HLB Value Research Articles

Formulation and stability of horse oil-in-water emulsion by HLB system.

Optimal condition was determined to prepare horse oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion stabilized by different HLB system. Span 60 and Tween 60 were used to achieve the predetermined HLB values ranging from 10 to 14 and the surfactant concentrations were adjusted to 10-20%. Fifteen formulated O/W emulsions were characterized by mean particle diameter, zeta-potential (ZP), polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency (EE, %). Mean particle diameter decreased with increasing HLB value and surfactant concentration. Particles of the emulsion with HLB 12 and surfactant concentration at 15% were distributed in the size of below 500nm. The particle diameter and EE (%) of the emulsion with HLB 11 or 12 and surfactant concentration at 15 or 20% were not significantly changed during storage at 40°C for 15days. These results suggest the characteristics of horse oil O/W emulsion are dependent on HLB values and surfactant concentration so that affect to emulsion properties during storage.

Emulsification of Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil from Nanoporous Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 with Diesel Using a Range of Emulsifiers in an Ultrasonicator

Catalytic pyrolysis oil (CPO) was produced from lignin using the ex-situ mechanism and nanoporous HZSM-5 (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 50) as a catalyst. The oil contained phenolics, esters, acids, and benzene derivatives as the major constituents. The emulsification of CPO in diesel was tested with several emulsifier combinations such as Span 80 and Tween 60, Span 80 and Atlox 4916, and Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315 in the HLB range of 5.8-7.3. The HLB value of 5.8 using the combination of Span 80 and Atlox 4916 and the CPO:emulsifier:diesel ratio of 5:2:93 (wt%), provided a stable emulsion for 10 days. The physiochemical properties of that emulsion were comparable to diesel. Hence, emulsions of CPO and diesel can potentially be used as a diesel engine fuel.

The Effect of HLB Surfactant Value on The Characteristics of Emulsion Biodiesel Palm Oil Using Homogenizer

The process of making water emulsion in palm oil biodiesel is assisted by using two types of surfactants with different HLB values, namely Tween 80 and Span 80. This study aims to determine the characteristics of palm oil biodiesel emulsion made using a homogenizer with different HLB values, surfactant composition and water content in each sample. Density, viscosity, stability and microscopy tests were carried out to determine the characteristics of palm oil biodiesel emulsion. The results were obtained in the form of the highest density and viscosity values found in samples with high HLB values, surfactant composition and water content, while for stability test results were found in samples with low HLB values, surfactant composition and low water content. This shows that the difference in the value of HLB used will affect the amount of surfactant composition and moisture content in the sample composition and will affect the density, viscosity and stability of the palm oil biodiesel emulsion formed.

THE PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE FROM BAGASSE ON INCREASED OIL RECOVERY

Aims: This study aims to determine the synthesis of bagasse to form surfactants and evaluation of the performance of the sample to increase oil yield. Indonesia generates very large amounts of solid waste, without recycling or adequate management efforts to preserve the environment. Bagasse emerged as one of the most abundant biomass due to the operations of large plantations and factories. Furthermore, previous studies showed extensive uses in the fields of compost, animal feed, bioethanol energy, paper, and reinforced building materials. Methodology and Results: Lignin was extracted from bagasse to process sodium lignosulfonate surfactant (SLS surfactant). The synthesis was characterized several times, and certain examples showed significant HLB values, as a function of emulsion builder. This condition in the oil reservoir is required to reduce interface stress (IFT) and friction in the movement of particles. Another analyses involves the assessment of core flooding of specific synthetic core and crude samples. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The results confirm the ability of surfactant bagasse to increase oil recovery, namely the HLB value of 11.6. The results also show the surfactant classification with the ability to form a middle-phase emulsion in order to increase petroleum products. Therefore, bagasse as solid waste has a performance effect on the process of increasing petroleum production.

Dye solubilization ability of plant derived surfactant from Sapindus rarak DC. extracted with the assistance of ultrasonic waves

The study focused on the extraction and characterization of the natural surfactant, saponin, from lerak (Sapindus rarak DC.) and investigation of its ability to solubilize reactive dyes. Extraction by green ultrasound-assisted extraction showed that the highest saponin yield of 27.87 mg saponin/100 mg feed was achieved. The value was obtained at temperatures of 30 °C, with solvent to solute ratio of 10 mL/g, after 40 min of extraction. This yield was approximately twice that obtained from maceration-based extraction. Compared to maceration extraction (ME), UAE results showed improved extraction time, lower temperature, and lesser requirement for solvents. The study of the surfactant characteristics of saponin extracts also confirmed that the extracted saponin from lerak pericarp was an oleanane triterpenoid saponin. Both the extract and pure saponin were classified as hydrophilic saponin with HLB value of 16.8 and 18.7, respectively. Lerak pericarp extract has Critical Micelle Concentration of 0.19% wt. The solubilization of lerak pericarp extract to synthetic dyes expressed as molar solubilization power were 0.251 mM/mM and 0.239 mM/mM for Red Remazol dye and Blue TQ Remazol dye, respectively.

Investigation on the mitigation of environmental harmful emissions by incorporating nanoparticles to biofuel water nano emulsion in low heat rejection engine

The quantity of energy consumers in the country is extensive in the current quick-moving situation; the whole car industry puts a significant part in energy utilization. Biofuels have lured consideration among other alternative fuels as indicated by their natural element and synthetic creation.In this test, the aluminum nanoparticles are prepared by three various proportions (50, 100 and 150 ppm) being used in the base engine. To introduced thermal barrier coated engine in piston top face and the desired thickness is 500 μm with the assistance ofmethods using plasma spray and coated with PSZ material. A diesel engine is tested with 100% Borassus flabellifer, 20% Borassus flabellifer +75% mineral fuel +5% content of water and 20% Borassus flabellifer+75% mineral fuel+5% content of water + Al2O3 (50 ppm), 20% Borassus flabellifer +75% mineral fuel +5% content of water + Al2O3 (100 ppm) and 20% Borassus flabellifer+75% mineral fuel+5% content of water + Al2O3 (150 ppm),. The blend BFNP 150 shows an higher in break thermal efficiency by 5.12% when correlated with diesel fuel. The hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and opacity of the blend BFNP150 decreased by 22.42%, 31.98%, and 25.12% compared with the diesel fuel. Oxides of nitrogen are increased by 11.24% in the BFNP 150 blends when compared to basefuel.To use the biofuel, the oxides of nitrogen are increased to reduce the NOx the water content is adopted into the fuel with the surfactant’s help. Most of the research the Span 80 and Tween 80 was used as surfactant due to the high HLB value, and stability of the emission is withstanding for long times.

A family of chitosan-peptide conjugates provides broad HLB values, enhancing emulsion’s stability, antioxidant and drug release capacity

Strong hydrophilicity of polysaccharide and physicochemical instability of peptides limit application of polysaccharide-peptide mixtures in food industry. In this study, a natural resource platform of polysaccharide-peptide conjugates was constructed through Maillard reaction from chitosan and casein hydrophobic peptide. By choosing the molecular weight and deacetylation degree of chitosan and other reaction parameters, the conjugated chitosan-peptides possess extensive HLB values from 6 to 14 were obtained with grafting degree of 3.10%–15.08%. The conjugates have gained dramatically improved emulsifying ability, and endowed the emulsion higher antioxidant capacity than the peptide, chitosan and the mixture of peptide-chitosan has. Emulsions prepared with all conjugates exhibited long-term stability and strengthened tolerance towards temperature and electrolyte stimuli. This stable emulsion system also provided an effective encapsulation, protection and controlled release of curcumin, which may provide a method for transfer polysaccharides to stable emulsifiers with broader HLB values and application.

Effect of Components on the Emulsification Characteristic of Glucose Solution Emulsified Heavy Fuel Oil

Glucose, which can be directly obtained from biomass, was added into heavy fuel oil in the form of an aqueous solution to prepare a novel alternative emulsified fuel. The effects of each component (water, glucose, and surfactant) on the droplet size distribution, stability and viscosity-temperature characteristics were studied. Results show that the increase in water concentration (0~40v/v%) and HLB value (4.3~14.3) has a certain negative influence on stability and homogeneity. While with the increasing glucose blend ratio (0~40%), the stability and homogeneity presented a trend of increased first and then decreased. It worth noting that at a 30% glucose blending ratio, the long-term stability (85℃, 30 days without separation) along with minimum mean droplet size was obtained. Besides, only at surfactant concentration (1%~5%) of 1% and 5%, the long-term stability was not obtained. The viscosity of emulsions with surfactant is reduced at 25~35℃, increased at 60~95℃ compared with emulsion without surfactant. Note that no obvious difference in viscosity is observed with the addition of glucose. The feasibility of blending glucose into emulsified heavy fuel oil was confirmed in the perspective of stability and viscosity.

Study on the Development and Performance of a New Concrete Antifoaming Agent

Gemini surfactant acetylene glycol polyethers and polyhydrosilicone oil were used as raw materials to generate the acetylene glycol surfactants with defoaming, antifoaming properties, and polyether modification through a hydrolyzation reaction. A novel silicone surfactant based on acetylene glycol-modified polyoxysilane, which has the advantages of low surface tension and good water solubility. Its structure characterized by infrared. Finally, the new silicone surfactant prepared was emulsified with a composite emulsifier, and a new concrete defoamer was prepared by a mechanical method. The defoaming performance, foam suppression performance and surface tension were tested. The results showed that the new silicone surfactants contained functional groups of acetylene glycol and siloxane. The composite emulsifiers were Span40 and Tween60, which the HLB value was 10, the amount was 5% and the emulsification time was 30 minutes. The prepared new concrete defoamer has good defoaming and antifoaming properties with a low surface tension.

In vitro efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against Tetranychus urticae Koch on tuberose

Bio efficacy of virulent isolate of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (MK918495) was evaluated against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae on tuberose under pot culture condition at Insectary, Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore. For effective working of any insect pathogen, it is mandatory to develop an effective formulation. Keeping this point in view, in the present study, compatibility of the fungal isolate with two different oils, viz., ground nut and sunflower were tested at different concentrations, viz., 1, 3, 5 and 10%. The results revealed that the groundnut oil was compatible with B. bassiana at all concentrations with respect to colony growth and spore yield compared to sunflower oil which was compatible only at one percent. Based on the results, oil in water and oil based formulations were prepared. At higher concentration of 10%, groundnut oil recorded the radial colony growth of 36.90 mm diameter and spore yield of 1.2 x 10 8 spores mL -1 . Among the seven formulations (A-G) tested, formulation D which contained surfactant mixture having HLB value of 10.00 (53.33% Tween 80 and 46.67% Span 80) formed a better suspension with less flocculation layer and dispersion of conidia in spray fluid and was found to be better as it formed a good emulsion with water by mere shaking. Results of pot culture studies revealed that groundnut oil based fungal formulation was effective with a cumulative mean mite population reduction of 64.98% followed by crude fungal spore suspension (62.16%) and both were statistically on par with each other. Standard chemical check, Fenazaquin 10% EC @ 1.5 mL L -1 recorded significantly highest population reduction of mites (77.20%).Â

Formulasi Krim Ekstrak Etanol Herba Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L) 10% Dengan Variasi Nilai Hlb Tween 80 Dan Span 80 Sebagai Emulsifying Agent


 
 
 
 Euphorbia tirucalli L is a plant that has antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, immunomodulatory properties, numb feet and hands. Euphorbia tirucalli L contain compounds including flavonoids and tannins. The research objective was to determine the differences in cream formulations with variations in the HLB values ​​of tween 80 and span 80 as emulsifying agents, to test the physical properties and stability of the cream preparations. Fractures were macerated extracted using ethanol 96% solvent. The resulting viscous extract was formulated in the form of cream type A / M with variations of Tween 80 and Span 80, the stability of the cream preparations obtained were tested for their stability including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, dispersion and viscosity testing, then continued by using the freeze thaw testing method. The results showed that the fracture herb ethanol extract could be formulated into a cream preparation that met the criteria by using tween 80 1.26 grams and span 80 3.74 grams with an HLB value of 7.
 
 
 

SYNTHESIS OF N-LAUROYL SERINAMIDE THROUGH AMIDATION REACTION OF SERINE WITH METHYL LAURATE AND AMIDATION REACTION OF SERINE WITH LAUROYL CHLORIDE

Research on synthesis N-lauroyl serinamide through serine reaction with methyl laurate and lauroyl chloride has been carried out. Synthesis N-lauroyl serinamide by two reaction methods, the first method was through the esterification reaction of lauric acid to produce methyl laurate and then an amidation reaction was carried out by serine to produce N-lauroyl serinamide with percent yield of 73.86% and HLB value of 6.54. Through the FTIR test showed vibration absorption of the carbonyl amide group at wave number 1624.96 cm-1. The second method is through the chlorination reaction where lauric acid is converted to lauroyl chloride and then an amidation reaction is carried out by serine to produce N-lauroyl serinamide with percent yield of 93.75% and HLB value of 7.27. Through the FTIR test showed vibration absorption of the amide carbonyl group at wave number 1631.78 cm-1. The result shows that N-lauroyl serinamide can be synthesized through serine reaction with methyl laurate and lauroyl chloride which can be used as an emulsifier o/w (oil in water).

Evaluation of the factors contributing to the stability of the mixture of heparinoid oil-based cream and droplet dispersion-type ointment

We tried to clarify the pharmaceutical properties of heparinoid oil-based cream (HPOC) formulations from various aspects, such as rheological properties. Furthermore, the stability of the mixture of droplet dispersion-type betamethasone butyrate propionate ointment (BBPO) formulations and all HPOC formulations at various mixing ratios was evaluated. Next, we prepared a model droplet dispersion-type ointment and evaluated the relationship between the surfactant contained in the droplet dispersion-type ointment and the mixture stability.The present study revealed that two HPOC formulations have a lower viscosity than other HPOC formulations. Bleeding occurred in the mixture of the two HPOC formulations and droplet dispersion-type BBPO formulation at a mixing ratio of 1:1, suggesting that the pharmaceutical properties of the two HPOC formulations influence the stability of the mixture. A study using the time-domain-nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) revealed that the molecular mobility of water in those mixtures was diverse. When the stability of the mixture of the model droplet dispersion-type ointment and all the HPOC formulations was evaluated, it was stable in all mixtures when the HLB value of the surfactant added to the model ointment formulation was low (approximately 5). In contrast, it was unstable in all the mixtures when the HLB value of the surfactants was high (approximately 16). In the case of surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 40, contained in droplet dispersion-type BBPO formulations, where the HLB value is middle (approximately 12), the mixture stability depends on the pharmaceutical properties of HPOC formulations. Therefore, bleeding occurred only in mixtures with the two HPOC formulations. As described above, to predict the stability of a mixture, it is necessary to understand the pharmaceutical properties of both components from various aspects.

Synthesis and characterization both micellization and thermodynamic parameter of cationic surfactant mixture derived from vegetable oil

The imidazolinium chloride salts have improved as a potential new material for a wide variety of industrial operations, due to their exceptional structures and properties. Therefore, recognition of the surface proprieties and thermodynamic criteria of this product is extremely important for fundamental and industrial operations. In this investigation a mixture of fatty imidazolinium chlorides was synthesized dealing with a novel method using sunflower oil as a promoter of fatty acids. The reaction of ethane-1,2 diamine with a fatty acid yields a fatty imidazoline molecule. Hydrochloric acid was used to obtain fatty imidazolinium hydrochlorides with cationic surfactant properties. A FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic technique was using to establish the synthetic structure. The surface tension and conductivity as a function of the surfactant concentration in aqueous solution were measured at distinct temperatures, to figure out the micellization, adsorption and aggregation characteristics in aqueous solutions. Formerly the effect of temperature on the CMC was investigated. The HLB values were assumed for our surfactant and the results achieved indicate that it is O/W emulsifier. The Krafft point was identified at 288.45 K. All Surface adsorption parameters like, the maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimum area per molecule (Amin), effectiveness (πCMC), and efficiency of surface tension reduction (pC20) were calculated using Gibb’s equation. Finally, an attentive study of the thermodynamic aspects of air-ionic surfactant aqueous system reveals that the process of both micellization and adsorbtion was spontaneous and that adsorption is more favored than micellization.

Clean production of polyester fabric inkjet printing process without fabric pretreatment and soaping

We report an improved printing ink of polyester fabric employed in the production process of inkjet printing. In the design of printing ink, the solubility parameters of reagent and HLB value of surfactant are used to prepare the ink. This production process does not require the pretreatment of polyester fabric to directly carry out inkjet printing. By regulating the intermolecular force relationship between the components of ink and the compactness of ink microstructure, it can improve the diffusion of ink on the surface of polyester fabric. The low-field NMR (LF-NMR) revealed the correlation between the fluidity and transverse relaxation time of main reagent solutions and ink. The test results show that there are three types of water: hydrogen-bond water, bound water and free water in main reagent solutions and ink. The LF-NMR was also used to investigate the relationship between ink viscosity and transverse relaxation time. It was observed that the transverse relaxation time (1084.4–410.3 m s, peak maximum time of T22) of ink decreases with the increase of ink viscosity (2.3–11.1 mPa s). The viscosity and transverse relaxation time of ink is associated with the intermolecular force and the compactness of microstructure of ink. The formation of ink droplets was systematically observed by the ink droplet observation instrument. When the surface tension and viscosity of ink are 32.2–37.4 mN/m and 2.3–8.8 mPa s, respectively, the ink can be smoothly inkjet. With the increase of viscosity of the ink (2.3–8.8 mPa s), the sharpness of printing pattern is obviously improved, and the change rate of the line width (W) of the printing pattern is reduced from 52.6% to 4.4%. The microstructure of ink can bound the solvent of the ink, reduce the fluidity of the solvent, and improve the sharpness of the printing pattern. The test results of KES style and color fastness of the printed fabric show that the printed fabric fully meets the wearing requirements. Compared with other the soap liquid of printed fabric, the soap liquid of printed fabric RD-2B has strong UV absorption strength, the soap liquid RD-2B has a higher dye content. The characterization results of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in ink SDS R7 is 17.0 g/kg. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of printed fabrics RD-2B and SDS R7 are 150.0 and 102.0 mg/L, and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values of printed fabrics RD-2B and SDS R7 are 130.0 and 97.7 mg/L. Compared with the common polyester fabric printing ink (ink RD-2B), the prepared ink has the characteristics of environmental protection, high production efficiency and low energy consumption, which has the potential to achieve green printing.

Synthesis and Characterization of Diethanolamide (Surfactant) from Cao/Zeolite-Catalysed Used Cooking Oil

Synthesis of diethanolamide (surfactant) from CaO/zeolite-catalysed used cooking oil has been conducted. The results showed that the yields of the reactions between methyl esters and diethanolamine with CaO concentration at 3%, 5%, and 7% were 64.47%, 92.91%, and 87.05%, respectively. The characterization showed that the higher surfactant concentration, the greater the capability of decreasing surface tension. The water-surfactant-pertalite system had an emulsion index of 67%. The new liquid mixture system (water-surfactant-pertalite) was observed for 4 days to investigate the emulsion stability. The CMC and HLB values were 1.5 g/L and 10.59, respectively. These results show that surfactant is applicable as a cleaning solution with a good emulsion stability.

Hemishell Zeolites Synthesized by Asymmetric Modification as Biphasic Nanoreactors with Tunable Amphiphilicity for Catalysis of Cascade Reactions.

It is strongly desired to design and synthesize amphiphilic nanoreactors with tunable compatibility, which are stable at the biphasic interface in both acidic and alkaline environments. Herein, a novel amphiphilic R1-ZSM-5-R2 nanoreactor with adjustable hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (solid) (HLB(S)) values has been successfully synthesized by hydrophilic/lipophilic asymmetric modification of the surface of hemishell zeolites. The hemishell zeolites obtained by alkali etching have different surfaces for this asymmetric modification. Owing to the unique hemishell structures and asymmetric modification, the R1-ZSM-5-R2 nanoreactors with an optimized type and amount of modified organosilanes show excellent stability and emulsifying properties under extreme environments, which is important for cascade reactions in a biphasic system. The modified amino groups on the surface of the nanoreactors not only enhance the hydrophilicity of the hemishell zeolites and stabilize ultrasmall Pt nanoparticles (1.90 nm) but also used for the catalytic synthesis of trans-cinnamaldehyde. The Pt@R1-ZSM-5-R2 amphiphilic catalysts fabricated through a one-step reduction of Pt nanoparticles present outstanding performances in the biphasic cascade synthesis of cinnamic acid, achieving a very high turnover frequency (TOF) of 978 h-1. The TOF values of the catalysts correspond well to the HLB(S) values of the R1-ZSM-5-R2 nanoreactors.

PENGGUNAAN SURFAKTAN UNTUK MENGURANGI KANDUNGAN AIR DALAM EMULSI MINYAK

Emulsified oil is considered as rarely acceptable waste oil to be reused or even recycled. Efforts thathave been made in the last 40 years for the development of reliable and efficient demulsificationtechniques, cannot avoid the hard fact that it is not an easy task to break the most emulsified oil in shorttimes. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to separate the water from the emulsifiedoil to an acceptable level before it fed into the reclaimed fuel oil plant. One of the most widely usedmethods in treating water-in-oil emulsions is using surfactant to accelerate the emulsion breakingprocess. Three commonly used surfactants with high HLB value (Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylate NP-9,Tween 80 and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate SDS), dissolved in toluene to form 25% solution, wereapplied into 100 ml emulsified waste lubricants originated from collectors in Balikpapan suburb. Thedemulsifying effects of all three surfactants were then examined, including the heat effect by warmingup the whole system. All experiments were carried out in different concentrations of each solution, 500ppm, 700 ppm, 900 ppm and 1100 ppm. The performance level was determined by the amount of waterseparated. The experiments continued using best performed surfactants and centrifugal separators tomeet the targetted water content in the waste lubricants by 5% and sediment content by 3% before itfed into the reclaimed fuel oil plant. Result showed that surfactants with the best demulsifying effectwere NP-9 and SDS. Both worked at the optimum concentration of 700 ppm. The targetted watercontent was successfully exceeded. Water content in the waste lubricants was reduced from 34% to0.08% with NP-9 and to 0.8% with SDS. Sediment content was however not as successful. Sedimentcontent in waste oil was reduced from 12.30% to only 6.56% with NP-9 and to only 5.11% with SDS.The removed water from the process needs further treatment before disposal. The concentration ofBOD 5, COD, oil and fat, and ammonia are beyond the quality standard of waste water. The wastewater passed only in pH, Dissolved Sulfide and Total Phenol.Keywords : surfactant, emulsion, demulsification effect, demulsifier solution, hydrophilic lipophilicbalance

Assessment of the applicability of HLB values for natural phospholipid emulsifiers for preparation of stable emulsions.

Natural phospholipid (PL) excipients are native, biocompatible and relatively inexpensive alternatives to synthetic emulsifiers. A well-known PL excipient is lecithin, which primarily contains phosphatidylcholine (PC) and (depending on the purity grade) also contains a well-defined mixture of other PLs with a fatty acid composition, which reflects their natural source. Since all of these lipid species are emulsifiers, natural PLs can be considered as a mixture of (co-) emulsifiers. Many different HLB values for lecithins are given in the literature, which is why this needs to be clarified. To assess this, HLB values of thirteen different plant derived PLs differing in PC content were determined using a centrifugation stress method to determine the relative stability of an emulsion with the respective emulsifier and different oil phases. It could be shown that the studied PLs can be characterized by a broad HLB range, which may be linked to the composition of the PLs and the oil used. In order to emphasize the results of the HLB determination, it could be demonstrated that stable emulsions could be prepared with a wide range of oils using the plant-based PLs and that the preparation method of the emulsions is important in order to obtain stable emulsions. Therefore, assigning a specific exact HLB value to natural PLs instead of a wider range is inappropriate. The broad HLB ranges indicate the suitability of the studied PL emulsifiers for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions for a wide range of oils: It is recommended to experimentally evaluate the suitability of these natural emulsifiers for the preparation of stable emulsions and to benefit from the wide range of HLB values of these emulsifiers instead of relying on inaccurate and confusing HLB values in the literature.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) with Potential as Cosmetic Hair Formulations Made from Otoba Wax and Ultrahigh Pressure Homogenization

The development and physicochemical characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with potential for formulating hair cosmetic products were carried out. SLNs were made from Otoba wax, which is native to the tropical Andean region and has a high chemical composition of fatty acids with intermediate chains. SLNs were formulated by preparing wax-in-water dispersions at two internal phase proportions (low = 5% w/w and high = 20% w/w), using the same ratio of surfactant system and preservatives. The coarse dispersions were subjected to ultrahigh pressure homogenization (UHPH), and thermal stability assays for 4 weeks were carried out, where changes in Creaming Index, droplet size, polydispersity, viscosity, zeta potential, conductivity, and pH were evaluated. The results showed that Otoba wax has a required HLB value around 9 and is mainly composed of lauric (~35%) and myristic (~45%), which have been reported to improve the condition of hair loss. Regarding the development on SLNs, it was found that the internal phase concentration did not considerably affect the physicochemical and microbiological properties. Likewise, it was found that UHPH enabled the production of SLNs with particle sizes <200 nm, low polydispersity (<0.3), high zeta potential values, and suitable physical and microbiological stability. Therefore, Otoba wax has potential for the development of SLNs applicable to cosmetic formulations, especially for hair products.