This scientific article, based on new data, highlights the aggravation of the international situation on the eve of the Second World War, the outbreak of the war, the patriotism of our people, and their courage at the front. The selfless labor heroism shown by the Uzbek people on the home front during the war years, nationwide assistance to the front, and the high humanism and tolerance of our people are accurately presented on the basis of sources.

This article deals with the social status of war-disabled veterans in Khakassia in 1941- 1945. The purpose of the article is to characterize the state of financial security for war veterans in the Khakass Autonomous Region during the Great Patriotic War. Using a historical and anthropological approach, the author analyses the material and living conditions of this social group. National social policy was aimed at supporting war-disabled veterans through state pensions and various benefits. However, in reality, state social assistance was insufficient. In an effort to adapt to the daily life of the home front, war-disabled veterans found jobs, mastered new professions, received education and tried to provide themselves and their families with everything they needed. At the same time, many of them, unable to adapt to everyday life in the rear, engaged in begging and led a dissolute lifestyle. The article shows that war-disabled veterans did not receive adequate nutrition, clothing and footwear, timely housing repairs, and a number of other types of material and household assistance. At the end of the war, the shortage of food supplies for war-disabled veterans became even more acute due to crop failures in the region. Based on archival sources, the author gives examples of the inadequate work of social security officials who failed to fulfill their duties. The heads of enterprises and organizations showed an indifferent and bureaucratic attitude toward the problems of war-disabled veterans leaving many requests without due attention. Unsettledness, health problems, difficult financial situation, and psychological depression forced disabled veterans to write complaints to higher authorities.

Abstract During the Second World War, contrary to enduring images of bombardment and scarcity, people on Britain's ‘Home Front’ continued to take part in a broad array of sporting activities. Cricket played a more significant role in the wartime sporting landscape than many historians have previously recognized. Furthermore, between 1939 and 1945, a substantial portion of the cricket played – particularly within the island of Great Britain – carried pronounced imperial dimensions. Attracting large crowds, widely reported and broadcast wartime cricket gave tangible form to the idea, in ways accessible to mass audiences, that England belonged to a broad imperial community of colonies and dominions sustained by their active involvement in the war effort and loyalty to England's cultural traditions. At the same time, the history of wartime cricket reveals the complexity of racialized wartime identities. By examining these largely overlooked aspects of wartime social and cultural life – shaped by clear propagandistic aims and messages – this article contributes to the historiography of empire and imperial sentiment during the Second World War, deepens our understanding of wartime cricket and sport, and advances scholarship on the wartime politics of ‘race’.

Abstract I use newly digitized contract data on U.S. war production spending over 1940–1945 to analyze the macroeconomic effects of U.S. military spending in World War II. I find personal income multipliers of 0.34 over two years and 0.49 over three years. Personal income multipliers may substantially understate gross domestic product multipliers, perhaps by as much as 50%. Employment estimates imply costs per job-year over the same time horizons of $405,013 and $232,268 in 2015 dollars, suggesting job creation was limited. I also find evidence of negative scale effects: larger positive spending shocks are associated with systematically smaller multiplier estimates.

Summary: On October 7, 2023, Israel experienced an unprecedentedly severe terrorist attack, resulting in more than 1,200 fatalities, 1,455 injuries, and 239 hostages. The scale of the attacks on civilians placed an immense strain on hospitals, particularly in the south. This necessitated a significant shift in hospital operations, including the activation of Mass Casualty Event (MCE) protocols. Soroka and Barzilai hospitals were forced to transition to a MEGA MCE mode, dramatically altering the operation of their emergency departments, trauma units, operating rooms, and internal medicine wards. Due to the overwhelming number of casualties and the significant strain on southern hospitals, secondary evacuation operations were conducted for the first time since the Yom Kippur War (1973). Hundreds of casualties were transferred from overwhelmed southern hospitals to those in the central and northern regions of the country. This massive operation involved the coordinated efforts of the Home Front Command, the Ministry of Health, and hospitals across the nation, all operating in emergency mode. The success of these rapid and effective actions can be attributed to ongoing training, exercises, and cooperation spearheaded by the Hospital Preparedness Branch. This multi-year readiness program, involving 28 hospitals, included comprehensive emergency room training, tabletop drills and simulations for hospital headquarters, and large-scale drills. The annual training program encompassed MEGA, SURPRISE, SAMPLE, and MTE drills, ensuring all hospitals were prepared for large-scale emergencies. This presentation aims to share the lessons learned from both hospital-level and national-level evaluations regarding hospital preparedness for MCES. It will also provide insights derived from the secondary evacuation processes, which involved transferring hundreds of casualties daily, using Magen David Adom ambulances and helicopter evacuation rounds by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF).

Introduction: In the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), women are increasingly taking on combat roles that previously were reserved only for males. During the ‘’Iron-Swords” war in Israel, female fighters of the IDF took part and fought alongside male soldiers in the Gaza Strip. It was the first time that female combat soldiers of the IDF officially joined the corps across the Israeli borders. This novelty raised a lot of questions about the medical aspects consumption of medical care and medication in this special group. Methods: A 17-question questionnaire was distributed to the female soldiers of the Search and Rescue (S&R) brigade of the Home Front Command in the IDF. The survey contained both multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Questions focused on service characteristics, symptoms during the combat period, and medical care they received. Results: • 135 female soldiers serving as active duty or reserve soldiers answered the questionnaire. 98.5% (133) of soldiers were in combat positions, 71.9% (97) took part in fighting across Israeli borders. • Gastrointestinal complaints, headaches, menstrual pain, and low back pain were the most common symptoms (46.7%, 40.7%, 37%, 30.4%, respectively). • Additional complaints unique to female population were dysuria, vaginal symptoms such as pruritus and inconvenience (17%, 14.8% respectively). • Half of the soldiers reached for medical care. 39.2% felt that the medical crew across borders did not have enough supplies and medications to treat them properly. • Dysuria, vaginal symptoms and menstrual pain led to seek medical treatment in more than 60% of symptomatic soldiers (83%, 67%, 64% respectively). • 39.3% of soldiers use chronic medications of any kind. 25.9% take oral contraceptives and 14.1% use nutritional supplements. Conclusion: The concept of female medicine is different from our former understanding of frontline medical support. Standard medical cross-border kits do not include solutions to gender-oriented complaints. Personalized medical education and the provision of suitable medications are essential components of cross-border healthcare initiatives.

Summary: Mega MCI poses a significant challenge to the health system, particularly in combat zones under fire. Such an event affects the ability of the EMS and health services to evacuate and provide adequate medical care. On 7 October 2023, Hamas forces attacked southern Israel from Gaza. The attacks resulted in over 3,000 casualties (wounded and dead) who were brought to hospitals; some of them were brought to hospitals a long time after their injury due to the difficulty of evacuation under fire, a fact that influenced their condition and their survival. The massive influx of casualties overwhelmed the two hospitals in the nearest war zone, which were located approximately 40 and 20 km from the attacked sites. Since the attack, the State of Israel has been in a continuous state of war, creating a challenge to the health system, which is faced with the need to provide an adequate response to the war casualties and, at the same time, to continue the routine medical activity to meet the needs of the entire population in the time of “emergency “routine.” This work presents the Ministry of Health (MoH) Emergency Operation Center (EOC) activity during and since the October attack, the cooperation with the Home Front Command (HFC), and the coordinated patient management, transfers in and between hospitals, and field evacuations by ambulances and military forces. It also discusses the ongoing hospital and EMS functions during the “Emergency Routine.” This presentation will provide an initial analysis of what happened, provide insights from the management level, and share lessons learned.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, over 5% of the world’s population –430 million people have hearing loss. It is estimated that by 2050, over 700 million people will have disabling hearing loss. In emergencies and disasters, alerts are predominantly transmitted through sound channels, posing significant challenges for the hearing-loss population. Ensuring accessible alert systems for this population is crucial. The recent “Iron Swords” war prompted the Israel Home Front Command to implement an accessible app that combines sound, vibration, and light alerts alongside traditional auditory warnings. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the alert application among individuals with hearing loss and identify factors influencing alert accessibility. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with accessible Hebrew was conducted from October 17 to November 30, 2023 (ten days after the war started) via the Qualtrics platform. The survey targeted individuals with hearing loss, including deaf people, hard-of-hearing individuals, and those with or without cochlear implants or hearing aids. Results: The study included 167 participants with hearing loss, of whom 52.1% (n = 87) self-identified as deaf persons and 43.7% (n = 73) as hard-of-hearing. Among the participants, 127 reported using cochlear implants and/or hearing aids. During daytime hours, approximately 69.46% of participants received warnings from the alert app (via sound, light, or vibration), compared to only 32.34% during nighttime hours. Notably, almost half of the participants (43.1%) reported not receiving alerts from the app at night. In response, about 47.31% of participants rely on family members as an alternative source of alerts. Conclusion: This application demonstrates effectiveness in delivering daytime alerts to individuals with varying degrees of hearing loss. However, its efficacy significantly diminishes during nighttime hours, regardless of hearing status. These findings highlight the need for developing more robust solutions for nighttime alert accessibility among populations with hearing loss.

BackgroundThe “Swords of Iron” war created a reality of shared trauma, blurring the boundaries between the front line and the home front. Traditional clinical models often face challenges in providing scalable, real-time responses to mass trauma. This study examines “Hero in the Living Room”—a community-based narrative intervention-as a mechanism for processing trauma and promoting resilience during the acute phase of conflict.MethodsUsing a qualitative-phenomenological approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 65 participants: 25 active-duty soldiers and 40 civilians who hosted or attended the sessions. Data were analyzed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis.ResultsThe findings reveal a dynamic of Reciprocal Healing underpinned by three psychosocial mechanisms: (1) Narrative coherence: soldiers utilized the audience to organize fragmented memories into a linear narrative, gaining social validation; (2) From helplessness to agency: civilians transitioned from passive spectators to an “Active Container”, engaging in a functional transformation of the domestic space into a therapeutic setting; and (3) The Mutual defense alliance: an emotional exchange occurred wherein soldiers provided a sense of physical security/meaning, while the community offered psychological security and normalization.ConclusionsThe study suggests that community-based narrative interventions serve as effective complementary tools to clinical therapy. By relocating trauma discourse from the clinic to the living room, the model bridges the civil-military gap and fosters collective resilience in times of national crisis.

This article analyses the relationship between the maritime war, food supply, and popular opinion in Italy during the ‘fascist war’ (1940–3). It does so through a novel case study, focusing on Sicily and Sardinia. Drawing on a rich body of multinational sources – including detailed Italian police, informer, prefectural, and censorship reports – the article demonstrates that the war at sea critically disrupted food supplies to the islands, precipitating a rapid deterioration of civilian support for the regime well before the onset of sustained, large-scale Allied bombing. This challenges the prevailing historiographical narrative that attributes the breakdown of the Italian home front primarily to events from late 1942 onwards. By systematically tracing the links between maritime logistical failures, food shortages, and the erosion of consensus, this study not only integrates three historiographical strands – maritime warfare, the wartime ‘battle for food’, and the dynamics of home fronts – but also proposes a broader methodological framework for examining the impact of maritime warfare on civilian morale in island contexts. The findings suggest that the Italian case may offer wider comparative insights into the social consequences of the maritime war during the Second World War.

Communication is a global phenomenon as its influence and relevance cover all human endeavours. Inappropriate use of communication, most specifically interpersonal, could result in strained relationships, and its cumulative suppressed anger and hatred result in crimes at home fronts, especially acts of rape, murder, stealing, as well as homicides that involve housemaids and their employers. The study is predicated on social penetration and social exchange theory to understand the phenomenon under study. Survey and Key Person Interview research methods were employed to get data. The sampling technique adopted for the study was snowball because not all adults can afford the services of housemaids. A total of fifty (50) respondents, comprised of employers of housemaids, participated in the survey study, while three (3) employers of housemaids participated in the interview. The findings revealed that although employers of housemaids acknowledged the importance of interpersonal relationships to facilitate understanding, they did not employ or use it in relating with their housemaids. It was also discovered that there exists a wrong mindset that housemaids are evil and that employers of housemaids are exploiters. Summarily, the employers of labour thought that the responsibility to understand each other should be placed on housemaids who are working for financial gain. The study concludes that a consistent communication gap erodes trust, fuels stereotypes, and sustains unequal dynamics. It recommends that employers practise respectful, transparent, and empathetic dialogue, engage in structured mutual orientation, and support initiatives aimed at dismantling harmful perceptions to promote fairer, trust-based domestic work relationships.

This essay explores the pivotal role of women during the American Civil War, emphasizing their departure from traditional gender roles and their contributions to both the home front and battlefield. While the conflict is often framed around military strategies and political disputes, the experiences of women, both enslaved and free, reflect a profound shift in societal dynamics. The Civil War provided women with opportunities to defy expectations, from the leadership of Harriet Tubman in guiding enslaved people to freedom, to Clara Barton’s revolutionary role in nursing and battlefield care. The essay also examines how white women like Frances Anne Kemble confronted the institution of slavery, revealing abolitionist sentiments and challenging gendered restrictions. Despite their critical roles, post-war reforms largely neglected women’s rights, focusing instead on racial issues. Nonetheless, the actions of these women laid the groundwork for future suffrage and social justice movements. By examining the varied experiences of women during the Civil War, this essay highlights their essential contributions to the war effort and the broader struggle for freedom and equality.

The paper considers the activities of the sanitary-epidemiological service of the Saratov Region during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of this work stems from the need to understand the historical experience of anti-epidemic protection of the population under extreme wartime conditions and the role of rearward regions in ensuring the country’s sanitary security. The aim of this work was to analyze the key areas, methods, and results of operation of the sanitary-epidemiological service of the Saratov Region during the war and to assess its contribution to strengthening the home front and preventing epidemics. The work of the sanitary and epidemiological service became a crucial factor in the stability of the rear areas: it preserved the region’s labor potential, ensured the smooth operation of enterprises, and prevented the threat of epidemics among the civilian population and military personnel. The historical experience of the service demonstrates the importance of sanitary-epidemiological measures as an integral part of national security in crisis situations.

This study reviews the Tatar folk song heritage of the Great Patriotic War, identifying characteristics of the wartime lyric songs common among the Tatars in the former USSR, elucidating their place and role in the system of national lyric folklore. The review is based on the texts introduced into the scientific circulation in the academic publications “Tatar Folk Art”, as well as expedition materials from different years stored in the Miras-Khane Written Heritage Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Re- public of Tatarstan. The article defines the primary function of wartime songs as a reflection of the spiritual world, revealing the experiences of an individual among other Tatar people. In accordance with the trends of the times, a spirit of elation and labor enthusiasm in the name of a great victory were heard on the home front. The study proves that the texts show a renewal of the national epic tradition.

The paper explores the emergency notification app, developed in order to alert individuals to immediate danger while preserving the resilience of the home front as a whole. Drawing on walkthroughs of emergency apps and an analysis of related materials, I suggest how this disruption not only manifests in but also enables three interrelated processes: the dissolution of the national collective into individually-alerted users; the blurring of the distinction between emergency and routine; and the delegation of preparedness responsibility from the state to individual users. I argue that these three processes – facilitated by the seemingly life-saving, deeply personalized disruption of the emergency app – carry critical political consequences. By creating an illusion of personal safety, these processes, which materialize in the hand-held disruption app, allow for a prolonged state of exception and the indefinite protraction of war and danger.

In the history of our state, the Great Patriotic War occupies a special place, both heroic and mournful. It left an indelible mark in the memory of the people and had a huge impact on the development of culture and literature. Studying the activities of the writing community during this period allows us to see how the key issues of that time – moral choice, sacrifice and the limits of human endurance – were understood in artistic images and words. That is why the analysis of the activities carried out by the Union of Soviet Writers of the Tatar ASSR seems so important for understanding their contribution to the national cause. This research contributes not only to preserving, but also to expanding the historical knowledge, deepening our understanding of the role played by literature in historical memory formation and education of patriotism. The purpose of the research is to study the activities carried out by the Union of Soviet Writers of the Tatar ASSR during the Great Patriotic War. Materials and methods. The methodological foundation of the research was made by the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, as well as the descriptive and narrative method. The research base is the periodical press of the war years. Results. During the Great Patriotic War, the Union of Soviet Writers of the Tatar ASSR carried out multifaceted activities. Many representatives of the Tatar intelligentsia took direct part in the key battles of the Great Patriotic War, showing heroism and bravery at the front, in the rear and in partisan detachments. The writers of the republic actively joined the confrontation to the aggressor, using their works as an instrument of ideological struggle and performing tasks aimed at strengthening the morale of the servicemen of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and home front workers. The writers created works that glorified the heroism of the Soviet people, exposed the atrocities of fascism and called on compatriots to mobilize all forces to achieve victory. They were published in newspapers, magazines, were played on the radio, and distributed at the front and in the rear. In addition, the writers worked as war correspondents, as well as participated in the creation of propaganda posters and leaflets. The influence of military theme on the development of Tatar literature and its role in the formation of patriotic consciousness of citizens are considered. The Union of Soviet Writers of the Tatar ASSR provided assistance to the families of veterans, organized fund-raising for the defense fund, and participated in the patriotic education of young people. Members of the union went to the front as part of propaganda brigades, where they gave lectures and read their works. Thus, the Union of Soviet Writers of the Tatar ASSR made a significant contribution to the victory over fascism, using its creative potential to strengthen the morale of the army and the people. Conclusions. During the Great Patriotic War, writers of the Tatar ASSR, as well as representatives of other professions – workers, peasants, engineers, teachers, doctors, scientists, defended their Homeland on the front line. They shared a common fate, sacrificing themselves for victory. Thanks to its activities, the writing community not only created a living chronicle of wartime, but also formed moral guidelines for a society that was going through the most difficult trials.

Commonplace in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) historiography is a grievance towards the public, as it is acknowledged that most Brazilians ignore the deeds of the pracinhas. Through a comparative case study involving the FEB and the 2nd New Zealand Division, this paper sought to analyse the influences of the Italian Campaign on their literature and remembrance. It was observed that the sidelining of the Italian Campaign diminished the Home Front prominence of the Allied forces. However, this did not lead to a similar grievance in New Zealand’s literature, nor is their division perceived as forgotten. The evidences reveal that the explanation for the contrasting roles of the two units within the national memories rests with the different post-war governmental approaches towards their war stories. In turn, the grievance towards the public is an outcome of the FEB’s ordeal not being captured by the Brazilian collective memory.

Home Front Battles: World War II Mobilization and Race in the Deep South

Situated far from the intensive fighting that consumed the European Theatre and later the Pacific Theatre, the focus of New Zealand’s contribution to the Second World War is often chronicled by historians through the lens of military units serving on battlefields overseas. While these units and their personnel have rightfully received ample scholastic and popular historical attention for their accomplishments, far less attention is paid to those who remained in New Zealand during the Second World War on the home front, particularly towards Māori.

This study aims to analyze the development and transformation of industry and agriculture in the Kashkadarya oasis during the Second World War, focusing on the role of local enterprises, collective farms, and state policies in supporting the wartime economy. The research employs a historical method, using archival documents, periodicals, and secondary literature to examine economic activities between 1941 and 1945. The findings reveal that despite severe labor shortages, resource constraints, and wartime mobilization, the Kashkadarya region significantly expanded industrial production through artels and workshops, while agricultural output—particularly cotton, grain, livestock, and sugar beet—was maintained and, in some cases, increased. The study demonstrates that the coordinated efforts of state institutions, local authorities, and the population enabled the region to make a substantial contribution to the Soviet wartime economy. These results highlight the importance of regional economic resilience and organized labor on the home front during the Second World War.