Home Recordings Research Articles

Needing to shout to be heard? Caregiver under-responsivity and disconnection between vocal signaling and autonomic arousal in infants from chaotic households.

Children raised in chaotic households show affect dysregulation during later childhood. To understand why, we took day-long home recordings using microphones and autonomic monitors from 74 12-month-old infant-caregiver dyads (40% male, 60% white, data collected between 2018 and 2021). Caregivers in low-Confusion Hubbub And Order Scale (chaos) households responded to negative affect infant vocalizations by changing their own arousal and vocalizing in response; but high-chaos caregivers did not, whereas infants in low-chaos households consistently produced clusters of negative vocalizations around peaks in their own arousal, high-chaos infants did not. Their negative vocalizations were less tied to their own underlying arousal. Our data indicate that, in chaotic households, both communicating and responding are atypical: infants are not expressing their levels of arousal, and caregivers are under-responsive to their infants' behavioral signals.

A proof-of-concept minimum data set for older care home residents: what value does this add?

ObjectiveDeveloping resources And minimum data set for Care Homes’ Adoption (DACHA) is a four-year NIHR-funded project to establish what data need to be in place to support research, service development and innovation uptake in care homes for older people. An aspirational minimum data set (MDS) specification was identified, which included data from several sources and pilot variables. Approach767 care home residents (with a valid NHS number recorded) across three integrated care systems consented to linkage of their care home record with administrative health and social care records from NHS England. Data were linked using pseudonymised NHS number. Variables were derived to summarise healthcare utilisation. Where variables are sourced from more than one data set, expert opinion on quality across these data sets informed hierarchical selection. We reported descriptive statistics including missingness across each of the >300 variables in the MDS, with information on how these were accessed and derived, where appropriate. Descriptive summaries were informed by stakeholder engagement and cover ambulance and emergency department utilisation. An ongoing DACHA PPIE panel contributed to MDS development through sharing opinions on data access and linkage, and best sources of information across different domains. ResultsAnalysis is in progress. All results will be in pre-print publication by 31 April 2024. ConclusionsThe MDS constructed gives rich insights on healthcare utilisation and resident needs, with opportunity to understand how these interrelate. ImplicationsAs a proof-of-concept study, the findings of this research will inform national decision making on future linked care home data sets.

Vocal and early speech development in Korean-acquiring children with hearing loss and typical hearing

ABSTRACT This study investigated the vocal and early speech development of Korean-acquiring children with hearing loss (HL) who underwent early auditory amplification compared to their typical hearing (TH) counterparts. The research focused on phonological characteristics of child vocalisation based on samples collected from naturalistic home environments. One-day home recordings using a Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) recorder were obtained from 6 children with HL and 12 children with TH who ranged from 17 to 23 months of age in Korean monolingual environments. Child volubility, canonical babbling ratio (CBR), consonant distributions, and utterance structures of vocalisations were evaluated through qualitative and quantitative analyses of vocalisation samples collected from LENA recordings. The findings revealed that children with HL displayed comparable vocalisation levels to children with TH, with no significant differences in volubility and CBR. In consonant and utterance shape inventories, noticeable quantitative and qualitative differences were observed between children with HL and those with TH. The study also suggested both universal and language-specific production patterns, revealing the early effects of ambient language on consonant distributions and utterance structures within their vocalisation repertoire. This study emphasised the role of auditory input and the importance of early auditory amplification to support speech development in children with HL.

Linking acoustic variability in the infants' input to their early word production.

Exposure to talker variability shapes how learning unfolds in the lab, and occurs in the everyday speech infants hear in daily life. Here, we asked whether aspects of talker variability in speech input are also linked to the onset of word production. We further asked whether these effects were redundant with effects of speech register (i.e.,whether speech input was adult- vs.child-directed). To do so, we first extracted a set of highly common nouns from a longitudinal corpus of home recordings from North-American English-learning infants. We then used the acoustic variability in how these tokens were said to predict when the children first produced these same nouns. We found that in addition to frequency, variability in how words sound in 6-17 month's input predicted when children first said these words. Furthermore, while the proportion of child-directed speech also predicted the month of first production, it did so alongside measurements of acoustic variability in children's real-world input. Together, these results add to a growing body of literature suggesting that variability in how words sound in the input is linked to learning both in the lab and in dailylife. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Talker variability shapes learning in the lab and exists in everyday speech; we asked whether it predicts word learning in the real world. Acoustic measurements of early words in infants' input (and their frequency) predicted when infants first said those same words. Speech register also predicted when infants said words, alongside effects of talker variability. Our results provide a deeper understanding of how sources of variability inherent to children's input connect to their learning and development.

Infant vocal category exploration as a foundation for speech development.

Non-random exploration of infant speech-like vocalizations (e.g., squeals, growls, and vowel-like sounds or "vocants") is pivotal in speech development. This type of vocal exploration, often noticed when infants produce particular vocal types in clusters, serves two crucial purposes: it establishes a foundation for speech because speech requires formation of new vocal categories, and it serves as a basis for vocal signaling of wellness and interaction with caregivers. Despite the significance of clustering, existing research has largely relied on subjective descriptions and anecdotal observations regarding early vocal category formation. In this study, we aim to address this gap by presenting the first large-scale empirical evidence of vocal category exploration and clustering throughout the first year of life. We observed infant vocalizations longitudinally using all-day home recordings from 130 typically developing infants across the entire first year of life. To identify clustering patterns, we conducted Fisher's exact tests to compare the occurrence of squeals versus vocants, as well as growls versus vocants. We found that across the first year, infants demonstrated clear clustering patterns of squeals and growls, indicating that these categories were not randomly produced, but rather, it seemed, infants actively engaged in practice of these specific categories. The findings lend support to the concept of infants as manifesting active vocal exploration and category formation, a key foundation for vocal language.

The impact of the home recording phenomenon on the Czech independent music scene

The paper explores the phenomenon of home recording and the impact of democratization of recording technologies in the Czech independent music scene. The main goal of the paper is to clarify the links between home-recordings and the emergence of new music, describe current trends in the field of home recording, network studios, distribution, and self-education, as well as outline the ethical dilemma of using illegal software in music production. The research approach is based on conducting qualitative contextual interviews with musicians across the entire independent music scene and on the content analysis of a questionnaire survey among musicians and music producers. The results of the research provide an essential characterization of the impact of home recording on the emergence of new music in the Czech environment and chart trends in illegal software downloading.

The Predictability of Naturalistic Evaluation of All-Day Recordings for Speech and Language Development.

The study aimed to investigate the predictive potential of language environment and vocal development status measures obtained through integrated analysis of Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) recordings during the prelinguistic stage for subsequent speech and language development in Korean-acquiring children. Specifically, this study explored whether measures from both LENA-automated analysis and human coding at 6-8 months and 12-14 months of age predict vocabulary and phonological development at 18-20 months. One-day home recordings from 20 children were collected using a LENA recorder at 6-8 months, 12-14 months, and 18-20 months. Both LENA-automated measures and measures from human coding were obtained from recordings at 6-8 months and 12-14 months. The number of different words, consonant inventory, and utterance structure inventory were identified from recordings of 18-20 months. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate whether measures related to early language environment and child vocalization at 6-8 months and 12-14 months were predictive of vocabulary and phonological measures at 18-20 months. The results showed that the two main LENA-automated measures, conversational turn count (CTC) and child vocalization count, were positively correlated with all vocabulary and phonological measures at 18-20 months. Multiple regression analysis revealed that CTC during the prelinguistic stages was the most significant predictor of a number of different words, consonant inventory, and utterance structure inventory at 18-20 months. Also, adult word count in LENA-automated measures, child-directed speech ratio, and canonical babbling ratio measured by human coding significantly predicted some vocabulary and phonological measures at 18-20 months. This study highlights the multifaceted nature of language acquisition and collectively emphasizes the value of considering both quantitative and qualitative aspects of language input to understand early language development in children.

Smartphone-Derived Seismocardiography: Robust Approach for Accurate Cardiac Energy Assessment in Patients with Various Cardiovascular Conditions.

Seismocardiography (SCG), a method for measuring heart-induced chest vibrations, is gaining attention as a non-invasive, accessible, and cost-effective approach for cardiac pathologies, diagnosis, and monitoring. This study explores the integration of SCG acquired through smartphone technology by assessing the accuracy of metrics derived from smartphone recordings and their consistency when performed by patients. Therefore, we assessed smartphone-derived SCG's reliability in computing median kinetic energy parameters per record in 220 patients with various cardiovascular conditions. The study involved three key procedures: (1) simultaneous measurements of a validated hardware device and a commercial smartphone; (2) consecutive smartphone recordings performed by both clinicians and patients; (3) patients' self-conducted home recordings over three months. Our findings indicate a moderate-to-high reliability of smartphone-acquired SCG metrics compared to those obtained from a validated device, with intraclass correlation (ICC) > 0.77. The reliability of patient-acquired SCG metrics was high (ICC > 0.83). Within the cohort, 138 patients had smartphones that met the compatibility criteria for the study, with an observed at-home compliance rate of 41.4%. This research validates the potential of smartphone-derived SCG acquisition in providing repeatable SCG metrics in telemedicine, thus laying a foundation for future studies to enhance the precision of at-home cardiac data acquisition.

Foundations of Vocal Category Development in Autistic Infants.

The present study comparedthe infant's tendency in the first yearof life to produce clusters of particular vocal types (squeals, vocants, and growls) in typically developing (TD) and autistic infants. Vocal clustering provides evidence of vocal category formation and may establish a foundation for speech development. Specifically, we compared the extent of vocal clustering across outcome groups and age groups. We also examined the associations between the extent of vocal clustering and later outcomes at 2years within the autistic group. Randomly selected 5-min segments (27,153 5-min segments total) from 1293 all-day home recordings from 103 TD infants and 44 autistic infants across the first year were humancoded (about 9.75h of data coded per infant on average) to derive vocal clustering patterns. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the occurrence of squeals versus vocants, as well as growls versus vocants, across coded segments. Infants in both groups demonstrated clear clustering patterns of squeals and growls across all age groups. The extent of vocal clustering in the autistic group did not correlate significantly with later language, repetitive behavior, or autism severity outcomes. These findings highlight the robustness of the systematic production of vocal categories across the first year of life. The similarity of the clustering patterns in the TD and autistic groups suggests that vocal category formation through active infant vocal exploration is a robust feature of early speech development.

Online could dubbing:

The audiovisual industry has undergone a transformative shift with the rise of home recording and cloud dubbing, challenging traditional dubbing norms. This transformation is fuelled by technological advancements that make recording accessible and affordable worldwide. Moreover, this transition was further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. This article examines the impact of online audiovisual translation and voice localization agencies and provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of dubbing technology, from analogue to digital recording. It emphasises the irruption of online voice talents and the advantages of remote recording and cloud-based dubbing software, which facilitate collaboration regardless of location. In addition, this article showcases effective translations in audiovisual productions achieved through these cutting-edge technologies.

Home recording of 3-Hz spike-wave discharges in adults with absence epilepsy using the wearable Sensor Dot.

Home monitoring of 3-Hz spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in patients with refractory absence epilepsy could improve clinical care by replacing the inaccurate seizure diary with objective counts. We investigated the use and performance of the Sensor Dot (Byteflies) wearable in persons with absence epilepsy in their home environment. Thirteen participants (median age = 22 years, 11 female) were enrolled at the university hospitals of Leuven and Freiburg. At home, participants had to attach the Sensor Dot and behind-the-ear electrodes to record two-channel electroencephalogram (EEG), accelerometry, and gyroscope data. Ground truth annotations were created during a visual review of the full Sensor Dot recording. Generalized SWDs were annotated if they were 3 Hz and at least 3 s on EEG. Potential 3-Hz SWDs were flagged by an automated seizure detection algorithm, (1) using only EEG and (2) with an additional postprocessing step using accelerometer and gyroscope to discard motion artifacts. Afterward, two readers (W.V.P. and L.S.) reviewed algorithm-labeled segments and annotated true positive detections. Sensitivity, precision, and F1 score were calculated. Patients had to keep a seizure diary and complete questionnaires about their experiences. Total recording time was 394 h 42 min. Overall, 234 SWDs were captured in 11 of 13 participants. Review of the unimodal algorithm-labeled recordings resulted in a mean sensitivity of .84, precision of .93, and F1 score of .89. Visual review of the multimodal algorithm-labeled segments resulted in a similar F1 score and shorter review time due to fewer false positive labels. Participants reported that the device was comfortable and that they would be willing to wear it on demand of their neurologist, for a maximum of 1 week or with intermediate breaks. The Sensor Dot improved seizure documentation at home, relative to patient self-reporting. Additional benefits were the short review time and the patients' device acceptance due to user-friendliness and comfortability.

It takes a village: Caregiver diversity and language contingency in the UK and rural Gambia

IntroductionThere is substantial diversity within and between contexts globally in caregiving practices and family composition, which may have implications for the early interaction’s infants engage in. We draw on data from the Brain Imaging for Global Health (BRIGHT, www.globalfnirs.org/the-bright-project) project, which longitudinally examined infants in the UK and in rural Gambia, West Africa. In The Gambia, households are commonly characterized by multigenerational, frequently polygamous family structures, which, in part, is reflected in the diversity of caregivers a child spends time with. In this paper, we aim to 1) evaluate and validate the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) for use in the Mandinka speaking families in The Gambia, 2) examine the nature (i.e., prevalence of turn taking) and amount (i.e., adult and child vocalizations) of conversation that infants are exposed to from 12 to 24 months of age and 3) investigate the link between caregiver diversity and child language outcomes, examining the mediating role of contingent turn taking. MethodWe obtained naturalistic seven-hour-long LENA recordings at 12, 18 and 24 months of age from a cohort of N = 204 infants from Mandinka speaking households in The Gambia and N = 61 infants in the UK. We examined developmental changes and site differences in LENA counts of adult word counts (AWC), contingent turn taking (CTT) and child vocalizations (CVC). In the larger and more heterogenous Gambian sample, we also investigated caregiver predictors of turn taking frequency. We hereby examined the number of caregivers present over the recording day and the consistency of caregivers across two subsequent days per age point. We controlled for children’s cognitive development via the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). ResultsOur LENA validation showed high internal consistency between the human coders and automated LENA outputs (Cronbach’s alpha’s all >.8). All LENA counts were higher in the UK compared to the Gambian cohort. In The Gambia, controlling for overall neurodevelopment via the MSEL, CTT at 12 and 18 months predicted CVC at 18 and 24 months. Caregiver consistency was associated with CTT counts at 18 and 24 months. The number of caregivers and CTT counts showed an inverted u-shape relationship at 18 and 24 months, with an intermediate number of caregivers being associated with the highest CTT frequencies. Mediation analyses showed a partial mediation by number of caregivers and CTT and 24-month CVC. DiscussionThe LENA provided reliable estimates for the Mandinka language in the home recording context. We showed that turn taking is associated with subsequent child vocalizations and explored contextual caregiving factors contributing to turn taking in the Gambian cohort.

Sleep breathing patterns and neurocognitive function in a diverse Hispanic/Latino cohort

AbstractBackgroundSleep disorders are common in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by intermittent cessation of breathing and hypoxemia, has been associated with increased risk of AD and worse cognitive function. However, the interacting effects of neurocognitive function with sleep breathing patterns, independent of the apnea‐hypopnea index, (a measure of OSA severity) have not been carefully studied. We use a novel approach to analyzing home sleep apnea data to examine breathing patterns and their relationships with neurocognitive function.MethodThe Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a prospective multicenter study of diverse Latinos. Around 16,000 diverse Hispanic/Latinos were recruited from four major metropolitan cities. Participants used an ARES unirecorder device for a single night of unsupervised at home recording. We used python package “bycycle” to cannula data (sampled at 10Hz). Bycycle uses a time domain approach to parameterizing rhythmic time‐series data. We extracted breathing rate (breaths per minute), breathing variability (interquartile range of breathing rate) and time spent in inhalation phase (percent time). Participants ages ≥45 (unweighted n = 5,957) were tested in their preferred language using a brief battery including: B‐SEVLT (3‐trials sum) and Delayed Recall (memory), World Fluency (verbal fluency), and Digit Symbol Substitution (executive function). Covariates used in our models are described in Table 1. All presented estimates were weighted for appropriate generalization to the HCHS/SOL target population.ResultIn unadjusted models, all breathing measures were negatively associated with cognitive function, but only breathing rate remained significant after full covariate adjustment (Figure 1). We found significant interactions between breathing rate and sex, as well as age for verbal fluency models. Being female and older age were associated with steeper slopes of cognitive under‐performance for both breathing rate and breathing variability (Figure 2).ConclusionThese results suggest that breathing patterns outside apneas‐hypopneas may be as critical in understanding sleep related changes and cognitive function in an aging population. Given cessation of breathing during an apnea‐hypopnea event, breathing variability may add more precision to account for varying oxygen demands. Further studies should examine whether breathing instability is also associated with cognitive decline, impairment, and dementia.

Detecting negative myoclonus during long-term home measurements using wearables

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop a feasible method for the detection of negative myoclonus (NM) through long-term home measurements in patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1. MethodsThe number and duration of silent periods (SP) associated with NM were detected during a 48 h home recording using wearable surface electromyography (EMG) sensors. ResultsA newly developed algorithm was able to find short (50–69 ms), intermediate (70–100 ms), and long (101– 500 ms) SPs from EMG data. Negative myoclonus assessed by the algorithm correlated significantly with the video-recorded and physician-evaluated unified myoclonus rating scale (UMRS) scores of NM and action myoclonus. Silent period duration, number, and their combination, correlated strongly and significantly also with the Singer score, which assesses functional status and ambulation. ConclusionsNegative myoclonus can be determined objectively using long-term EMG measurements in home environment. With long-term measurements, we can acquire more reliable quantified information about NM as a symptom, compared to short evaluation at the clinic. SignificanceAs measured using SPs, NM may be a clinically useful measure for monitoring disease progression or assessing antimyoclonic drug effects objectively.

Parental verbal responsiveness to infant vocalizations from 9 to 14 months of age

Parental communication styles and language usage may undergo changes during the course of child development, exhibiting variations across language backgrounds and cultures. This study aimed to explore how infant-parent interactions within Korean-speaking environments evolve over time through meticulous coding of day-long home audio recordings. The study examined whether the ratio and types of parental verbal responses vary based on infants’ age and vocalization types. A total of 16 infants and their parents participated in all-day home recordings using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) system. The recordings were conducted in two rounds per family when the infants were aged 9–11 months and 12–14 months, with a three-month gap between each round. The frequency and types of infant vocalizations were analyzed and the contingency and types of parental verbal responsiveness were determined based on semantic and phonetic connection, as well as temporal appropriateness. The results showed that parents did not verbally respond to approximately 50 % of the infant vocalizations in the natural home environment. However, parents’ lack of verbal responses decreased significantly, and their contingent responses increased significantly with infant age. Parents were also not selectively responsive to infants’ canonical vocalizations over non-canonical vocalizations. Nevertheless, parents demonstrated a higher frequency of responses that were not only linguistically meaningful but also socially appropriate and contextually relevant to infants’ vocalizations as infants developed, which may play a significant role in scaffolding speech and language development.

Decision Support System for Purchasing Speaker Monitor Home Recording Using Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making

Technological developments in the field of music are currently experiencing progress, including the formation of computer-based recording, namely the Digital Audio Workstation (DAW). Monitor speakers are one of the most important components of a DAW. A good selection of monitor speakers can support the quality of sound produced by a home recording or recording service provider. The many variations and specifications of monitor speakers on the market make it difficult for users to choose based on four criteria: price, response frequency, design criteria, and power output. So it is necessary to make an application that can determine recommendations for purchasing monitor speakers by applying the Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making Algorithm. The results obtained in this study show that of the five alternative monitor speakers, KRK ROKIT G4 5 has the highest alternative preference rating of 2.2,5 so it can be used as a reference monitor speaker for home recording.

The Value of Personal Data in Internet Commerce: A High-Stakes Field Experiment on Data Regulation Policy

Personal data have become a key input in internet commerce, facilitating the matching between millions of customers and merchants. Recent data regulations in China, Europe, and the United States restrict internet platforms’ ability to collect and use personal data for personalized recommendation and may fundamentally impact internet commerce. In collaboration with the largest e-commerce platform in China, we conduct a large-scale field experiment to measure the potential impact of data regulation policy and to understand the value of personal data in internet commerce. For a random subset of 555,800 customers on the Alibaba platform, we simulate the regulation by banning the use of personal data in the home page recommendation algorithm and record the matching process and outcomes between these customers and merchants. Compared with the control group with personal data, we observe a significantly higher concentration in the algorithmic recommendation of products in the treatment group and a very sharp decrease in the matching outcomes as measured by both customer engagement (click-through rate and product browsing) and market transaction (sales volume and amount). The negative effect is disproportionate and more pronounced for niche merchants and customers who would benefit more from e-commerce. We discuss the potential economic impact of data regulation on internet commerce as well as the role of personal data in generating value and fostering long-tail innovations. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information system. Funding: Z. Yuan wants to acknowledge financial support from NSFC [Grants 72203202, 72192803 and 72141305]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4828 .

BP PHENOTYPES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING LONG-TERM PERITONEAL DIALYSIS DEFINED WITH HOME VERSUS AMBULATORY BP MONITORING

Objective: The concomitant assessment of office with out-of-office blood pressure (BP) measurements enables the identification of white-coat and masked hypertension. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of these BP phenotypes in end-stage kidney disease patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) with the use of home versus ambulatory BP monitoring. Design and method: In 140 patients receiving long-term PD in 4 centers of Northern Greece, we assessed the BP with the following methods: (i) triplicate office BP measurements after a 5-minute seated rest with the automatic device HEM 705-CP (Omron, HealthCare); (ii) home BP measurements twice daily for 7 consecutive days with validated BP monitors; (iii) 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring with the oscillometric device Mobil-O-Graph (IEM, Stolberg, Germany). The BP phenotypes were diagnosed using the threshold of 140/90 mmHg for office measurements and the threshold of 135/85 mmHg for home and daytime ambulatory BP recordings, respectively. Results: When office BP recordings were assessed together with home BP measurements, 57 patients (40.7%) were classified as normotensives, 8 patients (5.7%) had white-coat hypertension, 21 patients (15.0%) had masked hypertension and the remaining 54 patients (38.6%) had sustained hypertension. With the evaluation of office and daytime ambulatory BP, 59 patients (42.1%) had normotension, 13 patients (9.1%) had white-coat hypertension, 19 patients (13.6%) had masked hypertension and 49 patients (35.0%) had sustained hypertension. In 119 out of 140 patients (85.0%), there was absolute agreement between home and daytime ambulatory BP in the diagnosis of BP phenotype (k-coefficient: 0.775, P<0.001). Conclusions: The present study shows that among patients undergoing PD, there is satisfactory agreement between home and daytime ambulatory BP in the identification of phenotypes of white-coat and masked hypertension.

0458 Cardiovascular and sociocultural factors are associated with sleep breathing differences in a diverse Hispanic/Latino cohort

Abstract Introduction Obesity and or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can impact awake breathing patterns, such as increments in the breathing rate. However, little is known about their associations with breathing dysregulations during sleep beyond the apnea-hypopnea events. Understanding this could help elucidate treatment mechanisms or different pathways for disease. Furthermore, there is a strong connection between breathing patterns and cardiovascular disease, thus it is also critical to understand the links between cardiovascular risk factors and disease (CVD) and sleep breathing patterns. Methods The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a prospective multicenter study of diverse Latinos. A total of N=16,415 participants from four major metropolitan areas and six different Hispanic/Latino backgrounds were sampled for appropriate generalization to the target population. Participants were given an ARES unirecorder device (Carlsbad, San Diego) for a single night of unsupervised at home recording (N=12,022). Raw data from cannula channel (sampled at 10Hz) was processed using the python Bycycle package. Bycycle is a cycle-by-cycle approach to analyzing time series data. Bycycle finds all peaks and throughs in cycles and allows users to extract time dependent information of cycles. We extracted breathing rate (breaths per minute), breathing variability (interquartile range of breathing rate) and time spent in inhalation phase (percent time). Results In multivariable models (N=10,175), age was linked to decreased breathing rate, breathing variability, and time spent in inhalation phase. Compared to females, males had higher breathing variability and spent more time in the inhalation phase. Compared to Mexicans and? Central Americans, Cubans, Dominicans, and Puerto Ricans had less time spent in inhalation phase. Dominicans and Puerto Ricans also had increased breathing rate compared to Mexicans. Smoking, body mass index, and moderate to severe OSA were associated with increased breathing rate and variability. Systolic, but not diastolic blood pressure, was associated with increased breathing rate. We found no significant associations with cardiovascular disease. Conclusion Factors commonly linked to OSA were associated with increased breathing rate, a compensatory mechanism for optimal oxygenation, and breathing variability. Given cessation or reduced breathing during an apnea-hypopnea event, breathing variability may add more precision to account for varying oxygen demands. Support (if any)

Parent coaching from 6 to 18 months improves child language outcomes through 30 months of age.

Interventions focused on the home language environment have been shown to improve a number of child language outcomes in the first years of life. However, data on the longer-term effects of the intervention are still somewhat limited. The current study examines child vocabulary and complex speech outcomes (N=59) during the year following completion of a parent-coaching intervention, which was previously found to increase the quantity of parent-child conversational turns and to improve child language outcomes through 18 months of age. Measures of parental language input, child speech output, and parent-child conversational turn-taking were manually coded from naturalistic home recordings (Language Environment Analysis System, LENA) at regular 4-month intervals when children were 6- to 24-months old. Child language skills were assessed using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) at four time-points following the final intervention session (at 18, 24, 27, and 30 months). Vocabulary size and growth from 18 to 30 months was greater in the intervention group, even after accounting for differences in child language ability during the intervention period. The intervention group also scored higher on measures of speech length and grammatical complexity, and these effects were mediated by 18-month vocabulary. Intervention was associated with increased parent-child conversational turn-taking in home recordings at 14 months, and mediation analysis suggested that 14-month conversational turn-taking accounted for intervention-related differences in subsequent vocabulary. Together, the results suggest enduring, positive effects of parental language intervention and underscore the importance of interactive, conversational language experience during the first 2 years of life. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Parent coaching was provided as part of a home language intervention when children were 6-18 months of age. Naturalistic home language recordings showed increased parent-child conversational turn-taking in the intervention group at 14 months of age. Measures of productive vocabulary and complex speech indicated more advanced expressive language skills in the intervention group through 30 months of age, a full year after the final intervention session. Conversational turn-taking at 14 months predicted subsequent child vocabulary and accounted for differences in vocabulary size across the intervention and control groups.