Home Area Network Research Articles

Thermostatically controlled appliances in the Home Area Network model

Abstract: This article presents our work in the field of residential electric energy optimization. We show how to mathematically describe the functionality of thermostatically controlled appliances within the smart home, the end user preferences and other properties. The resulting Mixed Integer Quadratic Problem solution then leads to the optimal schedule of the group of appliances. We further deal with the multiple time-scales control and show several results.

A Survey of Recent Power Line Communication Technologies for Smart Micro Grid

Renewable energy resources for electric power generation have got the spotlight by industry and academia as greenhouse effect has become more severe. Micro Grid is an isolated power system that has generators and power loads. For isolated area Micro Grid is an ideal power system for generating electrical power with renewable energy resources like the solar and wind energy. However generations with renewable energy resources cannot meet the demand of loads securely. So smart applications with communication infrastructure are required to control and monitor the power system. The communication infrastructure for smart power grid can be classified as Home Area network (HAN), Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). Many technologies including cellular network and PLC are competing for communication in Micro Grid. This paper provides discussion of power line communication technologies for Micro Grid.

Home area network accountability with varying consumption devices in smart grid

Among the principals for securing smart grid infrastructure, accountability is one with lesser addressed concepts in smart grid literature. Even further, studies in the home area network are lacking in enforcement of accountable mechanisms as assigning responsibilities for devices’ actions are generally made the responsibility of the utility. This paper addresses accountability of devices in the home area network by providing a witness-based method for more accurate monitoring and estimation of the energy usage for devices whose power consumption varies while these devices are powered on. Algorithm analysis and simulation results show that the method is effective, and the method is well within the acceptable rate of error based on today's standards of estimation without need of previous knowledge of device profiles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Delay Characteristics of Responses for Demand Response Requests in Wi-Fi Home Area Networks

NIST, in its Conceptual Model for the Smart Grid, has divided the entire Smart Grid operations into seven subdomains. The Customer Domain plays an important role in Demand Response (DR) programs. To take part in DR programs, the Customer domain should be equipped with a Home Area Network. Communications within the Home Area Network should be accomplished with the acceptable time frames of DR requests while minimizing the energy footprint of the Home Area Network itself. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the communications with respect to delay and energy constraints. Most houses nowadays have Wi-Fi networks used for other purposes such as entertainment, and security. This paper focuses on using these existing Wi-Fi networks within houses for DR communications and study the effect of the available capacity on the mean delay of responses. This study was performed in a simulated environment with a central controller sending out requests to 25 nodes. The delay between sending out the request and reception of responses was recorded for 100 requests. The simulation was repeated varying the available capacity form 100 kb/s to 56 Mb/s in steps. The result shows that a capacity of 3 Mb/s can support the proper functioning of a DR system.

On achieving network throughput demand in cognitive radio-based home area networks

The growing number of wireless devices for in-house use is causing a more intense use of the spectrum to satisfy the required quality-of-service such as throughput. This has contributed to spectrum scarcity and interference problems particularly in home area networks (HAN). Cognitive radio (CR) has been recognized as one of the most important technologies which could solve these problems and sustainably meeting the required communication demands by intelligently exploiting temporarily unused spectrum, including licensed spectrum. In this paper, we propose a throughput demand-based cognitive radio solution for home area networks (TD-CRHAN) which aims at effectively and efficiently meet the ever-increasing throughput demand in HAN communication. It is shown numerically and by simulations that a TD-CRHAN can satisfy the requested throughput from the network devices and has high utilization of the available throughput. The analysis further shows that, by setting the achievable throughput to be as close as possible to the total demanded throughput (instead of maximizing it), a TD-CRHAN is able to relax the tight cooperative spectrum sensing requirements which significantly improves cooperative spectrum sensing parameters, such as the local spectrum sensing time and the number of cooperative spectrum sensing devices. Finally, it is shown that these cooperative spectrum sensing parameters can be further improved when additional channels are available.

Optimal joint scheduling of electrical and thermal appliances in a smart home environment

With the development of home area network, residents have the opportunity to schedule their power usage in the home by themselves aiming at reducing electricity expenses. Moreover, as renewable energy sources are deployed in home, a home energy management system needs to consider both energy consumption and generation simultaneously to minimize the energy cost. In this paper, a smart home energy management model has been presented in which electrical and thermal appliances are jointly scheduled. The proposed method aims at minimizing the electricity cost of a residential customer by scheduling various type of appliances considering the residents consumption behavior, seasonal probability, social random factor, discomfort index and appliances starting probability functions. In this model, the home central controller receives the electricity price information, environmental factors data as well as the resident desired options in order to optimally schedule appliances including electrical and thermal. The scheduling approach is tested on a typical home including variety of home appliances, a small wind turbine, photovoltaic panel, combined heat and power unit, boiler and electrical and thermal storages over a 24-h period. The results show that the scheduling of different appliances can be reached simultaneously by using the proposed formulation. Moreover, simulation results evidenced that the proposed home energy management model exhibits a lower cost and, therefore, is more economical.

A Collaborative Design of Aggregated Residential Appliances and Renewable Energy for Demand Response Participation

Although the locational marginal price may change dramatically within a single day in competitive wholesale electricity markets, most end users are charged monthly electricity bills over flat rates. Without financial incentives, the customers are lacking of motivation to respond to the price signals, which may result in inefficient energy consumption. In Texas, Senate Bill 1125 encourages qualified residential and commercial customer classes to participate in demand response (DR) programs. This paper proposes an idea to aggregate a number of residential customers to participate in residential DR program by employing smart appliances and a home area network to shift the coincidental peak load to off-peak hours to reap financial benefits. The operation strategies for the most representative residential load types are discussed. To further reduce electricity purchase and cut electricity bills, a solar farm with energy storage system is proposed, and the control algorithm is designed accordingly. The operation strategies are simulated for a whole year, and the annual costs are calculated and compared in this paper. The results show that, by doing load control and utilizing renewable resources, the total operation cost can be reduced significantly.

On Lightweight Authentication for Smart Grid Network

In the last 6-7 years, there is a rapid growth in the development of Smart Grid Network on earth. Smart Grid (SG) is an advancement to the traditional power grid which integrates the power grid with Information and Communication Technology (ICT). SG is a multilayer environment. In this multilayer environment, there are different layers of communications such as Appliance to Home Area Network (HAN), HAN to Building Area Network (BAN) and BAN to Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN). NAN finally connects to Smart Grid Control Center. There are various security challenges at each layer of communication in SG. In this paper, a comprehensive survey of various authentication protocols to address the security threats in SG environment is presented. Study on five different types of authentication protocols such as simple password based, mutual authentication consensus based and password authentication with Juggling is conducted. Simulation study shows that among all protocols, SG-MCPAK and MCEPAK outperforms in terms of number of hashes, passwords, phases, random number and number of packets transferred. Moreover, an improved protocol SG-JMCPAK is suggested, which combines the best of J-PAKE and SG-MCPAK.

Security in big data

Security in big data

Aggregation Points Planning in Smart Grid Communication System

Aggregation Point (AP) in neighborhood area network (NAN) plays a key role on smart grid communication. The AP stores and forwards data stream between home area network (HAN) and wide area network (WAN) in the smart grid. In this letter, we study how to plan the APs in the smart grid to minimize the total deployment cost of the opening APs and the connecting cost between the APs and the HANs while considering the capacity of the APs and the traffic demands of the HANs. Our general formulation leads to an NP-hard problem and an approximation algorithm is developed to address it. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm has great advantages over other heuristic methods. Furthermore, our proposal gives a performance-guaranteed planning scheme of the APs for smart grid communication.

Genetic algorithm-based redundancy optimization method for smart grid communication network

This paper proposes a redundancy optimization method for smart grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) to realize economy and reliability targets. AMI is a crucial part of the smart grid to measure, collect, and analyze data about energy usage and power quality from customer premises. From the communication perspective, the AMI consists of smart meters, Home Area Network (HAN) gateways and data concentrators; in particular, the redundancy optimization problem focus on deciding which data concentrator needs redundancy. In order to solve the problem, we first develop a quantitative analysis model for the network economic loss caused by the data concentrator failures. Then, we establish a complete redundancy optimization model, which comprehensively consider the factors of reliability and economy. Finally, an advanced redundancy deployment method based on genetic algorithm (GA) is developed to solve the proposed problem. The simulation results testify that the proposed redundancy optimization method is capable to build a reliable and economic smart grid communication network.

Smart Home Communication Technologies and Applications: Wireless Protocol Assessment for Home Area Network Resources

The paper discusses Home Area Networks (HAN) communication technologies for smart home and domestic application integration. The work is initiated by identifying the application areas that can benefit from this integration. A broad and inclusive home communication interface is analysed utilizing as a key piece a Gateway based on machine-to-machine (M2M) communications that interacts with the surrounding environment. Then, the main wireless networks are thoroughly assessed, and later, their suitability to the requirements of HAN considering the application area is analysed. Finally, a qualitative analysis is portrayed.

Accessible Display Design to Control HomeArea Networks

Recently, the social inclusion and technical aid to assure autonomy to people with disabilities are getting attention all over the world. This paper presents a display design for accessible interaction in home area networks. Based on a research on the accessible interfaces state of the art, an interface design is proposed. This interface is implemented over a Tablet that controls domestic devices through a home network controller prototype. This research consolidated a feasible accessible interface to control home area networks pointing out the main requirements considering a diversified group of impairments.

IEEE 802.15.4 Beaconing Strategy and the Coexistence Problem in ISM Band

Over a home area network, between smart appliances and the smart meter, and over an 802.15.4g smart utility network, from a smart meter toward the utility center, IEEE 802.15.4 assists with advanced metering infrastructure components in a smart grid. Adopting the synchronous beacon-enabled mode of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard provides a slotted framework for low-power, real-time collection, and distribution of power information. However, the shared nature of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band introduces the beacon corruption issue, and confronts the 802.15.4-based network with service interruptions and large delays. This paper, experimentally and analytically, studies how interference from collocated networks affects the beaconing functionally and, consequently, network performance. Investigations indicate that beaconing contributes in low-power and low-delay communications over an 802.15.4 network only when its proper operation is guaranteed over a coexistent environment like ISM band; otherwise, the application delay is significantly compromised. In this regard, a standard-conforming enhancement, called the beacon corruption recovery scheme (BCRS), is proposed to mitigate effects of coexistence on beaconing performance by migration of the network to a cleaner channel. Simulation results show that by applying the BCRS, an 802.15.4 network experiences a less fragmented accesses to the medium and better fulfills real-time bidirectional flow of monitoring information.

English

Secured data transmission using elliptic curve cryptography can be defined as transmission of data. This paper proposes an survey about Secured data transmission using elliptic curve cryptography. The main problem in existing system is security issues in transmitting data between source and the destination. After the survey on various literature papers, we are concluding a new way, that increases security considerations of the network using AODV algorithm for transfer of data and to increment the efficiency of AODV algorithm using ECC(Elliptic Curve Cryptography). Efficiency, and reliability will be increased for each transmission of data, While enclosing the proposed method by using the ECC algorithm which allow itself to encrypt and decrypt the data that is to be transferred and performs the active classification, we are concluding that the Secured data transmission using elliptic curve cryptography provide a efficiency higher than DSDV when compared with AODV.A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computers and other hardware interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing. In a network environment, authorized users may access data and information stored on written for the client process, which initiates the communication, and for the server process, which waits for the communication to be initiated. Both endpoints of the communication flow are implemented as network sockets; hence network programming is basically socket programming.Networks are often classified by their physical or organizational extent or their purpose. Usage, trust level, and access rights differ between these types of networks. Some of these networks are: personal area network (PAN),local area network (LAN), home area network (HAN), storage area network (SAN),campus area network (CAN),backbone network ,Metropolitan Area Network (MAN),Wide Area Network (WAN), enterprise private network, virtual private network (VPN),Virtual Network and finally Internetwork.

Smart Home Scheduling for Cost Reduction and Its Implementation on FPGA

In a typical smart home scenario, various household appliances of a residential user such as washing machine and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are connected via a home area network. Household appliances can be automatically scheduled by a central controller for satisfying the timing and energy constraints. It enables the reduction of monetary cost of electricity consumption and the peak energy load of the home system. On the other hand, the prevailing household appliances usually offer multiple discrete power levels. However, the existing smart home scheduling controllers can only handle the continuous power levels, while makes them unsuitable for prevailing household appliances. In this paper, a dynamic programming-based scheduling technique is proposed and implemented on FPGA to schedule household appliances with discrete power levels. It features a solution pruning technique, which can largely improve the time complexity. A case study which constitutes ten household appliances is performed. The experimental results demonstrate that our technique can reduce the monetary cost by 39.3% on weekday and 27.2% on weekend, respectively, comparing to the traditional scheduling. For energy consumption balancing, it shows that the peak to average ratio (PAR) of the energy consumption is reduced by 43.6% on weekday and 24.0% on weekend, respectively.

English

Now a day’s so many automation technologies are being introduced for the disable. In this paper we propose a cybernation of home appliances using smart phone through wireless technology. It was developed mainly for disable people to control home area network. This paper represents design of smart display for accessible communication with home appliances like Light, fan, heater, irrigation system and solar power consumption system. These communications has implemented over a smart phone that supervises domestic devices through a wireless controller. In order to integrate user interface with home automation, a development board embedded micro controller was used the inter communication between android and the automation system was made using a Bluetooth connection that is currently available in most android. Here, commercial Bluetooth module connected to the development board in order to execute the experiment.

Design of a Secure Architecture for Last Mile Communication in Smart Grid Systems

Abstract Ever increasing need of electricity has paved the need for Smart Grids. Smart Meters, digitalized networks and fault tolerant systems are the basic infrastructure which supports Smart Grid. Security in Smart Grid has become a major concern in the present scenario. In this paper we have proposed security architecture at the last mile distribution in Home Area Networks. A Secure communication architecture has been modeled which focuses on secure data transmission between the Smart Meters at home and Central Gateway at the utility centre. Hybrid Encryption algorithms and Digital Signature has been used to provide data integrity. The strength of the model has been verified with the help of an attacker and the model is found to resist attacks. The Encryption time and Decryption time of the cyptostack is lower when compared with other encryption algorithms.

An IoT-Based Home Energy Management System over Dynamic Home Area Networks

A smart grid (SG) has attracted great attention due to recent environmental problems. SG technologies enable users, such as energy system operators and consumers, to reduce energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases, by changing energy infrastructure more efficiently. As a part of the SG, home energy management system (HEMS) has become increasingly important, because energy consumption of a residential sector accounts for a significant amount of total energy consumption. However, a conventional HEMS has some architectural limitations on scalability, reusability, and interoperability. Furthermore, the cost of implementation of a HEMS is very expensive, which leads to the disturbance of the spread of a HEMS. Therefore, this paper proposes an Internet of Things- (IoT-) based HEMS with lightweight photovoltaic (PV) system over dynamic home area networks (DHANs), which enables the construction of a HEMS to be more scalable, reusable, and interoperable. We suggest the techniques for reducing the cost of the HEMS with various perspectives on system, network, and middleware architecture. We designed and implemented the proposed HEMS and conducted a experiment to verify the performance of the proposed system.

Optimal Scheduling of Domestic Appliances via MILP

This paper analyzes a consumption scheduling mechanism for domestic appliances within a home area network. The aim of the proposed scheduling is to minimize the total energy price paid by the consumer and to reduce power peaks in order to achieve a balanced daily load schedule. An exact and computationally efficient mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation of the problem is presented. This model is verified by several problem instances. Realistic scenarios based on the real price tariffs commercially available in the Czech Republic are calculated. The results obtained by solving the optimization problem are compared with a simulation of the ripple control service currently used by many domestic consumers in the Czech Republic.