Holotype Research Articles (Page 1)

Illumina MiSeq and iSeq platforms yield comparable results for viral genomic sequencing.

The leafhopper genus Scaphomonoides Li, 2011 is redescribed, and a new species Scaphomonoides robustus sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. A key is given to distinguish the two species of this genus. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).

Pseudocuneopsis heqing Wang & Wu, 2025 syn. nov. is designated as a junior synonym of Lamellidens liuovatus He & Zhuang, 2013, based on their identical shell morphology and shared type locality. Furthermore, we propose the new combination Pseudocuneopsis liuovatus (He & Zhuang, 2013) comb. nov. and provide a re-description of this species based on type specimens.

To greatly reduce the start-up time of solid oxide fuel cell, metal-supported solid oxide fuel cell (MS-SOFC) systems have been developed with the use of brazing seals, which has a higher tolerance for fast changes of operating temperature. During the long-term steady operation of SOFC, thermal stresses are unavoidably generated due to temperature gradient and mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between components. Excessive thermal stresses may damage the structural integrity of an SOFC stack, which in turn reduces the efficiency and lifetime of the SOFC. Therefore, it is essential to study the mechanical properties of the joint between braze sealants and metallic interconnects at operating temperatures for developing a reliable MS-SOFC stack. The objective of this study is to investigate the high-temperature creep properties and fracture pattern of a braze seal/metallic interconnect joint. The braze seal used is a silver-based alloy developed at the National Atomic Research Institute (NARI) for MS-SOFC. The metallic interconnect used is a commercial ferrite stainless steel (Crofer 22 H). Two types of sandwich-like joint specimens are made to determine the creep strength under shear and tensile loading modes at 750 °C. In particular, the effects of thermal aging treatment (1000 h at 750 °C) on the creep strength are investigated, as the thermal aging behavior is time-dependent for the joint and it cannot be ignored during long-term operation and exposure to the working environment. Typical creep stress-life curves are then obtained for the given joints under various conditions. In addition, creep fracture at the interface of the joint is characterized to further understand the fracture pattern and mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are employed in analysis of the microstructure and fracture surface of the joint. Experimental results indicate that the creep rupture time of both unaged and thermally aged joints is increased with a decrease in the applied constant tensile and shear loadings at 750 °C, as shown in Fig. 1. According to the fitted equation for unaged joint, the applied tensile stress corresponding to a creep rupture time of 10, 100, and 1000 h is about 6.47 MPa, 5.96 MPa, and 5.48 MPa, respectively. On the other hand, the corresponding applied shear stress is about 4.24 MPa, 3.97 MPa, and 3.56 MPa, respectively. According to the fitted equation for thermally aged joint, the corresponding tensile stress applied for a creep rupture time of 10, 100, and 1000 h is about 6.9 MPa, 6.12 MPa, and 5.43 MPa, respectively, while it is about 4.8 MPa, 4.18 MPa, and 3.64 MPa, respectively, under shear loading mode. During the thermal aging process, orange AgCrO2 is formed at the periphery of the joint specimen and is also observed at the interface between the Cr2O3 layer and the braze sealant after creep test at 750 °C in air. For both tensile and shear unaged specimens, they exhibit a shorter creep rupture time than do the thermally aged ones in the short rupture time regime. However, the unaged and thermally aged specimens show a comparable creep rupture time in the long rupture time regime (100 h < tr < 1000 h). It can be attributed to the formation of AgCrO2 by an in-situ thermal aging effect during the creep test. The formation of AgCrO2 could effectively retard the growth of crack and extend the creep rupture time of unaged specimens due to a bridging effect at crack path and a blunting effect at crack tip. Figure 1

ABSTRACT The species‐level identification of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals based on morphology is extremely difficult. This difficulty can potentially lead to inaccurate conclusions due to species misidentification, posing a risk in applied research. In this study, we integrated detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses to investigate the hidden morphological polymorphisms of Favites valenciennesii , a species primarily characterised by the presence of groove‐and‐tube structures between corallites. Because F. valenciennesii shares morphological similarities with related taxa, its taxonomic status has remained unresolved for over 170 years. To address this, we combined Random Forest‐based feature selection with multivariate analysis to identify species‐specific morphological characteristics of F. valenciennesii . This approach classified F. valenciennesii into four morphologically distinct types (types A–D). Molecular phylogenetic analysis further revealed that two types (A and B) belong to the genus Favites , while the other two types (C and D) belong to Dipsastraea . Within Favites , two distinct clades corresponded to types A and B. Comparison with type specimens and taxonomic studies confirmed that type A represented true F. valenciennesii , while type B represented Favites irregularis comb. nov. Although types C and D were not formally described, the results suggested that they likely represent undescribed species of Dipsastraea . The integrated approach used in this study provides highly accurate species identification and offers significant potential for improving coral taxonomy.

Rhinacanthus grandiflorus Dunn (Acanthaceae) was known mainly by its type specimens collected in 1911 by Burkill from the Abor Hills, situated in the state of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), Arunachal Pradesh. The present paper discusses its recollection after 95 years with a comprehensive morphological account, its distributional status and threat assessment according to IUCN standards.

Objective: This research emphasizes on analyzing resistance pattern in bacteria, all samples are taken at the District Health Quarter in Hyderabad and the Rural Health Center in Mirpur Khas.Methodology: All the results related to antibiotic susceptibility and microbiological cultures from different patients sam-ples submitted to the EPHI laboratory between September 2015 and August 2019 were analyzed through a retrospec-tive cross-sectional study. Microbial isolates were isolated and identified by using state of the art microbiological ma-chines and after that characterization of all samples done by using standard bacteriological methods. Information on the type of clinical specimen cultured, the bacterial species identified, the antibiotics employed for susceptibility testing, and the corresponding susceptibility outcomes were all extracted from the records of 840 patients.Results: The bacterial isolates and patterns of antibiotic resistance were explained using statistical techniques. Eight categories of clinical samples were analyzed for the presence of bacterial isolates with blood specimens being the most thoroughly examined. Thirteen distinct bacterial genera were found by culturing. Almost 80% of the isolates belonged to the Gram-negative group of bacteria., but three gram-positive species (Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and MRSA) were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of seventy isolates showed higher resistance in Escherichia coli than in other species.Conclusion: This study revealed worrying rates of multidrug resistance. antibiotic resistance surveillance must be strengthened nationally, and antibiotic sensitivity testing in community-level diagnostic centers is highly recommended.Key words: Sensitivity pattern, Antibiotic resistance, Clinical bacterial infections, Govt Hospital

World Museum holds the second largest bird collections in England. Despite the bird study skins being evacuated to North Wales at the outbreak of World War II, one drawer containing White-eyes (Aves, Passeriformes, Zosteropidae, Zosterops ) was destroyed when the building in Liverpool was bombed and burned out in 1941. The biographies of 219 ghost (now existing only as written records or illustrations) and 31 extant specimens of White-eyes listed in this article, reflect entanglements with local events and broader history of European science and imperialism that shaped the natural history collection in Liverpool. These specimens (86 taxa) were mostly collected between 1850 and 1900 and originated in 29 modern-day countries, almost all former British, Dutch and French colonies, protectorates or concessions. The destroyed White-eyes came from the large private collections of Edward Smith-Stanley (13 th Earl of Derby) and Henry Baker Tristram. Both men cultivated a web of suppliers across the globe encompassing military officers, colonial officials, missionaries, settlers, freelance collectors, museums and commercial dealers. Destroyed specimens included type specimens ( Urospizias natalis , Z. chrysolaema , Z. citrinella , Z. difficilis , Z. griseiventris , Z. hovarum , Z. loochooensis , Z. metcalfii , Z. prætermissa , Z. sanctæ-crucis , Z. simplex , Z. subrosea , Z. vatensis ), possible type specimens ( Tephras finchii , Z. albogularis , Z. atricapilla , Z. ceylonensis , Z. delicatula , Z. japonicus , Z. kirki , Z. ponapensis , Z. stejnegeri ) and specimens previously, incorrectly, recorded as types ( Z. chloris , Z. inornatus , Z. mauritianus , Z. minutus , Z. strenuus , Z. tetiparius ), all linked to notable published works and authors.

Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) is a peptidase released from dying cells. It cleaves proteins in the renin-angiotensin pathway, which can result in hemodynamic instability. At elevated concentrations DPP3 is associated with worse outcomes, particularly in patients with shock. Herein we describe the assay performance of a DPP3 assay (4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals GmbH) in human plasma. DPP3 concentration was measured using the DPP3 immunoluminometric assay (4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals GmbH) and the signal was read using a luminometer (Berthold Centro LB963). Analytical performance was established for precision, linearity, accuracy, detection limit, analytical specificity, reference interval, kit lot-to-lot comparison, specimen type, and sample stability. Limit of detection was verified at 1.6 ng/mL in EDTA plasma with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <10%. Precision studies revealed a CV ≤ 6% at 28.5 ng/mL and 59.4 ng/mL and comparability with a manufacturer performed assay was demonstrated between 7.7 and 195.2 ng/mL. An upper 97.5% limit of 22 ng/mL without age or sex associations was verified in healthy donors. The assay was not susceptible to interference from lipemia or bilirubin. However, measured DPP3 concentrations increased linearly with increasing hemolysis. DPP3 concentrations are stable in EDTA plasma for up to 24 h and at least 11 months when stored ambient or at -80°C, respectively. DPP3 can be measured precisely in EDTA plasma using the immunoluminometric DPP3 assay. Given the potential clinical use of DPP3 in critical care patients, caution should be taken to avoid inducing pre-analytical hemolysis during sample collection.

The Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW) possesses 1282 type specimens of 75 Raphidioptera species and subspecies. The type status of one specimen of Ophiopsis mediterranea H Aspöck, U Aspöck &amp; Rausch, 1977, marked as type, could not be confirmed. Two types of the species Mongoloraphidia (Hissaroraphidia) karatauica H Aspöck &amp; U Aspöck, 1995 are missing. Of the 75 species and subspecies, 68 belong to the family Raphidiidae and seven species to the family Inocelliidae. The species are listed in alphabetical order within the families. The page number of the original description, the type locality and the current name are recorded. The major part of the registered specimens belongs to species described by H Aspöck, U Aspöck and H Rausch.

Background/Objectives: The right diagnostic tests, for the right patient, at the right time, are key to optimising antimicrobial use (AMU) and preventing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study evaluated diagnostic stewardship trends and AMR patterns in Zambian surveillance sentinel sites from 2020 to 2024. Methods: This descriptive, retrospective study analysed routine laboratory data from January 2020 to December 2024 at seven designated AMR surveillance sentinel sites across Zambia. Data on clinical specimens submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility testing were extracted from WHONET and analysed by year, specimen type, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Results: A total of 184,788 bacteriology specimens were processed over five years. Urine was the most frequently collected specimen, peaking above 20,000 in 2024. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated organism among 15 priority pathogens, comprising 25.9% of the 30,013 isolates. Though a statistically significant increasing trend in total organism isolations was observed annually, only Shigella sp. demonstrated a substantial increase in non-susceptibility to azithromycin (p = 0.027). High resistance was observed with doxycycline, azithromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin, exhibiting resistance ranging from 50% to 80%. Critical AMR alerts included 65% for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE), 72% for linezolid, and 44% for carbapenems, and possible ESBL-producing Enterobacterales showing the highest overall resistance at 35%, across sentinel sites. Conclusions: Zambia faces a concerning and significant increase in AMR, with high resistance prevalence across commonly used antibiotics. Critical resistance alerts for VRE, linezolid, carbapenems, and possible ESBL-producing Enterobacterales underscore an urgent need for robust antimicrobial stewardship and continuous diagnostic surveillance.

The objective of this research was to assess the utility of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) in investigation of polymer-based foams for the potential use in anti-impact protection systems. Therefore, three different types of specimens were chosen (polyolefin, polyurethane, rubber) and examined with: i. amplitude (1-100 µm), ii. frequency (0.1-100 Hz), iii. temperature (-60-60°C) sweeps. These DMTA modes enabled to successfully mimic: i. deformation during the impact, ii. foam behaviour while worn (low frequencies) and hit (high frequencies), iii. summer and winter conditions. Among others, investigation of loss angle tangent (tanδ), being a ratio between loss (E'') and storage (E') moduli, favourably revealed an inverse relationship between the tanδ at 100Hz and maximum impact force needed to destroy the specimen. It was also established that a compromise between elastic (E') and viscous (E'') needs to be maintained to preserve shape stability while dissipating energy to achieve the high compressive strength (CS), e.g., more viscous rubber foam - CS of approx. 86kPa (tanδ = 0.44), rigid polyolefin foam - CS at the level of 36kPa (tanδ = 0.15). Therefore, DMTA successfully served as a complementary tool, providing mechanistic insight that supported and explained trends observed in conventional compression and impact testing.

Japanese species of the genera Stethorus Weise, 1885 and Parastethorus Pang &amp; Mao, 1975 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellinae) were reviewed, recognizing seven species of the former and one species of the latter genus. Two new species are described: Stethorus (Allostethorus) takakoae sp. nov. from Hokkaido and Parastethorus pinicola sp. nov. from Honshu, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Islands. Stethorus (Stethorus) japonicus Kamiya, 1959, syn. nov., and S. (S.) aptus tsutsuii Nakane &amp; Araki, 1959, syn. nov., are synonymized with S. (S.) siphonulus Kapur, 1948. Stethorus (A.) chengi Sasaji, 1968 and S. (A.) parapauperculus Pang, 1966 are newly recorded from Japan (both from the Ryukyu Islands). The holotype specimens of S. (A.) chengi Sasaji, 1968, S. (A.) emarginatus Miyatake, 1966, S. (A.) yezoensis Miyatake, 1966, S. (S.) aptus tsutsuii Nakane &amp; Araki, 1959, and S. (S.) japonicus Kamiya, 1959 were examined, and all species are redescribed or diagnosed. Additionally, diagnostic characters are illustrated together with distribution maps. The larvae and pupae of the new species P. pinicola sp. nov. are also illustrated.

Clypeolus hallae Brown, Leschen and Groenteman new species is described from specimens reared from the roots of the invasive weed white horehound (Marrubium vulgare L., Lamiales: Lamiaceae) at a site in the Lowry Peaks Range, North Canterbury, in the South Island of New Zealand. Additional specimens from Kaitorete Spit, Kaikoura and Nelson in the South Island, Stephens Island and Wairarapa, Hawkes Bay and East Cape in the North Island have also been examined. We provide a synopsis of the genus Clypeolus Broun, and propose the following actions: Tychanus complexus Broun, 1921, Tychanus simulans Broun, 1921, Tychanus squamosus Broun, 1914, Tychanus terricola Broun, 1921, Acalles fuscidorsis Broun, 1909, and Acalles notoporhinus Broun, 1914 are new synonyms of Clypeolus cineraceus Broun, 1909; and Tychanus dux Broun, 1893 is a new synonym of Clypeolus lachrymosus (Broun, 1881). We include a key to the known species of Clypeolus, and images of the type specimens for available names, as well as diagnoses and the distribution for each species. Clypeolus hallae is an interesting example of an indigenous herbivore in a novel host association with an adventive invasive plant species, and we recommend further study into the biology and evolution of this weevil and its potential impacts upon horehound populations.

Eurynodes cristatus (Théry, 1934) stat. rest. is resurrected to species rank and removed from synonymy with E. coelestis (Kerremans, 1897). A lectotype for E. cristatus is designated and illustrated. Comments on the type specimens and original data labels are provided. Additionally, a diagnosis between females of E. coelestis and E. cristatus is presented.

ABSTRACT This study examined the degradation of GFRP bars and their bond behavior with concrete under alkaline conditions. Two specimen types were prepared: a damaged group preloaded to 25% of the ultimate bond load and an undamaged group. Both were exposed to alkaline environments via static immersion and wet‐dry cycling. Macroscopic mechanical properties and interfacial micro‐morphology were evaluated after 30, 90, 150 days of aging. Results show that after 150 days, compared to non‐immersed specimens, the tensile strength of GFRP bars decreased by 20.44%–25.76% in the undamaged group and by 28.17%–29.83% in the damaged group. Bond strength was most significantly influenced by immersion duration, decreasing by up to 62.67% and 44.3% for the damaged and undamaged groups, respectively, compared to non‐corroded specimens. Microscopic analysis revealed that prolonged immersion loosened the bar‐concrete interface, accelerating OH − penetration. This promoted resin matrix hydrolysis (N content decreased from 14.84% to 0%) and fiber damage (Si content increased from 1.81% to 21.10%), resulting in continuous bond deterioration. Based on the results, a bond strength prediction model was developed using a 16 mm bar diameter threshold; a time‐dependent bond strength model under natural exposure in an alkaline environment was developed using cumulative heat, and a single‐logarithmic model.

Ecological and evolutionary processes generate biodiversity, yet how biodiversity data are organized and shared globally can shape our understanding of these processes. We show that name-bearing type specimens—the primary reference for species identity—of all freshwater and brackish fish species are predominantly housed in Global North museums, disconnected from their countries of origin. This geographical divide creates a ‘knowledge split’ with consequences for biodiversity science, particularly in the Global South, where researchers face barriers in studying native species’ name bearers housed abroad. Meanwhile, Global North collections remain flooded with non-native name bearers. We relate this imbalance to historical and socioeconomic factors, which ultimately restrict access to critical taxonomic reference materials and hinder global species documentation. To address this disparity, we call for international initiatives to promote fairer access to biological knowledge, including specimen repatriation, improved accessibility protocols for researchers in countries where specimens originated and inclusive research partnerships.

Scydmaenus (Cholerus) excaviceps, occurring in southern India and Sri Lanka, was described twice by Jean Lhoste, in 1937 and 1938, based on the same holotype, thus creating a synonymous homonym. In his first description, Lhoste erroneously illustrated the aedeagus of Scydmaenus foveocephalus as that of S. excaviceps. Later, Herbert Franz redescribed the Sri Lankan species S. femoralis Nietner, 1856, but unfortunately this was based on misidentified non-type specimens that in fact belong to S. excaviceps. This error led Franz to place S. excaviceps as a junior synonym of S. femoralis. Recently the type specimen of the true S. femoralis was rediscovered and it was possible to clarify this long-standing confusion. Scydmaenus excaviceps is removed from synonymy with S. femoralis and redescribed.

Abstract Brazil harbours one of the highest levels of primate species richness and endemism globally, with its taxonomic diversity extensively documented in preserved specimens across major biological collections worldwide. A systematic survey of primate specimens in the mammal collection of the Museu de Zoologia of the Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) was carried out, analysing their taxonomic and geographical coverage as well as the conservation status of the species. A total of 2416 specimens belonging to 18 genera and 85 species were reviewed and georeferenced. Most specimens originate from tropical rainforests within two distinct Brazilian biomes: Amazonia (1601) and the Atlantic Forest (487). Among the specimens in the collection, 35 are classified as threatened on the IUCN Red List: six as Critically Endangered, 12 as Endangered, and 17 as Vulnerable. The Critically Endangered species include the southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), Coimbra-Filho’s titi monkey (Callicebus coimbrai), Barbara Brown’s titi monkey [Callicebus (Callicebus) barbarabrownae], Vieira’s titi monkey (Plecturocebus vieirai), and the yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos). Some specimens of these five Critically Endangered species were collected from localities where the species no longer occur. Collectively, these records document past extirpation events and reveal the scale of population losses. There are eight primate type specimens held at the MZUSP collection, three of which are currently recognized as valid species. This collection represents a vital scientific resource for taxonomic, genetic, and conservation studies, and its long-term preservation is essential to safeguard its potential for future discoveries.

The monotypic genus Carneiola Endrödi, 1974 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini), which was erroneously recorded from New Zealand, is revised. The type specimens of Carneiola zealandica Endrödi, 1974 are examined and compared with those of Bothynus herbivorus (Arrow, 1937), including additional material. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: 1) C. zealandica is synonymized with B. herbivorus (senior synonym); 2) B. herbivorus is transferred to Carneiola, resulting in the new combination: C. herbivora (Arrow, 1937). Lectotypes are designated for Ligyrus herbivorus Arrow, 1937 and Bothynus perforatus Arrow, 1937. An up-to-date distributional map of Carneiola herbivora is provided. We confirm that this species only occurs in South America, and not New Zealand, as previously reported.