Holistic Response Research Articles

The response of local governments in financing related to the COVID-19 pandemic: A literature review.

Not only the Central Government, local governments also have a role to shape, adapt and provide a holistic response to the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the most important actions taken by local governments during the COVID-19 pandemic is to make immediate, timely, and targeted decisions for the right institutions in order to give an effective response. Regarding financing, the main point is to focus on increasing support and accelerating fiscal transfer funds to local governments in an effort handle COVID- 19. This paper wants to observe the empirical practice of local governments in various countries in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in terms of financing various programs and activities related to the COVID-19 response. Literature was obtained from several databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Of the 783 articles obtained at the start of the search, in the end only 11 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is aparrent in all parts of the world, including in countries’ local governments, that forced them to carry out various efforts of mitigating the severity of the pandemic. Although the detailes of local governments budgeting were not found in most of the articles studied in this literature review, it is sufficient to provide a fairly significant picture of the function of local government in tackling the spread of COVID-19. Significance for public health COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic in March 2020. The impact of this COVID-19 pandemic covers all sectors of life. The financing required is not only for the provision of health services, but also includes the costs of risk communication and community empowerment, social protection, enforcement of regulations related to infection prevention and control, continuation of essential services and measures to ensure the survival of the local economy. COVID-19 demonstrates the importance of fast and effective local intervention. The effectiveness of the response to COVID-19 varies widely at the local government level, with different approaches taken. Any measure related to COVID-19 requires resources and has a fiscal aspect. To finance the response to this pandemic, local governments rely on three main sources: Regional Original Revenue, Balancing Funds, and Regional Loans. This study wants to take lessons learned on public health policies related to financing by local governments in dealing with COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic: Narratives of front-line nurses from Wuhan, China.

This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurses in Wuhan Hospital as front‐line workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A descriptive qualitative study of such nurses was conducted from a tertiary hospital in Wuhan. Semi‐structured individual interviews were undertaken with 8 registered nurses who were front‐line health workers in one of the COVID‐19 wards and 3 nursing managers from the response team. Five discrete themes were identified from the narratives of nurses' experiences during the COVID‐19 outbreak in Wuhan: “content of fundamental care,” “teamwork,” “reciprocity,” “nurses’ own worries,” and “lifelong learning and insights.” Nurses in the front line of care during the COVID‐19 pandemic can contribute important information from their hands‐on experience for providing a holistic response to an infectious outbreak like COVID‐19. The concerns nurses raised at both personal and professional levels have implications for nursing education and clinical practice settings, particularly in the time of a pandemic when nurses' well‐being requires attention, and at the same time for considering organizational factors that enable nurses to provide care to patients with confidence. Hospital policies and nursing management need to be ready and adhere to flexible work planning systems and approaches during a pandemic.

Forensic medical examinations: The body as gateway to healing after child sexual abuse

AbstractDespite consensus that the forensic medical examination is an integral component to a comprehensive response to child sexual abuse (CSA), concerns have been expressed about the impact of these examinations on children and young people. A small‐scale survey was conducted with a group of CSA professionals (n = 19), followed by semi‐structured interviews with six adolescents, accessed through CSA specialist units in Ireland. While concerns were expressed about the examination, overall, professionals were in favour of it as part of a holistic therapeutic response to CSA. Five themes were identified from the interviews with adolescents: the experience of the examination as an imposition, the unknown nature of the examination, the focus on the body itself, feeling exposed and having a say. Findings highlight how a trauma‐informed approach, with emphasis on information sharing and supporting the autonomy of the young person's voice and choice throughout the process, could provide a transformative experience for young people, helping them integrate their psychological and physical sense of themselves. The forensic medical examination can facilitate the healing and recovery process by bringing into awareness many of the anxieties that, due to shame or inability to tolerate associated emotional pain, remain unspoken and unspeakable following CSA.

H2O2/Ca2+/Zn2+ Complex Can Be Considered a "Collaborative Sensor" of the Mitochondrial Capacity?

In order to maintain a state of well-being, the cell needs a functional control center that allows it to respond to changes in the internal and surrounding environments and, at the same time, carry out the necessary metabolic functions. In this review, we identify the mitochondrion as such an “agora”, in which three main messengers are able to collaborate and activate adaptive response mechanisms. Such response generators, which we have identified as H2O2, Ca2+, and Zn2+, are capable of “reading” the environment and talking to each other in cooperation with the mitochondrion. In this manner, these messengers exchange information and generate a holistic response of the whole cell, dependent on its functional state. In this review, to corroborate this claim, we analyzed the role these actors, which in the review we call “sensors”, play in the regulation of skeletal muscle contractile capacities chosen as a model of crosstalk between Ca2+, Zn2+, and H2O2.

Games in the Time of COVID-19: Promoting Mechanism Design for Pandemic Response

Most governments employ a set of quasi-standard measures to fight COVID-19, including wearing masks, social distancing, virus testing, contact tracing, and vaccination. However, combining these measures into an efficient holistic pandemic response instrument is even more involved than anticipated. We argue that some non-trivial factors behind the varying effectiveness of these measures are selfish decision making and the differing national implementations of the response mechanism. In this article, through simple games, we show the effect of individual incentives on the decisions made with respect to mask wearing, social distancing, and vaccination, and how these may result in sub-optimal outcomes. We also demonstrate the responsibility of national authorities in designing these games properly regarding data transparency, the chosen policies, and their influence on the preferred outcome. We promote a mechanism design approach: It is in the best interest of every government to carefully balance social good and response costs when implementing their respective pandemic response mechanism; moreover, there is no one-size-fits-all solution when designing an effective solution.

Re-imagining the Making of Climate Law and Policy in Citizens’ Assemblies

AbstractIn recent years, climate citizens’ assemblies – randomly selected representative citizens gathered to make policy recommendations on greenhouse gas emissions targets – have gained in popularity as a potential innovative solution to the failure of governments to design and adopt ambitious climate change laws and policies. This article appraises the process and outcomes of three climate citizens’ assemblies held at the national level – in Ireland, France and the United Kingdom – and evaluates their contributions to the making of climate law and policy. In doing so, it first looks at whether citizens’ assemblies have the ability to improve the substance of climate law and suggests that they face difficulties in providing an integrated, holistic response to the climate problem. It then explores how citizens’ assemblies have fed into subsequent legislative processes to show their positive influence and draws lessons for our understanding of the role of citizens’ assemblies in climate lawmaking.

Re-purposing Universities: The Path to Purpose

As the extent of damage to environmental systems from our business-as-usual activity becomes ever more alarming, Universities as core social institutions are under pressure to help society lead the transition to a sustainable future. Their response to the issues, that they themselves have helped reveal, has, however, been widely criticised for being wholly inadequate. Universities can be observed to engage with sustainability issues inad-hocways, with the scale of attention and commitment dependant mainly on the level of pressure exerted by stakeholders that works to overcome aspects of inherent inertia. Sustainability initiatives can therefore be regarded mainly as bolt-ons. This mirrors how other sectors, including businesses, have tended to respond. As the environmental and social crisis mounts and the window for adaptive change to ensure long-term wellbeing for all narrows, the pressure for deeper systemic change builds. It is in this context that transformation to a “purpose-driven organisation” has emerged as a systemic approach to change, enabling an organisation to align deeply and rapidly with society's long-term best interest and hence a sustainable future. Nowhere has this concept been taken forward more obviously than in the business sector. As business leadership towards purpose becomes more apparent, so the lack of action in this area by universities appears starker. In this paper we clarify what it means to be a purpose-driven organisation, why and how it represents a deep holistic response to unsustainability, and what core questions emerging from the business world university leaders can ask themselves to begin the practical journey to transform their institutions into purpose-driven universities.

Gradation of Clinical Holistic Response as New Composite Outcome to Evaluate Success in Spinal Cord Stimulation Studies for Pain

IntroductionThe most prominent outcome measurement in the field of neuromodulation is pain relief. Nevertheless, the number of studies that rely on composite outcomes has increased. The aims of this study are twofold: (1) to evaluate which measures are important to include in a composite outcome and (2) to develop this new composite outcome to evaluate the degree of being a clinical holistic responder with a corresponding minimal clinical important difference (MCID). Materials and MethodsData from patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 treated with High-Dose Spinal Cord Stimulation (HD-SCS) were used. Pain intensity for low back and leg pain, disability, health-related quality of life, medication use, and patient satisfaction were measured at baseline and after 12 months of HD-SCS. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were used to evaluate which measures should be included in the composite outcome. Anchor-based and distribution-based methods were applied to determine the MCID of the newly developed outcome measurement. ResultsA three-factor model was the most appropriate for this data set, in which leg pain intensity, EQ5D VAS, and disability had the largest loading on these factors. A clinical holistic outcome was created with a total score ranging from 0 (=better [no pain, no disability, and perfect health status]) to 300 (=worse [maximal pain, maximal disability, and worst health status]). The MCID value based on an absolute change score from baseline up to 12 months of HD-SCS was 87.97. When calculating with percentage changes, a MCID value of 48.4% was revealed. ConclusionsThis new composite outcome evaluating the degree of deviation from being a holistic responder is a step toward a meaningful, overall outcome assessment for patients who are treated with SCS. Further studies to evaluate the psychometric properties and the generalizability toward other patient populations still need to be performed.

Food security in conflict and peacebuilding settings: beyond a humanitarian concern

The article provides a global overview of the food security and conflict situation and discusses the two-way relationship between violent conflict and food security. On the one hand, violent conflict directly impacts food systems, affecting people’s ability to produce, trade, and access food. On the other, heightened food insecurity can contribute to the emergence and duration of conflict. The pathways leading from violent conflict to food insecurity or from food insecurity to conflict are highly complex and deeply contextual. The article draws from major current conflict settings to illustrate these complexities, including the unfolding armed conflict in Ukraine, with implications for food security felt far beyond the conflict-affected areas. The article concludes by arguing that there is an urgent need for incorporating a peace and conflict lens when conceptualising food security to promote a more holistic response across humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding spheres to the rapidly increasing levels of food insecurity. In doing so, it is fundamental to consider agency within a framing of food security. This factor is largely missing from the dominant technocratic or purely economic understanding of food security.

The Kere of Madagascar: a qualitative exploration of community experiences and perspectives

The Kere is a recurrent famine occurring in the south of Madagascar that emerged substantively in the 1930s. Each major event claims thousands of lives and keeps many in a cycle of impoverishment, despite the existence of various aid-based responses. This assessment presents qualitative research exploring two Kere-affected communities’ experiences of the phenomenon. Through focus group discussions, we learn that the Kere is a complex social-ecological disaster, compounded by an intricate chain of causation and impacts. Seeking a deep understanding of affected peoples’ perceptions and experience of the phenomenon, this paper challenges the idea that the Kere is a famine caused by recurring drought that can only be solved with provision of water and aid-based solutions. Based on community views and research literature, and the application of Ostrom’s social-ecological systems framework, we demonstrate that the Kere is a phenomenon compounded by multiple interacting, debilitating factors including deforestation, drought, pests and diseases, food insecurity, extreme poverty, lawlessness, and political malaise; thus, solutions require a comprehensive, sustained, holistic response.

How CARE Tools Are Being Used to Address Brain Injury and Mental Health Struggles With Survivors of Domestic Violence.

CARE (Connect, Acknowledge, Respond, and Evaluate) is an advocacy framework developed for domestic violence service organization (DVSO) providers to address and accommodate domestic violence (DV) survivors with brain injury and mental health struggles. The CARE tools were designed for use by advocates and include the Just Breathe booklet, the Head Injury education card, and the Invisible Injuries booklet. The purpose of this study was to report findings on how CARE tools are being used by DVSO providers as well as their impact on DVSO advocacy practice. Post-CARE retrospective process evaluation online surveys (n = 60) and focus groups (n = 10 groups; 57 advocates) were conducted with consenting staff at 5 DVSOs in Ohio who partnered with the state coalition to develop and evaluate CARE, overseen by a university research partner. Rigorous, iterative coding qualitative analysis methods, endorsed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, were used (Cohen's κ = 0.903 [stage 1] and 0.810 [stage 2]). The use of CARE tools has been integral to DVSO providers' implementation of the CARE advocacy framework. DVSO advocates are using CARE tools to Connect with self, survivors, and other systems; to Acknowledge that head trauma and mental health struggles are common among survivors and that ongoing education and self-care are necessary for advocates. Advocates have been able to provide a more holistic Response through accommodation within DVSOs and referral to other providers, often by using the CARE tools, including the Head Injury education card. CARE tools were designed for lay use to address head trauma, strangulation, and mental health struggles with DV survivors and are free for download at the Center on Partner Inflicted Brain Injury website: https://www.odvn.org/brain-injury. More widespread use of these tools by advocates has the potential to improve services for DV survivors and address what have historically been invisible injuries and mental health struggles in the population.

1 - Governing Gender: Violent Extremism in Northern Nigeria


 
 
 This article draws on a qualitative study piloted in Maiduguri, Northern Nigeria, to unpack the gender logics that shape why women join Boko Haram, their roles, how they are perceived by their communities on their return and how these dynamics inform the ‘deradicalisation’ programmes of the Nigerian government and civil society organisations. The study reveals that the absence of a gender power analysis reproduces the dominant tropes evident in radicalisation theories and programmes about who is radicalised and why, thus limiting a holistic response to the factors that drive association with Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria. The article points to the opportunities that a more nuanced reading of women’s experiences of associating with armed groups and their return to their communities offers to re-conceptualising integration programmes.
 
 
 
 Awino Okech, SOAS, University of London. Email: ao21@soas.ac.uk
 
 
 
 
 

The significance of technology as both a resource in enhancing safety, and a means of perpetrating violence: the implications for policy and practice

There is evidence that technological devices such as personal safety alarms and security cameras can be effective in contributing to an increased sense of safety for victims of domestic and family violence, when they are provided as part of a broader programme of support. This article reports on findings from a mixed methods evaluation of a programme trialled in Queensland, Australia. The programme was funded by the Commonwealth Department of Social Services as part of the Keeping Women Safe in Their Home initiative. The trial was comprised of two components: the provision of personal safety alarms and security cameras to victims, and the resourcing of service providers to identify and respond to technology-facilitated abuse experienced by their clients. The findings from the evaluation of the trial contribute to an emerging evidence base on technology as a means to support and increase the safety of victims of violence. The findings also contribute to evidence on the capacity of the sector to respond to the use of technology to harass, monitor and stalk victims. There are benefits to clients and service providers from the innovative use of technology as part of a holistic and flexible domestic and family violence service response to meet the needs of victims, including those who wish to remain in their home. However, service providers in the trial felt less confident in supporting victims of technology-facilitated abuse. The limited uptake of strategies provided to assess and monitor technology-facilitated abuse indicates that support workers in the domestic violence sector would benefit from capacity building in this area. Better data and more research are needed to understand how technology is used to facilitate abuse and how services can implement effective responses to technology-facilitated abuse.

Jack pandemus – Cyber incident and emergency response during a pandemic

ABSTRACT COVID-19 quickly gave rise to a newly expansive space wrought with unforeseen vulnerabilities. Cyber threat actors swiftly identified this space and immediately began seizing targets of opportunity amid chaotic conditions. Recognizing this emerging challenge, our goal was to find a mechanism that would support better understanding of holistic cyber incident response in the context of emergency management amid pandemic circumstances. Therefore, we conducted Jack Pandemus, a distributed event that simulated concurrent cyber and emergency incident response challenges. This event first occurred with Charleston, South Carolina followed by Savannah, Georgia. Each iteration included public and private sector entities whose positions corresponded with real-world cyber incident and/or emergency response. Jack Pandemus introduced a cascading multisector cyber incident under pandemic conditions with a focus on identifying cross-sector gaps, dependencies, constraints, strengths, and lessons learned. Jack Pandemus ultimately revealed: that physical pandemic stressors can significantly impact cyber incident response; that emergency response remains primarily focused on pandemic impacts despite concurrent cyber consequences; that locally shared resources are quickly exhausted during a multisector crisis; that significant confusion remains between public and private sectors regarding how and when to request additional support; and that cybersecurity is not treated as an operational problem despite considerable cascading potential.

Good Lives Model: Importance of Interagency Collaboration in Preventing Violent Recidivism

Violence is a complex and multifaceted problem requiring a holistic and individualized response. The Good Lives Model (GLM) suggests violence occurs when an individual experiences internal and external obstacles in the pursuit of universal human needs (termed primary goods). With a twin focus, GLM-consistent interventions aim to promote attainment of primary goods, whilst simultaneously reducing risk of reoffending. This is achieved by improving an individuals’ internal (i.e., skills and abilities) and external capacities (i.e., opportunities, environments, and resources). This paper proposes that collaborations between different agencies (e.g., psychological services, criminal justice systems, social services, education, community organizations, and healthcare) can support the attainment of primary goods through the provision of specialized skills and resources. Recommendations for ensuring interagency collaborations are effective are outlined, including embedding a project lead, regular interagency meetings and training, establishing information sharing procedures, and defining the role each agency plays in client care.

Developments in China’s governance of its aging society: Evidence from aging policies between 1982 and 2017

AbstractChina's governance of its aging society has been accompanied by rapid economic and social transformation, urbanization, population migration, and globalization. Although the results have been remarkable, there remain several major challenges faced by its aging society and faced by the country in building a holistic response system for aging issues. This article uses governance theories to analyze the role of the government and the corresponding governance mechanisms in China's aging society and further conducts an empirical analysis of its aging policies from 1982 to 2017. We found some progress in the policy area for addressing aging issues with an integrated governance system around the government evolving in China. This study sheds light on the favorable governance structure for addressing aging issues effectively, which involves the integration of social resources in governance. This governance structure can not only realize the effective allocation of social resources but also maximize the government's administrative resources.

Law, philosophy and disasters: earthquake-handling case in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

PurposeThis paper aims to synchronize the various constitutional regulations that regulate the natural disaster management in Indonesia, especially those which apply in the Yogyakarta Special Territory after disaster through a legal interpretation and construction method to find a community empowerment-based disaster management model, which suits the Indonesian ideals of law.Design/methodology/approachThis research is carried out in the Yogyakarta Special Territory province; this research uses the juridical normative method or the method with the doctrinal or the juridical normative approach. The approaches used in this research are the conceptual approach, statute approach and the sociological approach.FindingsThe numerous constitutional regulations that are formed and implemented to regulate the disaster management in Yogyakarta Special Territory cannot yet run its function as an integrating mechanism efficiently. This is mainly because the handling of disasters is usually responsive, without clear planning.Research limitations/implicationsIn numerous constitutional regulations, there is a synchronization between the regulations on the society’s rights and responsibilities in disaster management. The point of these regulations is that they state that every citizen has the right to obtain social protection and a sense of safety. They have the right to obtain education, trainings and skills in the establishment of disaster management. Also, they have the right to participate in policies, in accessing information on disaster prevention policies.Practical implicationsEfforts of response toward a disaster should be neither exclusive nor partial. A condition of disaster is a complex condition, which usually asks for a holistic response from various perspectives and experiences. It needs effective teamwork between various institutional groups. Basically, it will not be effective if it is run by a single agency exclusively. Indonesia needs a clear disaster management and needs to synchronize the law for disaster mitigation for minimize the natural disaster impact.Social implicationsVarious constitutional regulations made and applied to regulate disaster management in the Yogyakarta cannot yet run its function as an efficient integrating mechanism, as the law cannot yet undergo the rearrangement of the productive process in the society optimally. The goals determined in the execution of the disaster management are often not legitimized by the society, and they do not yet give a full sense of justice to them. Recovery after Yogyakarta earthquake is a slow process.Originality/valueThis is a relatively new research, as other researches focused on the disastrous impacts of the Yogyakarta earthquake. The disaster management system must consider and must be responsive toward diversity, differences and competition, which may arise due to social, economic, political, community and even religious factors. These differences often create a dynamic and complex relation. A wrong manner in handling this may cause horizontal conflicts.

Shift-Work-Play: Understanding the positive and negative experiences of male and female shift workers to inform opportunities for intervention to improve health and wellbeing

Objective: Our primary study aims are to (i) examine positive and negative aspects associated with shift work, and (ii) identify any gender differences that exist in a healthcare workforce. A secondary aim of the study was to identify opportunities for intervention, particularly in males given they have greater exposure to shift work across the population. Background: Shift work has been associated with detrimental physical and psychosocial outcomes in many studies; however, there has been little consideration of any positive perceived aspects associated with shift work. Additionally, while there has been less consideration of gender differences in medical settings such as nursing where there is a higher proportion of females working shifts. Study design and methods: Our study utilised mixed-methods, comprising a cross-sectional workforce survey given to both shift workers and non-shift workers (N=1398), and a co-design workshop aimed at male nurses, in order to identify opportunities for intervention among this group. Results: Shift workers were more likely than their non-shift work counterparts to report poorer overall health, to have higher levels of psychological distress, and to engage in greater levels of unhealthy behaviours (e.g. higher alcohol consumption, and greater levels of smoking), with these differences highest in male shift workers. Discussion: Analysis of the shift work experience revealed that the majority responses were negative (affecting sleep, diet, exercise, mental health), however one-in-five statements were positive with flexibility, and the ability to engage with services highlighted. Examining both positive and negative elements is important for providing a balanced insight into shift workers’ lives, and to inform targets for improving their health and wellbeing. Conclusion: Through identifying positive and negative elements associated with shift work it is possible to intervene to minimise the negative elements, and maximise positive elements. Our analysis highlights the importance of considering gender differences in both individual and organisational-level responses. Implications for research, policy, and practice: To effectively address the negative aspects of shift work, interventions at multiple levels involving both organisations and individuals that simultaneously target multiple outcomes (sleep, diet, exercise, opportunities to connect with peers) are likely to be more effective than individual measures alone. What is known about the topic? Shift work is common across many different industries, and is an integral part of the nursing profession, where nurses and midwives make up almost 50% of the worldwide shift working workforce. Shift work has been associated with negative impacts on individual physical and psychological health and performance outcomes such as increased error rates. What this paper adds: This study confirms that shift work is associated with negative impacts however there are positive elements associated with shift work and these include flexibility and financial benefits. Gender differences were apparent with risky alcohol use, higher smoking rates, and poorer health noted in males compared with females. Our co-design workshop identified the potential for a holistic response based on the three pillars of health: sleep, diet and exercise as likely to be more effective than an intervention addressing only one of these domains.

Proposed Management System and Response Estimation Algorithm for Motorway Incidents

Motorway’s personnel tasks management and incidents monitoring, and response are critical processes that contribute to the motorway’s orderly and smooth operation. Existing management practices utilize SCADA technologies that control motorway actuator systems as well as various means of personnel communications mobile technologies. Nevertheless, contemporary motorways lack a unified incident response solution that tracks resources, sends notification alerts when necessary, and automates incident resolution. This paper presents a new holistic and unified management and response system called Resources Management System (RMS). This system was originally implemented as a generic motorways resources management system for the EGNATIA ODOS motorway that uses it in Greece. The implemented RMS provides real-time resources tracking, personnel utilization algorithms, and data mining capabilities towards incident confrontation. It operates as an incidents’ collection and resources central communication interface. It is also capable of incident response and completion time categorization; real-time tunnel exits sensory monitoring, staff mobilization, and tracking system. Furthermore, the RMS includes machine learning methodologies and smart agents (bots) for solving the problem of estimating and evaluating the response and completion time of incidents based on previous successful incidents’ confrontations.

Facilitating higher photovoltaic penetration in residential distribution networks using demand side management and active voltage control

AbstractFuture power networks are certain to have high penetrations of renewable distributed generation such as photovoltaics (PV). At times of high PV generation and low customer demand (e.g., summer), network voltage is likely to rise beyond limits mandated by grid codes resulting in a curtailment of PV generation, unless appropriate control means are used. This leads to a reduction in energy yield and consequently reduces the economic viability of PV systems. This work focuses on scenario‐based impact assessments underpinned by a net prosumer load forecasting framework as part of power system planning to aid sustainable energy policymaking. Based on use‐case scenarios, the efficacy of smart grid solutions demand side management (DSM) and Active Voltage Control in maximizing PV energy yield and therefore revenue returns for prosumers and avoided costs for distribution networks between a developed country (the UK) and developing country (India) is analyzed. The results showed that while DSM could be a preferred means because of its potential for deployment via holistic demand response schemes for India and similar developing nations, technically the combination of the weaker low voltage network with significantly higher solar resource meant that it is not effective in preventing PV energy curtailment.