Homomorphism Theorem Research Articles

Fuzzy homomorphism theorems on rings

In this paper, we introduce the notion of fuzzy kernel of a fuzzy homomorphism on rings and show that it is a fuzzy ideal of the domain ring. Conversely, we also prove that any fuzzy ideal of a ring is a fuzzy kernel of some fuzzy epimorphism, namely the canonical fuzzy epimorphism. Finally, we formulate and prove the fundamental theorem of fuzzy homomorphism and the first, the second and the third fuzzy isomorphism theorems on rings.

Deducing a Variational Principle with Minimal A Priori Assumptions

We study the well-known variational and large deviation principle for graph homomorphisms from $\mathbb{Z}^m$ to $\mathbb{Z}$. We provide a robust method to deduce those principles under minimal a priori assumptions. The only ingredient specific to the model is a discrete Kirszbraun theorem i.e. an extension theorem for graph homomorphisms. All other ingredients are of a general nature not specific to the model. They include elementary combinatorics, the compactness of Lipschitz functions, and a simplicial Rademacher theorem. Compared to the literature, our proof does not need any other preliminary results like e.g. concentration or strict convexity of the local surface tension. Therefore, the method is very robust and extends to more complex and subtle models, as e.g. the homogenization of limit shapes or graph-homomorphisms to a regular tree.

The Homomorphism Theorems of M-Hazy Rings and Their Induced Fuzzifying Convexities

In traditional ring theory, homomorphisms play a vital role in studying the relation between two algebraic structures. Homomorphism is essential for group theory and ring theory, just as continuous functions are important for topology and rigid movements in geometry. In this article, we propose fundamental theorems of homomorphisms of M-hazy rings. We also discuss the relation between M-hazy rings and M-hazy ideals. Some important results of M-hazy ring homomorphisms are studied. In recent years, convexity theory has become a helpful mathematical tool for studying extremum problems. Finally, M-fuzzifying convex spaces are induced by M-hazy rings.

Isomorphism between the R-matrix and Drinfeld presentations of quantum affine algebra: Type C

An explicit isomorphism between the R-matrix and Drinfeld presentations of the quantum affine algebra in type A was given by Ding and Frenkel [Commun. Math. Phys. 156, 277–300 (1993)]. We show that this result can be extended to types B, C, and D and give a detailed construction for type C in this paper. In all classical types, the Gauss decomposition of the generator matrix in the R-matrix presentation yields the Drinfeld generators. To prove that the resulting map is an isomorphism, we follow the work of Frenkel and Mukhin [Sel. Math. 8, 537–635 (2002)] in type A and employ the universal R-matrix to construct the inverse map. A key role in our construction is played by a homomorphism theorem, which relates the quantum affine algebra of rank n − 1 in the R-matrix presentation with a subalgebra of the corresponding algebra of rank n of the same type.

Introduction to AntiGroups

The notion of AntiGroups is formally presented in this paper. A particular class of AntiGroups of type-AG[4] is studied with several examples and basic properties presented. In AntiGroups of type-AG[4], the existence of an inverse is taking to be totally false for all the elements while the closure law, the existence of identity element, the axioms of associativity and commutativity are taking to be either partially true, partially indeterminate or partially false for some elements. It is shown that some algebraic properties of the classical groups do not hold in the class of AntiGroups of type-AG[4]. Specifically, it is shown that intersection of two AntiSubgroups is not necessarily an AntiSubgroup and the union of two AntiSubgroups may be an AntiSubgroup. Also, it is shown that distinct left(right) cosets of AntiSubgroups of AntiGroups of type-AG[4] do not partition the AntiGroups; and that Lagranges’ theorem and fundamental theorem of homomorphisms of the classical groups do not hold in the class of AntiGroups of type-AG[4].

On Finite and Infinite NeutroRings of Type-NR[8,9

NeutroRings are alternatives to the classical rings and they are of different types. NeutroRings in some cases exhibit different algebraic properties, and in some cases they exhibit algebraic properties similar to the classical rings. The objective of this paper is to revisit the concept of NeutroRings and study finite and infinite NeutroRings of type-NR[8,9]. In NeutroRings of type-NR[8,9], the left and right distributive axioms are taking to be either partially true or partially false for some elements; while all other classical laws and axioms are taking to be totally true for all the elements. Several examples and properties of NeutroRings of type-NR[8,9] are presented. NeutroSubrings, NeutroIdeals, NeutroQuotientRings and NeutroRingHomomorphisms of the NeutroRings of type-NR[8,9] are studied with several interesting examples and their basic properties are presented. It is shown that in NeutroRings of type-NR[8,9], the fundamental theorem of homomorphisms of the classical rings holds.

On Finite NeutroGroups of Type-NG[1,2,4

The NeutroGroups as alternatives to the classical groups are of different types with different algebraic prop- erties. In this paper, we are going to study a class of NeutroGroups of type-NG[1,2,4]. In this class of Neu- troGroups, the closure law, the axiom of associativity and existence of inverse are taking to be either partially true or partially false for some elements; while the existence of identity element and axiom of commutativity are taking to be totally true for all the elements. Several examples of NeutroGroups of type-NG[1,2,4] are presented along with their basic properties. It is shown that Lagrange’s theorem holds for some NeutroSub- groups of a NeutroGroup and failed to hold for some NeutroSubgroups of the same NeutroGroup. It is also shown that the union of two NeutroSubgroups of a NeutroGroup can be a NeutroSubgroup even if one is not contained in the other; and that the intersection of two NeutroSubgroups may not be a NeutroSubgroup. The concepts of NeutroQuotientGroups and NeutroGroupHomomorphisms are presented and studied. It is shown that the fundamental homomorphism theorem of the classical groups is holding in the class of NeutroGroups of type-NG[1,2,4].

Fundamental homomorphism theorems of fuzzy subsemigroups

The aim of this paper is to define and prove the properties of the homomorphism of fuzzy subsemigroup. This is the revised of the previous research has been done by the author. In this research we use different method to prove the fundamental theorem, i.e. using the properties of the alpha cut of the fuzzy subsemigroup. We got the result, based on the properties of alpha cut of a fuzzy subsemigroup, it is obtained a property that a semigroup is a fuzzy subsemigroup if and only if the alpha cut of the subsemigroup fuzzy is a semigroup. We also can prove that the fundamental homomorphism theorem of semigroup is valid for the fundamental homomorphism theorem of fuzzy subsemigroup.

Pseudolattices, del Pezzo surfaces, and Lefschetz fibrations

Motivated by the relationship between numerical Grothendieck groups induced by the embedding of a smooth anticanonical elliptic curve into a del Pezzo surface, we define the notion of a quasi del Pezzo homomorphism between pseudolattices and establish its basic properties. The primary aim of the paper is then to prove a classification theorem for quasi del Pezzo homomorphisms, using a pseudolattice variant of the minimal model program. Finally, this result is applied to the classification of a certain class of genus one Lefschetz fibrations over discs.

An Extension Theorem for Conditionally Additive Functions and Its Application for the Equality Problem of Quasi-Arithmetic Expressions

The focus of this paper is the equality problem of quasi-arithmetic expressions. This class is a far generalization of the well-known class of quasi-arithmetic means. One of the main tools in the proof is an extension theorem of real homomorphisms from a subset with a very weak structure (dyadically closed set).

English

Quasi-lattices are introduced in terms of 'join' and 'meet' operations. It is observed that quasi-lattices become lattices when these operations are associative and when these operations satisfy 'modularity' conditions. A fundamental theorem of homomorphism proved in this article states that a quasi-lattice can be mapped onto a lattice when some conditions are satisfied.

Duality in Non-Abelian Algebra IV. Duality for groups and a universal isomorphism theorem

Abelian categories provide a self-dual axiomatic context for establishing homomorphism theorems (such as the isomorphism theorems and homological diagram lemmas) for abelian groups, and more generally, modules. In this paper we describe a self-dual context which allows one to establish the same theorems in the case of non-abelian group-like structures; the question of whether such a context can be found has been left open for seventy years. We also formulate and prove in our context a universal isomorphism theorem from which all other isomorphism theorems can be deduced.

Involution Abel–Grassmann’s Groups and Filter Theory of Abel–Grassmann’s Groups

In this paper, some basic properties and structure characterizations of AG-groups are further studied. First, some examples of infinite AG-groups are given, and weak commutative, alternative and quasi-cancellative AG-groups are discussed. Second, two new concepts of involution AG-group and generalized involution AG-group are proposed, the relationships among (generalized) involution AG-groups, commutative groups and AG-groups are investigated, and the structure theorems of (generalized) involution AG-groups are proved. Third, the notion of filter of an AG-group is introduced, the congruence relation is constructed from arbitrary filter, and the corresponding quotient structure and homomorphism theorems are established.

Fuzzy homomorphism theorems on groups

In this paper we introduce the notion of a fuzzy kernel of a fuzzy homomorphism on groups and we show that it is a fuzzy normal subgroup of the domain group. Conversely, we also prove that any fuzzy normal subgroup is a fuzzy kernel of some fuzzy epimorphism, namely the canonical fuzzy epimorphism. Finally, we formulate and prove the fuzzy version of the fundamental theorem of homomorphism and those isomorphism theorems.

On Homomorphism Theorem for Perfect Neutrosophic Extended Triplet Groups

Some homomorphism theorems of neutrosophic extended triplet group (NETG) are proved in the paper [Fundamental homomorphism theorems for neutrosophic extended triplet groups, Symmetry 2018, 10(8), 321; doi:10.3390/sym10080321]. These results are revised in this paper. First, several counterexamples are given to show that some results in the above paper are not true. Second, two new notions of normal NT-subgroup and complete normal NT-subgroup in neutrosophic extended triplet groups are introduced, and their properties are investigated. Third, a new concept of perfect neutrosophic extended triplet group is proposed, and the basic homomorphism theorem of perfect neutrosophic extended triplet groups is established.

Isomorphism theorems for soft G-modules

In this paper, we define soft quotient G-module, soft G-module homomorphism and soft kernel. Related to these definitions, we give some examples, homomorphism theorem and isomorphism theorems on Soft G-modules.

Fundamental Homomorphism Theorems for Neutrosophic Extended Triplet Groups

In classical group theory, homomorphism and isomorphism are significant to study the relation between two algebraic systems. Through this article, we propose neutro-homomorphism and neutro-isomorphism for the neutrosophic extended triplet group (NETG) which plays a significant role in the theory of neutrosophic triplet algebraic structures. Then, we define neutro-monomorphism, neutro-epimorphism, and neutro-automorphism. We give and prove some theorems related to these structures. Furthermore, the Fundamental homomorphism theorem for the NETG is given and some special cases are discussed. First and second neutro-isomorphism theorems are stated. Finally, by applying homomorphism theorems to neutrosophic extended triplet algebraic structures, we have examined how closely different systems are related.

On Neutrosophic Triplet Groups: Basic Properties, NT-Subgroups, and Some Notes

As a new generalization of the notion of the standard group, the notion of the neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) is derived from the basic idea of the neutrosophic set and can be regarded as a mathematical structure describing generalized symmetry. In this paper, the properties and structural features of NTG are studied in depth by using theoretical analysis and software calculations (in fact, some important examples in the paper are calculated and verified by mathematics software, but the related programs are omitted). The main results are obtained as follows: (1) by constructing counterexamples, some mistakes in the some literatures are pointed out; (2) some new properties of NTGs are obtained, and it is proved that every element has unique neutral element in any neutrosophic triplet group; (3) the notions of NT-subgroups, strong NT-subgroups, and weak commutative neutrosophic triplet groups (WCNTGs) are introduced, the quotient structures are constructed by strong NT-subgroups, and a homomorphism theorem is proved in weak commutative neutrosophic triplet groups.

A further study on ordered regular equivalence relations in ordered semihypergroups

Abstract In this paper, we study the ordered regular equivalence relations on ordered semihypergroups in detail. To begin with, we introduce the concept of weak pseudoorders on an ordered semihypergroup, and investigate several related properties. In particular, we construct an ordered regular equivalence relation on an ordered semihypergroup by a weak pseudoorder. As an application of the above result, we completely solve the open problem on ordered semihypergroups introduced in [B. Davvaz, P. Corsini and T. Changphas, Relationship between ordered semihypergroups and ordered semigroups by using pseuoorders, European J. Combinatorics 44 (2015), 208–217]. Furthermore, we establish the relationships between ordered regular equivalence relations and weak pseudoorders on an ordered semihypergroup, and give some homomorphism theorems of ordered semihypergroups, which are generalizations of similar results in ordered semigroups.

Homomorphism theorems of ordered semirings

Homomorphism theorems of ordered semirings