History Of Vaginitis Research Articles

The Potential Threat of Vertical Transmission in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection: A Systematic Review 2022.

This systematic review paper aimed to assess and analyze the prevalence of maternal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) also known as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the peripartum period and its significance on vertical transmission to the neonate and if it is a potential threat to the health of newborns. For this, multiple databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and the database of Elsevier, were used to scout for relevant articles, and results were reported adhering to the principles set by Preferred Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines 2020. A specific medical subject headings (MeSH) criterion was designed to search for relevant publications on PubMed. A total of 26 articles were finally selected after a meticulous screening process, including detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria, manual reading of titles and abstracts, and availability of accessible full-text articles. A few articles were also selected after going through the citations section of the initially selected papers. Quality appraisal was done on the selected publications. Maternal colonization of S. aureus is determined to be highly prevalentwith the hypothesis that nasal colonization had higher rates than recto-vaginal sites. Increasing maternal age, history of vaginitis, and multiparity were the most common risk factors for MRSA and MSSA colonization. Premature babies were at the highest risk of MRSA colonization. Breast milk is also a risk factor for neonatal MRSA transmission. Through this systematic review, we concluded that although the rate of vertical transmission of MRSA is lower than that of MSSA, we felt that it held significance as neonates with the bug have poor outcomes due to skin and soft tissue infections and there is spread of MRSA to other neonates in the wardsand spread to siblings in cases of triplets and quadruplets and even death due to potential MRSA sepsis. Women in Africa and China had high prevalence rates of MRSA and S. aureus which can probably be attributed to a lack of access to adequate healthcare facilities. We recommend screening with regular recto-vaginal swabs and nasal swabs especially in regions with a high burden of MRSA to be performed at regular intervals after confirmation of pregnancy, as prevention and screening are effective to avoid serious complications.

Mixed Vaginitis in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Is Associated With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Mixed vaginitis is a complex vaginal dysbiosis that differs from single vaginitis. Vaginitis in the third trimester may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The clinical characteristics, microbiological characteristics, and adverse pregnancy outcomes of mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy are worth studying. Therefore, this study investigated the clinical and microbiological characteristics of vaginitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes of patients with mixed vaginitis. We studied 1,674 women in late pregnancy who attended the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from November, 2019 to October, 2021. We administered standardized questionnaires, performed vaginal examination and sampling plus microscope examinations, and assessed follow-up pregnancy outcomes. We cultured the vaginal discharge of the patients with mixed vaginitis to isolate pathogens and performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the isolated pathogens. For the patients with peripartum infection, we collected a sample to isolate pathogens. Among the 1,674 women, 66 (3.9%) had mixed vaginitis. The independent risk factor for mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy was a history of vaginitis during early and middle pregnancy (OR = 5.637, 95% CI: 3.314–9.580). The signs of vaginal erythema (63.6% vs. 42.0%), yellow discharge (81.8% vs. 59.6%), and malodor (31.8% vs. 18.8%) (P <0.05) were significantly higher in patients with mixed vaginitis than in patients with single vaginitis. Bacterial isolates of the vaginal secretions of patients with mixed bacterial vaginitis were mainly the pathogens of aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus anginosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pathogen isolation of the vaginal secretions of patients with mixed fungus and bacteria vaginitis mainly included Candida albicans, followed by S. anginosus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus simulans. Women with mixed vaginitis had an increased incidence and risk of peripartum infections (6.1% vs. 1.4%, P <0.05; OR = 3.985, 95% CI:1.214–13.079). Escherichia coli is the main pathogen that causes peripartum infection. Mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy is characterized by a severe and complex phenotype, complex vaginal dysbiosis, and a long course of vaginal dysbiosis. This can lead to an increased incidence and risk of peripartum infection. Therefore, more attention should be paid to patients with mixed vaginitis in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Epidemiology and analysis of potential risk factors of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in Shanghai China: A cross-sectional one-year study in non-vaccinated women.

Data regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence, its associated risk factors, and women's knowledge about this disease before the HPV vaccine was approved are limited in Shanghai, China. Therefore, we investigated these questions among females in Shanghai and aimed to provide comprehensive data to guide HPV vaccination and present the biopsychosocial risk factors that impact high-risk HPV infection, and evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness of this disease among women aged 21-65 years old. A total of 6619 (aged from 21 to 65) women from different communities volunteered to participate in the HPV screening and complete questionnaires from December 2016 to December 2017 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of nine hospitals in Shanghai. Data were analyzed using sample logistic regression to assess biopsychosocial risk factors that impact high-risk HPV infection and knowledge of HPV infection. A total of 632 (9.5%) cases were positive for high-risk HPV test, 22.6% of them were HPV 16/18 infection, 77.4% of them were non HPV 16/18 infection. 40 potential risk factors may be related to high-risk HPV infection, and there were 19 factors' p value < 0.1 from single factor logistic analysis. Finally, multivariable regression revealed education level, type of vaginitis, history of hyperlipidemias, family history of cancer, number of pregnancies, number of sex partners were independent risk factors for high-risk HPV infection (p < 0.05). When stratified by education level, women who finished graduate school had significantly greater knowledge of cervical cancer, cervical screening, and the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer than other groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence rate of high-risk HPV was a little lower than other regions in China and other countries, which may be related to regions, races, living habits, and economy. A less reported finding is that the history of vaginitis and the history of hyperlipidemias in our study were related to HPV infection. The majority of the participants had poor knowledge regarding cervical cancer, cervical screening, and the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer. Hence, these results should be served as a wake-up call for the government to increase knowledge and awareness via the media and doctors.

VULVOVAGINAITIS CANDIDIASIS;

Introduction: Vulvovaginitis candidiasis is one of the common problemsencountered by females and accounts for one third of vaginitis cases. Objective: To studythe efficacy of oral treatment with fluconazole in vulvovaginits candidiasis. Study Design:Descriptive case series. Setting: This study was conducted in the Department of Gynaecology,Lahore General Hospital, Lahore and Shalamar Hospital Lahore. Duration with Dates: Sixmonths from October 2009 to March 2010. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twentyfive patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for this study. Demographic historyregarding name, age and parity, etc. were taken. Patients received fluconazole 150mg aftertaking smear for microscopy and culture carried out in Lahore General Hospital laboratoryand then Shalamar Hospital laboratory. All patients were reevaluated after 2 weeks for clinicaland mycological cure by taking the history and repeating smear for microscopy and culture.Results: The mean age of the patients was 31.4+ 6.4 years. The mean duration of marriage ofthe patients was 8.7+6.2 years. There were 11 (8.8%) patients of 0 parity, 63 (50.4%) patientsof parity range of 1-2, 41 (32.8%) patients had parity range of 3-4 and 10 (8%) patients had 5-6parity range. 99 (79.2%) patients had clinical cure. There was good efficacy of 79.2% and 26.8%patients failed to show the response. Conclusion: From this study fluconazole 150mg is provedto be safe and effective for the treatment of volvovaginitis candidiasis but therapy of vaginitisshould be individualized, taking into consideration severity of disease, history of vaginitis, andpatient preference.

English

Introduction: Vulvovaginitis candidiasis is one of the common problemsencountered by females and accounts for one third of vaginitis cases. Objective: To studythe efficacy of oral treatment with fluconazole in vulvovaginits candidiasis. Study Design:Descriptive case series. Setting: This study was conducted in the Department of Gynaecology,Lahore General Hospital, Lahore and Shalamar Hospital Lahore. Duration with Dates: Sixmonths from October 2009 to March 2010. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twentyfive patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for this study. Demographic historyregarding name, age and parity, etc. were taken. Patients received fluconazole 150mg aftertaking smear for microscopy and culture carried out in Lahore General Hospital laboratoryand then Shalamar Hospital laboratory. All patients were reevaluated after 2 weeks for clinicaland mycological cure by taking the history and repeating smear for microscopy and culture.Results: The mean age of the patients was 31.4+ 6.4 years. The mean duration of marriage ofthe patients was 8.7+6.2 years. There were 11 (8.8%) patients of 0 parity, 63 (50.4%) patientsof parity range of 1-2, 41 (32.8%) patients had parity range of 3-4 and 10 (8%) patients had 5-6parity range. 99 (79.2%) patients had clinical cure. There was good efficacy of 79.2% and 26.8%patients failed to show the response. Conclusion: From this study fluconazole 150mg is provedto be safe and effective for the treatment of volvovaginitis candidiasis but therapy of vaginitisshould be individualized, taking into consideration severity of disease, history of vaginitis, andpatient preference.

Analysis of related factors of premature delivery for the migrant population in local suburban Beijing areas

To study the health conditions of pregnant migrant women in some suburban areas of Beijing by comparing a variety of pathological, physiological and social factors and exploring the relevant factors associated with preterm birth so as to prevent effectively preterm birth. A total of 279 cases of pregnancy in preterm birth at out hospital from January 2004 to December 2008 were reviewed. The date of maternal age, parity, prenatal examinations, history of vaginitis, history of chorioamnionitis, premature rupture of membranes, occupation, residing location and education status were recorded. And the relationship between them and preterm birth were analyzed by χ(2) test. The overall incidence of preterm birth was 5.34%. And the following factors had statistically significant differences with premature birth: chorioamnionitis, vaginitis, premature rupture of membranes, a lack of prenatal examinations, low education status, migrant population or maternal parity. However there was no statistical significance (P > 0.05) between preterm birth and other factors, such as occupation. The incidence of preterm birth is associated with a lack of prenatal examinations, low education status, chorioamnionitis, bacterial vaginitis and premature rupture of membranes. Therefore the migrant women in Beijing should receive targeted education programs during pregnancy. And reproductive tract inflammation should be properly treated.

Study of factors associated with subclinical chorioamnionitis in term pregnancy

To investigate the effects of various factors upon subclinical chorioamnionitis (SCCAS) during pregnancy and delivery. A total of 796 cases of pregnancy in full-term birth at our hospital from December 2006 to December 2008 were reviewed. The data of maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, prenatal care, history of vaginitis, premature rupture of membranes, occupation, educational status and delivery mode were recorded. And then the relationship between one of them and chorioamniotis were analyzed by chi(2) test. The overall incidence of SCCAS was 39.95% in full-term birth. The pregnant women, who had no prenatal care or no occupation, or had a history of vaginitis or premature rupture of membranes, were found to have a higher incidence (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, there were no statistical significance (P > 0.05) between SCCAS and other seven factors, such as gravida age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, educational status, delivery mode and living conditions. Women with full-term birth, even in the absence of symptoms, may have already suffered from acute or chronic chorioamnionitis. The incidence is associated with prenatal care, history of vaginitis and premature rupture of membranes.

Contraceptive discontinuation among white, black, and hispanic adolescents

Study Objective: To compare profiles of risk for contraceptive discontinuation among groups of family planning white, black, and Hispanic teenagers.Design: Retrospective chart review comparing groups of patients who returned or failed to return for the 3- to 4-month follow-up appointment after initiating oral contraceptives. For purposes of analysis, patients were divided into three distinct ethnic groups: white, black and Hispanic.Setting: Family Planning Clinic at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.Participants: 183 indigent adolescents aged ≤17 who initiated oral contraceptives between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1988.Outcome Measure: Contraceptive continuation defined as return to clinic for 3- to 4-month follow-up appointment.Results and Conclusions: Bivariate and multivariate analyses conducted to identify risk factors for discontinuation within each ethnic group produced unique profiles of risk. Prior pregnancy and age <15 were significantly associated with discontinuation among whites, with heavy menstrual flow serving as a protective factor. For blacks, prior abortion and history of vaginitis were significant risk factors for discontinuation. Among Hispan-ics, the risk factors age and prior pregnancy and the protective factor previous medical problems were identified. To maximize oral contraceptive compliance, researchers and clinicians working with multi-ethnic adolescent populations should be sensitive to cultural differences that may influence treatment compliance.