Early History Research Articles

Insights into child abuse and neglect: Findings from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation.

The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (MLSRA) is a landmark prospective, longitudinal study of human development focused on a sample of mothers experiencing poverty and their firstborn children. Although the MLSRA pioneered a number of important topics in the area of social and emotional development, it began with the more specific goal of examining the antecedents of child maltreatment. From that foundation and for more than 40 years, the study has produced a significant body of research on the origins, sequelae, and measurement of childhood abuse and neglect. The principal objectives of this report are to document the early history of the MLSRA and its contributions to the study of child maltreatment and to review and summarize results from the recently updated childhood abuse and neglect coding of the cohort, with particular emphasis on findings related to adult adjustment. While doing so, we highlight key themes and contributions from Dr Dante Cicchetti's body of research and developmental psychopathology perspective to the MLSRA, a project launched during his tenure as a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.

Two sides to every story: Reappraising the early history of liver transplantation at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.

Over the course of the past six decades, liver transplantation has evolved to become the treatment of choice for chronic end-stage liver disease and some cases of acute hepatic failure. Currently, more than 34,000 liver transplants are conducted worldwide per annum, and overall one year survival rates exceed 90%. However, the early years of human liver transplantation were beset by failure. Eyewitness reports from this period make for tragic, yet compelling reading. Volume 12 of The History of Anaesthesia Society Proceedings contains one such account, written by Dr Elizabeth Gibbs. This outlined the experience of single-handedly anaesthetising the recipient of the first liver transplant to be undertaken at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK, in June 1967. Despite the best efforts of the team, the patient died from uncontrollable haemorrhage 19 hours after the start of the procedure. While this tragic outcome might have been expected in the early days of liver transplantation, Gibbs included an unsettling postscript in her paper. This stated that all of the patient's records had apparently been 'lost', and the date of the first Cambridge liver transplant was publicly reported as 2 May 1968, some 11 months after the events described. This article outlines the results of research aimed at critically appraising this postscript. In doing so a number of unexpected discoveries were made. These highlight some important lessons for medical historians and demonstrate that if you look hard enough, there really are two sides to every story.

Contributions to the early history of mesmerism in Hungary - on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the death of Daniel Gecse (1768-1824), a Transylvanian magnetiseur

Contributions to the early history of mesmerism in Hungary - on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the death of Daniel Gecse (1768-1824), a Transylvanian magnetiseur

Redesigning Medication Management in the Emergency Department: The Impact of Partnered Pharmacist Medication Charting on the Time to Administer Pre-Admission Time-Critical Medicines, Medication Order Completeness, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment.

In order to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration and promote better medication management, a partnered pharmacist medication charting (PPMC) model was piloted in the emergency department (ED) of an Australian referral hospital. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of PPMC on the timeliness of time-critical medicines (TCMs), completeness of medication orders, and assessment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. This concurrent controlled retrospective pragmatic trial involved individuals aged 18 years and older presenting to the ED from 1 June 2020 to 17 May 2021. The study compared the PPMC approach (PPMC group) with traditional medical officer-led medication charting approaches in the ED, either an early best-possible medication history (BPMH) group or the usual care group. In the PPMC group, a BPMH was documented promptly soon after arrival in the ED, subsequent to which a collaborative discussion, co-planning, and co-charting of medications were undertaken by both a PPMC-credentialled pharmacist and a medical officer. In the early BPMH group, the BPMH was initially obtained in the ED before proceeding with the traditional approach of medication charting. Conversely, in the usual care group, the BPMH was obtained in the inpatient ward subsequent to the traditional approach of medication charting. Three outcome measures were assessed -the duration from ED presentation to the TCM's first dose administration (e.g., anti-Parkinson's drugs, hypoglycaemics and anti-coagulants), the completeness of medication orders, and the conduct of VTE risk assessments. The analysis included 321 TCMs, with 107 per group, and 1048 patients, with 230, 230, and 588 in the PPMC, early BPMH, and usual care groups, respectively. In the PPMC group, the median time from ED presentation to the TCM's first dose administration was 8.8 h (interquartile range: 6.3 to 16.3), compared to 17.5 h (interquartile range: 7.8 to 22.9) in the early BPMH group and 15.1 h (interquartile range: 8.2 to 21.1) in the usual care group (p < 0.001). Additionally, PPMC was associated with a higher proportion of patients having complete medication orders and receiving VTE risk assessments in the ED (both p < 0.001). The implementation of the PPMC model not only expedited the administration of TCMs but also improved the completeness of medication orders and the conduct of VTE risk assessments in the ED.

The Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society 70 Years Later: Alive and Kicking

This article provides an account of the founding, growth, and success of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces &amp; Society (IUS), a long-established professional organization for those studying the military and war. How IUS has thrived invites explanation. Two theoretical themes guide our effort: first, the life cycles of organizations literature, and two, a complementary focus on the professional-career life cycles of IUS’s participants. To put together our account, we review articles about IUS’s early days and present oral history interview material from past and present leaders and members. We conclude with suggestions concerning IUS’s future directions.

Before the “fall”: Alan Fox's “intellectual crisis” and early pluralist history and sociology

PurposeThis paper presents an historical reconstruction of the radicalisation of Alan Fox, the industrial sociologist and a detailed analysis of his early historical and sociological writing in the classical pluralist phase.Design/methodology/approachAn intellectual history, including detailed discussion of key Fox texts, supported by interviews with Fox and other Biographical sources.FindingsFox’s radicalisation was incomplete, as he carried over from his industrial relations (IR) pluralist mentors, Allan Flanders and Hugh Clegg, a suspicion of political Marxism, a sense of historical contingency and an awareness of the fragmented nature of industrial conflict.Originality/valueRecent academic attention has centred on Fox’s later radical pluralism with its “structural” approach to the employment relationship. This paper revisits his early, neglected classical pluralist writing. It also illuminates his transition from institutional IR to a broader sociology of work, influenced by AH Halsey, John Goldthorpe and others and the complex nature of his radicalisation.

A Short Note on the Early History of the Spectrum Problem and Finite Model Theory

Finite model theory is currently not one of the hot topics in the philosophy and history of mathematics, not even in the philosophy and history of mathematical logic. The philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic has concentrated on infinite structures, closely related to foundational issues. In that context, finite models deserved only marginal attention because it was taken for granted that the study of finite structures is trivial compared to the study of infinite structures. In retrospect, research on finite structures turned out to be neither trivial nor irrelevant but had an important impact on theoretical computer science. A closer look at the early history of the spectrum problem shows that the birth of finite model theory has roots in formal logic, at a time when computer science did not yet exist.

Strong outflows and inefficient star formation in the reionization-era ultrafaint dwarf galaxy Eridanus ii

ABSTRACT We present novel constraints on the underlying galaxy formation physics (e.g. mass-loading factor, star formation history, and metal retention) at z ≳ 7 for the low-mass (M* ∼ 105 M⊙) Local Group ultrafaint dwarf galaxy (UFD) Eridanus ii (Eri ii). Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework, we apply a one-zone chemical evolution model to Eri ii’s CaHK-based photometric metallicity distribution function (MDF; [Fe/H]) and find that the evolution of Eri ii is well characterized by a short, exponentially declining star formation history ($\tau _\text{SFH}=0.39\pm _{0.13}^{0.18}$ Gyr), a low star formation efficiency ($\tau _\text{SFE}=27.56\pm _{12.92}^{25.14}$ Gyr), and a large mass-loading factor ($\eta =194.53\pm _{42.67}^{33.37}$). Our results are consistent with Eri ii forming the majority of its stars before the end of reionization. The large mass-loading factor implies strong outflows in the early history of Eri ii and is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the mass scaling of galactic winds. It also results in the ejection of &amp;gt;90 per cent of the metals produced in Eri ii. We make predictions for the distribution of [Mg/Fe]–[Fe/H] in Eri ii as well as the prevalence of ultra metal-poor stars, both of which can be tested by future chemical abundance measurements. Spectroscopic follow-up of the highest metallicity stars in Eri ii ([Fe/H] &amp;gt; −2) will greatly improve model constraints. Our new framework can readily be applied to all UFDs throughout the Local Group, providing new insights into the underlying physics governing the evolution of the faintest galaxies in the reionization era.

Priests and their Bodies after Trent: (Dis)abilities, Masculinities, Sexualities

This article discusses the impact of a “corporeal turn” in early modern religious history on recent publications in Counter‐Reformation Catholic History. Scholars increasingly look towards the Church's legal archives in Rome as a source of information about ecclesiastical and theological attitudes to the body and sexuality. The figure of the priest has emerged as one of the most interesting subjects in that inquiry because of the richness of material about clerics which those archives hold. Scholars are now engaged in study of how past generations of theologians, ecclesiastical magistrates, and medics assessed priestly abilities and disabilities, priests' engagement in sexual acts, and their wider performances of masculine identities. Rome's role as a major centre in shaping Catholic masculinities is reinforced in this scholarship but a new study underscores the blurred boundaries between the lay and ecclesiastical in masculinities there. Overall, this research provides much new material both for rethinking historical questions about Trent's impact on reform discourses and also for commenting on contemporary debates in theology and Church politics about the nature of Christian priesthood.

Climate, diseases and medicine: the welfare of soldiers during the East Asian War of 1592-1598.

This article examines the care provided for the welfare of soldiers by the three combatant countries - China, Korea and Japan - during the East Asian War of 1592-8. Also known as the Imjin War, this large-scale military conflict can also be understood as an encounter between different state cultures and strategies of military medicine. This study focuses on cold-induced injuries, epidemic outbreaks and external wounds suffered during the war. I illuminate provision of prophylactic measures against cold by the Ming state, as well as attempts by the Sino-Chosŏn medical alliance to manage epidemics and treat wounded soldiers. I contrast these measures with the lack of similar centralised support for the Japanese forces, and examine the effect these differences had upon on military outcomes during the war. The difference in the amount of time, efforts and resources that the three combatant states devoted to sick and injured soldiers has implications not only for our understanding of the war but also for illuminating the early modern history of military medicine in East Asia. By exploring East Asian military medicine during and after the Imjin War, this article responds to recent calls for more detailed examination of histories of military medicine in premodern periods and non-European regions.

The Christology of the Church of the East

After setting out the background of the early history of the Church of the East, this contribution focuses on the Syriac sources of the fifth to seventh centuries which are witnesses to the development of the ‘two-nature’ Christology of the Church of the East, situated outside the Roman Empire during this formative period. Special attention is paid to the ambiguous term qnoma, which is used to render hypostasis in the Chalcedonian Definition, but which, for native Syriac authors, has the different sense of ‘defining characteristic’. The problematic designation ‘Nestorian’ should be avoided since it implies completely different things to different parties. Some final thoughts are given to the ongoing significance of the tradition of the Church of the East in its various present-day manifestations.

How Finance Colonised Aotearoa: A Concise Counter-History

&#x0D; This paper intervenes in orthodox under-standings of Aotearoa New Zealand’s colonial history to elucidate another history that is not widely recognised. This is a financial history of colonisation which, while implicit in existing accounts, is peripheral and often incidental to the central narrative. Undertaking to reread Aotearoa New Zealand’s early colonial history from 1839 to 1850, this paper seeks to render finance, financial instruments, and financial institutions explicit in their capacity as central agents of colonisation. In doing so, it offers a response to the relative inattention paid to finance as compared with the state in material practices of colonisation. The counter-history that this paper begins to elicit contains important lessons for counter-futures. For, beyond its implications for knowledge, the persistent and violent role of finance in the colonisation of Aotearoa has concrete implications for decolonial and anti-capitalist politics today.&#x0D;

Some Unpublished Correspondence between William Forsell Kirby and William Alexander Clouston

While neither William Forsell Kirby (1844–1912) nor William Alexander Clouston (1843–96) is entirely unfamiliar, both have been rather eclipsed in our knowledge of the early history of British folklore studies. A cache of letters from Clouston to Kirby allows us some new insight into the work of these active and significant folklore scholars and into the wider network of British and international folklorists. The letters also shed further light on the relatively undocumented life of Clouston, who died young and single.

Evolution of Impact Basin Gravity Signatures on the Lunar Farside: A Long‐Term Alteration Process

AbstractLunar impact basins are critical markers to understand the early bombardment history. This study focuses on isostatic compensation processes at 16 lunar farside basins, exploring how long‐term alteration processes affect estimates of impactor sizes and timing. Using a lithospheric flexure model, we analyze the isostatically compensated gravity signature of these basins. Our approach is based on previously published basin formation models using the iSALE‐2D shock physics code. Here we investigate how isostatic compensation processes alter the gravity signature using models of basin formation as initial conditions. We compare our results with the present day observed gravity data. We assume that isostatic compensation is the result of flexural deformation of the crust‐mantle boundary with varying lithospheric elastic thicknesses. Our results indicate that the effect of isostatic compensation on the gravity signature varies depending on the thermal conditions at the time of impact. We find that despite this variability, the overall influence of isostatic compensation on the gravity signature is generally moderate to minor. Additionally, our analysis is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the elastic thickness varies across the Moon. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between basin formation and the thermal evolution of the Moon. The variations in elastic thickness found provide nuanced insights into lunar geological processes and improve our understanding of the early history of the Moon.

Early Colonial Urban History - A Tale of Two Granadas. Custom, Community, and Citizenship in the Spanish Empire, 1568–1668. By Max Deardoff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. 373. $130 cloth, $130 e-book.

Early Colonial Urban History - A Tale of Two Granadas. Custom, Community, and Citizenship in the Spanish Empire, 1568<i>–</i>1668. By Max Deardoff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. 373. $130 cloth, $130 e-book.

The Early Development History of the Relationship between Taiwanese Nationalism and Chinese Nationalism

This article aims to sort out the historical context of the first eighty years of the emergence and development of Taiwanese nationalism and explore the relationship between Taiwanese nationalism and Chinese nationalism. Taiwanese nationalism originated during the Japanese occupation. The unequal rule of the Japanese colonial government on the Taiwanese islanders united the Taiwanese people and formed an ideological community. At the same time, the Japanese government brought modern political concepts and environment to the island of Taiwan, providing fertile soil for the development of nationalism. During the Japanese occupation, Taiwan's nationalism was China's nationalism. The people of Taiwan identify with the cultural and ideological traditions of the Chinese nation and hope to return to the embrace of the motherland. However, the Kuomintang government's violent and corrupt rule over the Taiwanese people after liberation greatly disappointed the islanders. They gradually realized that the Kuomintang government was backward and that Taiwan could no longer become part of mainland China. After the February 28th Incident, Taiwanese nationalism further developed. Unlike Chinese nationalism, the Taiwanese formed a new nation of political and cultural self-determination.

Multiethnic Slavery and the African Diaspora in Macau: The Search for the Geographic Limits of Vast Early America

Abstract: The geographic limits of early American history are continuously being debated. Recently, this has culminated in the popular adoption of the expression "vast early America," which looks beyond the previously dominant Atlantic paradigm to embrace hemispheric perspectives while underlining the need to delve more into continental Africa, the Mediterranean, Eurasia, and the Pacific and Indian Ocean worlds. But what are the limits of this widening historical panorama in the case of the history of slavery? A hitherto-unstudied set of mid-eighteenth-century baptismal records from the Portuguese enclave of Macau, which noted the birth, ethnicity, and parentage of dozens of African and other enslaved people, offers evidence that the transatlantic slave trade was part of a larger trade in people of African descent (and others) that was geographically uneven and regionally segmented but global in extent, reaching as far as China. Placing this unique new dataset within the context of other contemporary Portuguese- and Chinese-language sources reveals that the presence of "Black slaves" (黑 奴, heinu ) in this port city was shaped by many of the same imperial and missionary projects as in the Atlantic, as well as racialized in ways highly reminiscent of the Western Hemisphere by both European and Chinese observers. The increasingly racialized slave trade of vast early America was thus horrifyingly "vast."

The Life and Times of Turnspit Dogs: A Paradigmatic Case of Animal Labor in Early Modern Industrial Production

Abstract This article investigates the early modern history of dog labor in small-scale industrial production in Europe and the Americas as a paradigmatic example of the history of animal labor. The turnspit dog was the “product” of material conditions of production as they were forced to labor in butter-churning, knife-grinding, water-raising, sewing, and food industries. Furthermore, their bodies and labor tried to be “perfected” by selective breeding and violent methods of training, mechanical dressage, and labor discipline. The incorporation of dog labor into mechanized industrial production developed hand-in-hand with certain ideas, ideologies, and mentalities, such as the mechanistic interpretation of bodies deprived of soul, mind, and sentience.

The Franklin Stove: Modern Materiality, Made in Pennsylvania

Abstract: From 1738 to 1784, Benjamin Franklin invented five stoves that were designed to consume fuel more efficiently, preserving resources during a climate crisis, specifically the Little Ice Age. Franklin's response to bad winter weather generated not only cast-iron technology but also a science of climate change. His long-term project shows that the material contours of early America, often treated as background, can (and should) be pulled into the foreground to reveal the emergence of modern materiality. Consumerism, resource depletion, industrialization, climate change, fossil fuel dependence, and the unjust division of wealth have been functionally connected since the eighteenth century, but when, why, and how they were linked remain important for early Americanists to decipher. Franklin's stove project reveals, for example, an early history of consumer choices in the Global North being made to seem enlightened, by conserving natural resources, even as they were retrograde, using enslaved labor and appropriated Native land. In Pennsylvania, these conditions generated the United States' first industrialized economy, born during a climate crisis and responsible, in part, for generating our current crisis, a legacy from early America that should be acknowledged—and studied—as being at least as revolutionary as the American Revolution.

The ‘Moving Plant of Bengal’: introduction to Western gardens, naming and early representation, poetic and graphic

The early history of the European ‘discovery’ of the ‘Moving Plant of Bengal’, now Codariocalyx motorius, but for long known as Desmodium gyrans, is discussed, as is its introduction to Western gardens and its scientific description. The pre-eminent role of James Kerr (1737–1782) in sending seeds and drawings by an anonymous Bengali artist to John Hope, John Fothergill and William Cullen is described, and the use of it made by Hope in his botanical lectures. References by the poets Erasmus Darwin and Maria Montolieu are discussed, as also its graphic representation by the engravers Frederick Polydore Nodder and Yves-Marie Le Gouaz, and in paper mosaic by Mary Delany. Also discussed is a paper by Pierre M. A. Broussonet in which the discovery of the plant was attributed to Lady Anne Monson.