History Of Struggle Research Articles

The Impact of Alai Suri Kurdayeti Magazine in Disseminating National Awareness

This paper, titled "The Impact of Alai Suri (Red Flag) Kurdayeti Magazine on the Propagation of National Awareness," delves into an examination of the content within Alai Suri Kurdayeti Magazine during the period of the mountain struggle and the revolutionary era, spanning from 1981 to 1982. Despite the protracted history of the Kurdish people's struggle for their national rights, the establishment of a comprehensive national identity remains an indispensable intellectual and vital requirement within Kurdish society, intrinsically tied to the notion of national consciousness. The manifestation of a national identity fundamentally hinges on shared national principles, a common language, culture, religion, history, collective aspirations, and unified political and legal principles, all of which necessitate a heightened state of national consciousness. Throughout the history of the Kurdistan liberation movement, diverse strategies have been employed to attain this identity, with media engagement serving as one prominent avenue. During a particularly sensitive period in Kurdish history within South Kurdistan (1981-1982), the Kurdish Socialist Party (PASOK) issued Alai Suri Kurdayeti Magazine. This publication, apart from accomplishing its political objectives, aimed to acquaint Kurdish society with various facets of life and intellect. Its purpose was to cultivate national thought and consciousness while alerting the community to the imminent threats they faced.

Climate-related loss and damage in contexts of agrarian change: differentiated sense of loss from extreme weather events in northeast Cambodia

The uneven burden of climate-related losses and damages and its implications for equity and social justice are receiving growing attention in science and policy. Smallholder farmers, indigenous groups, and ethnic minorities are often identified as particularly vulnerable and likely to experience a greater burden of climate-related loss and damage. However, limited attention has been paid to experiences of climate-related loss and damage in contexts of agrarian change and related struggles, especially around land. In this paper, we analyse experiences of climate-related loss amongst smallholder farmers in Ratanakiri province, northeast Cambodia. We derive an analytical framework from political economy of vulnerability and sociology of loss to explain farmers’ sense of loss from climate change and foreground intangible dimensions of climate-related loss. We use a mixed-methods approach with a hierarchical regression analysis of a household survey (n = 295), individual interviews, and focus group discussions across eleven villages. We find that a higher number of livelihood activities, greater values related to land, types of negative impacts experienced, and stronger perception of changes in extreme weather events are associated with a greater sense of loss. Meanwhile, a higher ability to repay loans and secure land tenure is associated with a lower sense of loss. Our results demonstrate how experiential, relational, and normative dimensions of climate-related loss are co-produced through processes of agrarian change such as financialization and histories of land struggles (i.e. through debt failure and fear of loss of access to land). This study contributes a deeper understanding of people’s lived experiences of loss arising from climate change impacts in agrarian contexts and their implications for climate justice.

Pengembangan Potensi Wisata Taman Pujaan Bangsa Margarana Melalui Pelatihan Digital Marketing dan Pelatihan Pemandu Wisata

The Taman Pujaan Bangsa Margarana National Monument (TPB Margarana) is a memorial monument built to commemorate the Puputan Margarana tragedy. Currently, the number of tourists visiting is still very small, this affects the income obtained is not enough to cover the maintenance and operational costs of TPB Margarana. Digital Marketing Training and Tour Guide Training as an effort to develop the potential of TPB Margarana to increase the number of tourists visiting so that it is expected to have an impact on the sustainability of the TPB Margarana Struggle History Museum. Training and mentoring methods are used in this activity. The training method is designed to convey the important role of digital marketing and tour guide competence to increase the number of visits to TPB Margarana. Digital marketing training and Tour Guide Training were attended by 20 TPB Margarana employees. The output of this activity is in the form of publication of activities through electronic mass media, draft teaching materials and draft community service articles. This activity also provides benefits for TPB Margarana, namely increasing competence in the field of digital marketing and tour guides for TPB Margarana employees and for the Bali State Polytechnic campus as the implementer of activities to share their knowledge with the wider community.

Inventarisasi, Pendampingan Dan Penulisan Sejarah Keluarga Veteran Di Kota Jambi

Veterans of the war of independence revolution are key witnesses in the history of the Indonesian people's struggle to seize and maintain independence and post-independence. The stories of the sacrifices of these heroic veterans are the most common examples of Indonesian nationalism. However, after Indonesia's independence lasted for 78 years. The stories of the sacrifices of these heroic veterans are the most common examples of Indonesian nationalism. The increasingly old age of the veterans makes it necessary to carry out documentation of historical sources owned by these veterans in a memoir and write their experiences in a book. The Community Service Team of the History Study Program, University of Jambi, held an inventory, mentoring and writing of the history of veteran families in Jambi City. It is hoped that this activity can provide an example and raise nationalism among the young generation of Jambi today.

Kenya: Socio-Demographic Determinants of Intractable Communal Land Use Conflicts in the Squatter Enclaves of Mount Elgon Region

In the post-Cold War world order, the African Continent has been a stage for some of the most violent intra-state conflicts arising from natural resources and land distribution. These contes tations have often been inter-communal and take the violent extremism route. The consequences of these devastating contestations have been apocalyptic in most of these conflicts. In Kenya’s Mount Elgon Region, the emergence of extremism Sabaot Land Defence Forces and counter-extremist groups is rooted in a long historical struggle for equitable distribution of land rights. Despite efforts by state and non-state actors, sustainable peace remains a distant mirage. Socio-economic deter minants have emerged as fundamental determinants in these extremist contestations, yet, extant literature has been silent on this subject matter. This paper sought to interrogate socio-demographic determinants as pathways for homegrown extremism in the Mount Elgon Region. Study findings revealed strong support for the interplay between ownership of land, source of income, level of education, and sustenance of homegrown extremism over land-use conflicts in the study area. The paper recommends the need for the Ministry of Lands to expedite the management of the historical land question to contain the socio-demographic determinants as pathways for homegrown ex tremism in the study area. The findings under score the importance of land tenure security in pursuit of peaceful, just, and inclusive societies as advocated for in the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. Keywords: Demographic, extremism, home grown, land-use, Mt. Elgon.

The Westernization of social and personality psychology in Turkey and the ongoing struggle for indigenous perspectives: A historical review and an agenda for liberating psychology.

Liberation is a multifaceted concept, often intertwined with psychological processes such as freedom from oppression and the ability to think and act freely. Historically, Western social psychologists have favored the individualistic notion of freedom over the collective effort of liberation. This divergence has led to the separation of the histories of liberation struggles and psychology, including feminism. This article explores distinct historical trajectories in Turkey and highlights the divisive dynamics within feminist movements, particularly the erasure of ethnic minority women by state feminists in postdynastic Turkey. Furthermore, the Westernization and the Americanization of psychology have positioned the field as a neutral, value-free science, effectively silencing indigenous feminist perspectives and encouraging overreliance on adapting gender-based scales to Turkish. Despite this, a nascent history of feminist psychology in Turkey exists, which challenges homogenization and standardization, advocating for a conceptualization of freedom beyond individualism. Finally, an agenda for liberating social psychology is proposed through challenging tattered binaries of "East" and "West" or "secular" or "conservative" and promoting a collective and intersectional approach to psychological research and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A Research Analysis On Cognitive Stress Management of Employed Women in India

Women in India have demonstrated their abilities in the workplace. However, their success is rooted in a history of struggle and the pursuit of freedom within traditional social structures. Despite their evolving roles in the workforce, women have also maintained their commitment to traditional household responsibilities. In the workplace, individuals have encountered significant stress, however they persistently strive to achieve their desired professional path in the current period. Stress is an inevitable aspect that affects every facet of workers. The majority of women have been seeking a way to alleviate tension. By examining the intersection of traditional expectations and modern aspirations, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complexities faced by working women in India. Through interviews and case studies, the researchers hope to shed light on the ways in which women navigate societal norms while striving for professional success. While it is important to understand the challenges faced by working women, it is equally crucial to recognize that solutions may not always be transferable across different cultural contexts. Additionally, focusing solely on individual experiences may overlook systemic barriers that perpetuate gender inequality in the workplace. Ultimately, the goal is to empower women to overcome barriers and achieve their full potential in both their careers and personal lives. In this research, an attempt has been made to explore various strategies that women use to overcome stress and how it can be made as a mandatory solution in all companies. This empirical study identifies the various strategies which has been followed by women and the companies in relieving the stress and thereby creating a productive atmosphere.

The Determined Struggle of Nakhchivan’s Population for Freedom and Independence Before Autonomy

This article explores the historical struggle of Nakhchivan’s population for independence and autonomy in the early 20th century, focusing on the challenges posed by neighboring states and the influence of Soviet Russia. The people of Nakhchivan, driven by a strong sense of national identity, engaged in a determined resistance against Armenian and Soviet incursions, culminating in the region being granted autonomous status under Soviet rule. The article examines key figures, important battles, and diplomatic efforts that shaped Nakhchivan’s path to autonomy, as well as the long-term impact of this struggle on the region’s political and cultural identity. By analyzing Nakhchivan’s journey toward autonomy, the article highlights the enduring significance of this historical period in shaping the region's contemporary status as an autonomous republic within Azerbaijan.

Agricultural productivity and rural poverty in China: The impact of land reforms

China's historical struggle with rural poverty prompted the Communist Party to implement sweeping land reforms and trade openness policies aimed at economic revitalization. This study investigates the impact of land reforms on poverty by adding mediating factors such as trade openness, research and development (R&D) spending, and agricultural productivity in China from 1960 to 2022. Our findings suggest that trade and land reforms have significantly reduced rural poverty by stimulating agricultural productivity, with R&D emerging as a critical driver. To sustain these gains, policymakers should prioritize increased R&D investment to further enhance agricultural productivity. Expanding trade relationships, particularly with neighboring nations, and promoting agricultural exports can further bolster rural income and alleviate poverty. Our study provides valuable insights for policymakers not only in China but also in similar contexts globally.

“We Owe It to Those Who Shall Come After Us”: Considering the Role of Social Work Education in Disrupting Carceral Complicity

Reflecting upon Mary Richmond’s early call for formalized social work training to address the historical struggles of the field, this analysis examines how American social work education has addressed the paradoxes of help and harm present in the field for more than a century. We examine how, under the guise of benevolence and care, social work has exerted social control and contributed to gendered criminalization. We use the term carceral complicity to extend the concept of carceral social work, illustrating how carceral complicity has contributed to women’s criminalization through the embedding, enacting, and invisibilizing of carceral logics in social work. In addition to describing how carceral complicity has been addressed in social work education, we illustrate the gendered nature of carceral complicity, highlighting how women have historically and contemporarily been positioned as both the proprietors and the recipients of carceral complicity. In line with recent scholarship, we suggest that through a transformative approach to social work education we may disrupt carceral complicity and support liberatory futures.

Archival F(r)ictions: A Queer Vocabulary for a Live art Pedagogy

ABSTRACT In this article, I consider the global tradition of live art as a pedagogical force that draws on queer affect and resonance. Scholars of performance studies have situated live art in the field of experimental and undisciplined art but have not given enough attention to its pedagogical potential. In southern Africa, live art has been theorised as a practice that is leaky, transgressive, and undisciplined, emphasising risk, extremity and endurance. These conditions are partly shaped by the region’s historic struggle for liberation since the twentieth century but cannot be reduced to this period alone. As an African practitioner and scholar of live art with a Namibian and South African experience and training, I draw on various experiences of performing, workshopping, curating and researching live art, offering a queer vocabulary to develop the pedagogical potential of live art. I posit that this is a vocabulary for Archival F(r)ictions, emphasising the centrality of archival work in live artistic pedagogies. These pedagogical frameworks rely on the principles of critical consciousness, embodied learning and democratic participation as put forward by the Brazilian critical pedagogue Paulo Freire. As a result, I show how gestures of hoeing and smuggling can produce joy, pleasure, and irritations as sites of queer epistemic work.

Encyclopedias, Information Overload, and the Intellectual Division of Labor in Early America

Abstract: This article examines the history of encyclopedias in North America and Britain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to foreground wider shifts in knowledge formation and organization caused by a growing perception of information overload. Tracing the Enlightenment manifestations of this concept, which is more typically seen as characteristic of twenty-first century digital culture, the article considers how attempts by Adam Ferguson and Adam Smith to establish an intellectual model of the division of labor in Scotland migrated to and were reworked in the early United States. This transition is explored through analysis of the Philadelphian publisher Thomas Dobson's Encyclopaedia; or a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (1788–98), which reprinted and added to the third edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1787–97). Dobson's Encyclopaedia is situated in the context of: older traditions of synoptic writing practiced by figures like Cotton Mather, which retained a belief in the possibility of all-encompassing knowledge collection; emerging experiments by eighteenth-century encyclopedia makers with presentation and structure, designed to better order complex bodies of information and accommodate new data; and current debates around information democracy and management centered on Wikipedia, which indicate key points of change and continuity in the extended history of the encyclopedia form's struggle to be both comprehensive and up-to-date.

Children and Youth Coerced Displacement: A History of Power Struggle between State and Provincial A‘yān’s Families

This article offers a new perspective on children and youth’s coerced displacement in the context of the Ottoman Middle East and highlights their potential as a social group to inform studies of children, kinship, and family vis-a-vis the state. Using iltizām contracts, I argue that the Ottoman state prioritized its stability and economic interests and turned a blind eye to promises it made to ensure the “well-being” of young Ottoman subjects. The contracts recorded around the mid-eighteenth century document an institutionalized practice by the state to remove and incarcerate young and minor males associated with the families of multazims, or tax farmers, who generally hailed from the class of provincial notables, or a‘yān, to persuade the latter to render payment of taxes. Although multazims appeared to be indifferent to the fate of their castaway children, evidence suggests that multazims took advantage of geopolitical changes toward the last quarter of the eighteenth century to avoid the incarceration of their children, as the practice completely disappeared at that time. This article also attempts to approach the question of whether this forced displacement of children represents a form of mobility, in comparison to other forms of children’s mobility, like the devširme, and explores what this meant for the expansion, or retraction, of the state power and its governing policies.

Learning About the Civil Rights Movement Through Multi-Perspective Biographical YA Graphic Novels

No single story can represent fully and comprehensively a complex historical movement such as the Civil Rights fight for freedom and social justice. Learning about this movement through multi-perspective biographical young adult graphic novels cultivates in students a nuanced understanding of this historical struggle, making it more concrete and relatable for student readers. In this article, we describe how teachers can use graphic novels from diverse perspectives for teaching the Civil Rights Movement.

Siginjei Museum Halal Tourism Management

The museum is a place to store historical objects, the objects in the museum are historical heritage objects that should be preserved, so that the Indonesian state does not forget the services of the heroes who defended their homeland. The aim of establishing a museum is so that citizens do not forget the history of their nation. Halal tourism itself is expected to be an alternative for Muslim and non-Muslim tourists to travel and fulfill their spiritual needs. This research is field research carried out at the Siginjei Jambi Museum because it is about halal tourism. This type of research is descriptive using a qualitative approach because the data produced is in the form of descriptions. Data collection techniques used in this research were observation, interviews, documentation and literature. The research results of the Siginjei Museum include halal tourism, looking at the facilities it has, such as a prayer room, a toilet, a comfortable place and providing value about the history of the Jambi people's struggle against colonialism and as a goal for school children to learn about the history of Jambi and broaden their knowledge. In terms of service, the Siginjei Museum has done its best, such as preparing a guide to tour the museum and explain the history of each object in the museum.

Made in China: Chinese Re-Conceptualization of the Ideal of Judicial Independence (1906–1937)

Abstract Judicial independence has always been an important theme of China’s judicial reforms, both historically and in recent years. This article sheds light on how Chinese elites and intellectuals created a unique concept of judicial independence in the context of early twentieth-century China, seeking to trace the historical roots of the ongoing judicial reform in the People’s Republic. This uniqueness was characterized by three features: the heterogeneity within the Chinese conception of judicial independence, the reinterpretation of judicial independence into a tool for reinforcing China’s sovereignty, and the applauded control over courts and judges. These features resulted from the inherent tension within China’s pursuit of a modern state. By examining the early discourse and reform efforts, this paper not only highlights the historical struggles for judicial independence, but also, it contributes to understanding contemporary China’s distinctive path in judicial modernization, deviating from liberal constitutionalism.

Racism Learnt and Unlearnt

For centuries, Africans migrated to India in different phases resulting in a significant presence of the African diaspora in this country. The term “African diaspora” gained currency only in the mid-nineteenth century in connection with the study of the people of African origin dispersed all over the world. But in countries like India, the African presence dates as far back as the period of the Indian Ocean slave trade. Historically, India and Africa have shared cordial political and economic relations. Their shared history of anti-colonial struggle, the mutual reverence for political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, and India’s support for postapartheid South Africa might indicate the peaceful coexistence of Indians and Africans in present-day India. But the on the ground reality hits differently, as depicted in “The Shade of You” by Anushree Majumdar, published in Eleven Ways to Love: Essays by Penguin India. Majumdar thinks herself a modern and enlightened woman until she gets into a relationship with Bryan Ochieng, a Kenyan studying in Delhi. As she gradually explores her relationship with Bryan, she comes to know about different aspects of racism that the African diaspora faces in Delhi in a more intimate way. Getting mocked and ridiculed for dating a black man in the public space makes her critique the racist attitude of her fellow Delhiites. She realizes that Indians have deeply internalized the colonial legacy of racism and colorism. She understands that, since our very childhood, we embrace a culture informed by racist ideology unconsciously. Indians are satisfied with the tokenist acceptance of black culture by celebrating black footballers and pop artists, but they would never let African diasporic people come closer as family and friends. This mindset has sufficiently exoticized and otherized Africans in India. Her proximity to Bryan reveals to her how ignorant she has been about Bryan’s culture despite her love of selective parts of Kenyan culture. The presence of Bryan and his Kenyan friends in her life offers her moments of self-reflexivity. She comes to question how much she has been able to unlearn her racial prejudices, and the answer forces her to confront an aspect of her race–intolerant subjectivity so far buried under her conscious race-sensitive self. Her self-realization makes her feel uncomfortable and apologetic. She feels that the self-realization that has dawned upon her is not enough to help her in the unlearning process overnight. She fails to maintain a long-term relationship with Bryan given their seemingly unbridgeable cultural gap at that point in time. But Bryan’s entry into her life marks the beginning of her anti-racism journey in the true sense of the term and it continues. Years later, she finds that she has become a better version of herself who is no longer troubled by the hidden guilt and shame associated with her relationship with an African.

Museum-Inspired Video Games as a Symbolic Transitional Justice Policy: Overview, Concepts, and Research Directions

Video games are maturing as a medium to tell stories inspired by historical struggles and real-life experiences. In this regard, they could work as a mechanism in Transitional Justice pursuit. In this article, we argue that games can become agents for promoting education, reconciliation, and healing. We hence identify means by which museums and video games create empathy, reported in recent literature, and draw inceptive parallels between museum space design philosophies and design choices in modern video game experiences. Finally, we identify in the literature that there is a lack of a framework bringing together experts in memory and heritage studies with game developers, to derive guidelines for developing empathy-inducing games around sensitive topics. Thus, we propose a methodological approach to the creation of such a framework. This framework would instrument a collaborative effort to apply domain adaptation of the strategies and design philosophies for memory and Transitional Justice museum exhibitions to video game storytelling frameworks and mechanics.

THE NARRATIVE OF RICE ORIGIN IN THE CREATION EPICS: EVOLUTION OF RICE ORIGIN NARRATIVES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THERAVADA BUDDHISM

The introduction of Theravada Buddhism has influenced the original narratives of rice origins among ethnic groups such as the Dai, De'ang, and Bulang. There are rich rice origin narratives in the creation epics from the three ethnic groups. This article aims to explore how the incoming Buddhism has enabled three distinct ethnic groups with different languages, cultures, and historical backgrounds to share some similar narratives of rice origin. Taking the ethnographic fieldwork methods, involving participant observation and individual interviews with villagers, to collect and compare both oral and written narratives for analysis, the findings reveal that they share some familiar primarily manifested in three aspects: firstly, these ethnic groups share commonalities in their rice origin narratives, incorporating numerous elements of Buddhism. Buddhism has adapted these narratives by substituting vocabulary and transforming concepts to infuse them with strong Buddhist elements. Secondly, a new type of narrative appeared, where the rice god contends with Buddha and ultimately departs to the Dark World and then be brought back by Buddha. The theme of rice god versus Buddha mirrors the historical struggle between two faiths. Meanwhile, the theme of rice god’s departure to the Dark World and return fundamentally serves as a metaphor for seed germination and growth in the soil, representing a concession made by Buddhism to the worship of the indigenous beliefs. Thirdly, Buddhism actively participates in and promotes rice cultivation, such as monks reciting the Bu Huanghao to request blessings for crop growth, and performing rituals like washing Buddha pagodas to pray for rain. In conclusion, the introduction of Buddhism has significantly influenced local rice narratives, reflecting the conflicts and eventual reconciliation between the rice god and Buddha, as well as the struggle and compromise between traditional beliefs and incoming Buddhism.

Atlantic Passage and the Fugitive Text

Abstract This essay intervenes in global histories of theory and exile modernism by developing fugitivity as a capacious lens for examining entangled histories of flight and artistic practice in the Atlantic world. I draw on theorist and poet Fred Moten’s theorization of the concept to foreground a missed encounter between fugitivity’s Antillean history and the communist writer Anna Seghers, whose escape from European fascism places her in a Martinique internment camp in 1941. After examining how fugitivity uneasily merges histories of Black struggle and art with a tradition of modernist antifascist writing, I proceed by closely reading Seghers’s novella on the Haitian revolution, Die Hochzeit von Haiti (1948). Seghers’s text, I argue, imagines fugitive struggle and marronage as a lawless, ‘deranged’ freedom. I show how the novella’s own historiographic and narrative framing redouble the efforts of its protagonists to regulate fugitive struggle via various forms of mastery, most notably: literacy.