences and compare the biological performance of T. hawaiiensis on four host plants with and without supplemental foods. In the choice tests, when compared with mango and tea petals and bean pods, the T. hawaiiensis population showed stronger oviposition and feeding preferences for banana petals. Under laboratory conditions, the T. hawaiiensis population reared on banana petals showed a significantly faster development, longer lifespan, and higher survival and fecundity levels than the populations reared on the other three host plants. Diets with supplemental foods (honey solution or tea pollen) reduced the developmental time, prolonged the longevity and enhanced the fecundity of T. hawaiiensis compared with banana petals alone. These findings indicate that the banana flower is an optimal host to increase the T. hawaiiensis population and suggest that additional foods, such as honey solution or tea pollen, are beneficial to the population performance of this species. More importantly, knowledge of the benefits of supplemental foods on predator–prey interactions and their potential use in biological control programs are also discussed. Overall, the present study improves our understanding of the ecological features of T. hawaiiensis and provides useful information on the interaction of T. hawaiiensis and its host plants. In the future, these contributions can help establish a better integrated pest management (IPM) control program for thrips.

Field assessment of potential sugar feeding stations for disseminating bacteria in a paratransgenic approach to control malaria

BackgroundUsing bacteria to express and deliver anti-parasite molecules in mosquitoes is among the list of genetic tools to control malaria. The introduction and spread of transgenic bacteria through wild adult mosquitoes is one of the major challenges of this strategy. In prospect of future field experiments, an open field study with blank (without bacteria) attractive sugar bait (ASB) was performed under the assumption that transgenic bacteria would be spread to all sugar fed mosquitoes.MethodsTwo types of ASB stations were developed, one with clay pots (CP) placed at mosquito resting sites and one with window entry traps (WET) placed inside inhabited houses. The ASB consisted in either glucose, honey or fruit cocktail solutions. In addition, mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiment of mosquitoes after feeding them with glucose was also conducted to check the proportion of the mosquito population that can be reached by the two ASB stations as well as its suitability to complement the ASB stations for disseminating bacteria.ResultsOverall, 88% of the mosquitoes were collected in the WET_ASB. The CP_ASB stations were much less attractive with the highest average of 82 ± 11 mosquitoes/day in the CP near the wood piles. The proportions of sugar fed mosquitoes upon ASB were low in both type of ASB stations, ~ 2% and ~ 14% in WET and CP, respectively. Honey solution was the most attractive solution compared to the glucose and the fruit cocktail solutions. The recapture rate in the MRR experiment was low: ~ 4.1% over 7 days.ConclusionThe WET_ASB looks promising to disseminate transgenic bacteria to endophilic West Africa Anopheles mosquito. However, this feeding station may not be fully effective and could be combined with the CP_ASB to also target outdoor resting mosquitoes. Overall, efforts are needed to improve the mosquito-feeding rates upon ASB.

Research on tunable distributed SPR sensor based on bimetal film.

In order to overcome the limitations in range of traditional prism structure surface plasmon resonance (SPR) single-point sensor measurement, a symmetric bimetallic film SPR multi-sensor structure is proposed. Based on this, the dual-channel sensing attenuation mechanism of SPR in gold and silver composite film and the improvement of sensing characteristics were studied. By optimizing the characteristics such as material and thickness, a wider range of dual-channel distributed sensing is realized. Using a He-Ne laser (632.8nm) as the reference light source, prism-excited symmetric SPR sensing was studied theoretically for a symmetrical metal-clad dielectric waveguide using thin-film optics theory. The influence of the angle of incidence of the light source and the thickness of the dielectric layer on the performance of SPR dual formant sensing is explained. The finite-difference time-domain method was used for the simulation calculation for various thicknesses and compositions of the symmetric combined layer, resulting in the choice of silver (30nm) and gold (10nm). When the incident angle was 78deg, the quality factor reached 5960, showing an excellent resonance sensing effect. The sensitivity reached a maximum of 5.25×10-5 RIU when testing the water content of an aqueous solution of honey, which proves the feasibility and practicality of the structure design. The structure improves the theoretical basis for designing an SPR multi-channel distributed sensing system, which can greatly reduce the cost of biochemical detection and significantly increase the detection efficiency.

Longevity and survival of Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus, with different diets and temperatures.

The blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), causes galls on Eucalyptus spp. leaf midribs, petioles and stems. Biological aspects need to be studied to assist in developing management strategies and to maintain this insect in the laboratory to rear the parasitoid Selitrichodes neseri Kelly & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) that depends on having a supply of Eucalyptus seedlings infested by L. invasa. We evaluated the longevity and survival of L. invasa individual non reproductive females fed with six different diets (pure honey, 50% honey solution, pure honey plus eucalyptus leaves, eucalyptus leaves, distilled water, or no food) and seven different temperatures (10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 °C). Leptocybe invasa fed with 50% honey solution and reared at 14 or 18 °C showed the greatest longevity and survival.

Characterization of membrane processed honey and the effect of ultrafiltration with diafiltration on subsequent spray drying

AbstractCanola flower honey solution and glucose/fructose solution were subjected to ultrafiltration (UF) coupled with diafiltration (DF) with the use of 15 kDa ceramic membrane in order to partially remove sugars (with the rejection of proteins at the same time), and enhance a subsequent spray drying process. Membrane processing affected honey solution chemical composition, what was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ‐ATR spectroscopy analysis. 50% of sugars was removed from honey solution, while 74% of nitrogen‐based compounds was rejected by membrane. Honey pretreatment by UF/DF enhanced the yield of subsequent spray drying process with the application of gum arabic as a drying carrier. Obtained powders, containing 60% of honey solids were fully amorphous (verified by morphology observation and X‐ray diffraction), with physical properties typical for sugar‐rich material dehydrated by spray drying. It was possible to reduce carrier content in honey powder to 40% solids, with a maintenance of drying yield above 50% at the same time. However, the flowability was not enhanced because of UF/DF pretreatment (but it was also not deteriorated).Practical applicationsThe article presents the possibility to improve the process of honey spray drying by the application of membrane pretreatment. It was concluded that ultrafiltration with diafiltration, can be used for selective removal of sugars from honey, with simultaneous rejection of proteins important for antimicrobial properties. The obtained results can be used by food manufactures, because the difficult process of honey spray drying can be boosted by the proposed pretreatment method. The yield of membrane‐treated honey increases, and at the same time honey content in the material can be increased above typical value 50%.

Honey protects against wings posture error and molecular changes related to mitochondrial pathways induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in adult Drosophila melanogaster

We conducted an investigation to evaluate the effects of Brazilian Pampa biome honey and its major phenolic compounds on the development of an erected wings posture phenotype and related mitochondrial aspects induced by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were pre-treated for 3 days with a 10% honey solution and different concentrations of caffeic acid and ρ-coumaric acid and then submitted to hypoxia for 3 h. We observed that after reoxygenation, some flies acquired an erected wings posture and that this feature may be related to mortality. In addition, H/R induced down-regulation of ewg mRNA expression, which could be associated to the observed complex phenotype. H/R also caused a dysregulation in opa1-like, ldh and diap genes expression and reduced O2 fluxes in flie's mitochondria. Honey mitigated opa1-like mRNA expression changes provoked by H/R. Differently from honey, caffeic and ρ-coumaric acids displayed no protective effects. In conclusion, we report for the first time the protective effects of honey against complex phenotypes and mitochondrial changes induced by H/R in adult flies.

Selective effects of floral food sources and honey on life‐history traits of a pest–parasitoid system

AbstractMany parasitoids and their herbivorous hosts forage on the same floral resources in agroecosystems. Floral resources that benefit natural enemies without supporting pests can improve the efficacy of biological control agents. Here, we report the results of a study on selective effects of floral and non‐floral food sources on the life‐history traits of the parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and its host Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Under standard laboratory conditions, insects were exposed to four flowering plant species, 10% honey solution, and water. All food sources increased the longevity of the herbivore and its parasitoid by as much as four‐ to nine‐fold, respectively, compared to the water control diet. Diadegma insulare survived the longest on Thlaspi arvense L. (Brassicaceae) and P. xylostella on Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicaceae). However, none of the food sources tested was beneficial to the parasitoid alone, though Lobularia maritima L. (Brassicaceae) was found to selectively favor the longevity of D. insulare. Diadegma insulare adults were heavier when fed on S. arvensis, whereas feeding on the honey solution led to higher body weights of P. xylostella. In conclusion, we demonstrated that floral and non‐floral food sources varied in their suitability and acted differently on life‐history traits of a host–parasitoid system. The selective characteristics of nectar‐producing plants and their influence on the herbivore‐natural enemy combination can, therefore, be employed to increase their impact in integrated P. xylostella management.

Rearing and releasing the egg parasitoid Cleruchoides noackae, a biological control agent for the Eucalyptus bronze bug

Biological control is a major tool for forest insect pest management. We initiated a biological control program for the Eucalyptus bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, with the egg parasitoid Cleruchoides noackae. Parasitized eggs were imported from a mass rearing in Brazil, and a rearing colony was set up. The wasp was reared in plastic tubes each containing ten individuals that were offered 100 eggs of the bronze bug and a solution of water and honey. During 30 generations, rearing quality parameters were compared against expected quality standards set a priori, based on information from other rearing colonies. We also assessed the effect of temperature on developmental time, measured as the first day of emergence of adult parasitoids, as well as the relation between host-egg abortion and parasitization by C. noackae, and the evolution of the sex ratio of the emergent wasps within a single generation. Field releases were made yearly during summers in commercial plantations, starting in March 2013. Survival and emergence rates were either stable or increased throughout 30 generations. The percentage of females was slightly above 50%. Rearing at 18 °C and 20 °C took longer than at 22 °C, but productivity was similar. Host-egg abortion was increased by parasitization. The proportion of females increased as the emergence period progressed. Field surveys in two sites revealed that the wasp survived for two years. Field-collected parasitoids exhibited better quality indices than individuals from the laboratory rearing. Results indicate that biological control of the bronze bug with C. noackae is feasible with this rearing and release protocol.

THE COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF HONEY AND CHLORHEXIDINE IN PREVENTING VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN PATIENTS ON MECHANICAL VENTILATON

Background: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is one of the causes of infection in the hospital and the main cause of death due to nosocomial infection. The strategy to prevent VAP is by oral hygiene. Honey may be a good solution for oral hygiene.&#x0D; Objective: This study aims to compare the effect of the use of 20% honey solution and 0.2% chlorhexidine as oral hygiene on VAP prevention in patients on mechanical ventilation.&#x0D; Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with posttest only control group design in an incentive care unit of a general hospital in Indonesia. Thirty respondents were selected using consecutive sampling, which 15 respondents assigned in a 20% honey group and 0.2% chlorhexidine group. Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was used to measure Ventilator Associated Pneumonia. Data were analyzed using Independent t-test.&#x0D; Results: The mean of CPIS in the honey group was 3.33 and the chlorhexidine group was 3.53. Independent t-test showed p-value 0.618 (&gt;0.05), which indicated that there was no significant difference of the effect of honey and chlorhexidine on VAP event.&#x0D; Conclusion: The 20% honey solution has the same effect with 0.2% chlorhexidine in preventing VAP events in patients on mechanical ventilation.

Study of antibacterial properties of honey to methycilin resistant Staphylococcus

For publishing this article, two important ideas were indicated: the first one is the necessity of scientific research to establish antibacterial properties in those substances that can replace antibiotics in the fight against antibiotic resistant microorganisms; the second is to expand the possibilities for using a national Ukrainian product, such as honey. Ukraine is one of the important exporters of honey in the EU. This honey may have unique physical and chemical properties that will characterize its therapeutic effect. In other countries, these issues are actively studied by scientists, which provide special healing brands to certain its species. These issues are not well study in Ukraine. The aim of present study was to an experimental study of the use of antibacterial properties of honey in relation to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Materials for research were isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRSS) and samples of natural honey that were obtained from apiaries of the Odessa region. The standard methods of isolation Staphylococcus spp and methods determining the quality of honey were used. Qualitative indicators of honey included organoleptic studies, moisture and acidity, proline content. Determination of antibacterial properties of honey was studied in dilution it in distilled water in proportions 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 3:1 with following plating in nutrient agar wells on Petri dishes. It has been experimentally established that honey may be an excellent remedy against MRSS, but not all honey has the same antimicrobial activity. It has been established that the antibacterial properties of honey in relation to MRSS are influenced by the physical and chemical composition, namely the content of proline. It has been experimentally established that most types of investigated honey samples with high qualitative indices exhibited antibacterial action against antibiotic-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus spp., With higher levels of antibacterial activity showing those honey samples that had a higher proline content of more than 350 mg/kg. It was established that the antibacterial action of honey against antibiotic resistant isolates of Staphylococcus spp. It is better manifested in more concentrated solutions – when diluted in the ratio of honey / solvent as 2:1 and 3:1 (growth retardation zones from 34 mm to 58 mm) compared to solutions of honey diluted in proportions 1:1 and 1:2 (growth retardation zones from 10 mm to 15 mm).