History Of Modern China Research Articles

The Ghost and the Censor

The history of modern China has been filled with loss in many senses. From certain angles of vision, loss, remembrance, and forgetting orbit around figures of political repression in the People's Republic of China (PRC), particularly that of censorship. These approaches posit a link between the Chinese state, national public amnesia, and international transparency that may occlude other configurations of knowing, speaking, and mourning—those of public secrecy, for instance, including stagings of the unspeakable through aesthetic and literary forms. This essay explores such configurations through Mo Yan's Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out (2008). In the novel, narrated largely by the reincarnated specter of an executed landlord, desire and loss travel between historical, carnal, and cosmic registers while operations of violence, politics, and memory both evoke and depart from common liberalist accounts of the PRC. On a world stage of global reading communities, the tethering of the village ghost to coordinates of apparently knowable historical time pairs with the author's ambiguous position vis-à-vis the formal sign of unknowability—censorship. The text, the (partially) censored author, and their circulations together point to productions of loss in parallax, at once hosting and abstracting loss.

Research on the Communication of Revolutionary Music Culture in Longdong during the Yan'an Period

During the Yan'an period, the Communist Party of China established a revolutionary base in Longdong, which became an important part of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area centered on Yan'an in northern Shaanxi. In the modern history of China, in response to Mao Zedong's idea of "music serves the people", the people of Longdong area actively responded to it in the form of folk songs and ballads, which were widely sung. Just imagine, if there is no dissemination of music, revolutionary culture will not be truly realized. Therefore, from the perspective of communication, this article conducts an overall research and description on the dissemination motivation, mode, content and characteristics of music culture in Longdong area during this period.

ВЫДАЮЩИЕСЯ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛИ КИТАЙСКОЙ ШКОЛЫ ХОРОВОГО ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬСТВА

This article is about improving the quality of choral conducting education in China and, in this regard, the authority of the conductor's profession. Choral conductors are working to update the methodological literature, which should help to improve the Chinese system of choral conducting education. A great contribution to the development of choral conducting specialty was made by such masters as Zhou Shuang, the first professional vocal teacher in the modern history of China and the first female choirmaster and composer in China, as well as conductors Yang Jiaren, Ma Geshun, Wu Lingfen, who got their choral conducting education at the Moscow Conservatory. Zhang Shizhong made a considerable contribution to the development of choral art in China. He actively worked in the field of children's choral education, which has not been cultivated in China for a long time. Zhang Shizhong tirelessly promoted the art of choral singing in Beijing secondary schools. His monograph “Methods of Working with a Children’s Choir” was the culmination of this work. Equally active in choral conducting are young specialists such as Leon Chu and Patrick Chiu, who not only lead choirs in Hong Kong, but also organize various choral festivals and competitions.

The Ideological and Political Cases of Patriotism for Organic Chemistry from Modern History of China

The Ideological and Political Cases of Patriotism for Organic Chemistry from Modern History of China

The entanglement of constitutional government and revolution in modern China

There is a tendency in the study of modern Chinese history to seek uniqueness in the history of modern China while attempting to identify differences from some presumed universality. However, modern Chinese history research that emphasizes uniqueness is likely to be used to create a negative image of China in the minds of the Japanese general public, given that China has become a major power and Sino-Japan relations have become unstable in the 21st century. As China is becoming a major power and an increasing global presence, the Japanese view that China is becoming distanced from universals and is instead becoming something entirely different from the “norm” is likely to amplify misunderstanding and prejudice regarding China. Therefore, we have to consider how to study the history of modern China. I believe it is only natural to study it based on the political problem that was the constant theme throughout the history of modern China. It is the history of constitutional government and revolution. From these two keywords, this paper reconsiders the universality and uniqueness of modern Chinese history, and also presents a new perspective on the relationship between China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

Jihad o rivoluzione? Percorsi martirologici ed escatologia politica nell’Islam cinese

Abstract Messianic Islam and socialism are often contrasted as either fighting each other or joining their forces against colonialism. If in late imperial China the Islamic legal duty of jihād (lit. struggle) was a byproduct of anti-dynastic uprisings by means of which reformist movements—linked to alienated offshoots of Naqshbandiyya Sufism—sought to legitimate religiously-based violence against the Qing state, during the country’s transition toward a republican system of government such duty became aligned with the state-driven program of nation-building and Chinese-distinctive brand of socialism. By so doing, the jihad added momentum to the Xinhai Revolution initiated by Sun Yat-sen, and its military ideology amalgamated with Sun’s political philosophy which was eventually remoulded by Muslim progressive circles within the Kuomintang or close to Mao Tse-tung’s Red Army and the soviet-style regime installed in Yan’an. Based on the analysis of hagiographical materials and periodicals of the first half of the 20th century, the paper sheds light on this critical juncture in the history of modern China that saw statesmen, revolutionary leaders, and religious élites validate jihad and discourses of pan-Islamic solidarity in a combined effort to boost national unity among ethnic minorities and armed resistance to foreign aggression.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later

BackgroundNatural disasters such as earthquakes are highly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 was the worst earthquake in the modern history of China, but the long-term prevalence of PTSD among earthquake victims, particularly those with disabilities, remains unknown. This study investigated the long-term effect of PTSD brought about by the Wenchuan earthquake, and its relationship with demographic factors. MethodsA total of 308 earthquake victims who suffered from physical disabilities resulting from the Wenchuan earthquake were recruited from three hospitals in Sichuan to participate in a 10-year cross-sectional survey. Outcome measures included the Impact of Event Scale–Revised, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, and the European Quality of Life–5 Dimensions questionnaire. ResultsStatistically significant relationships were found between PTSD and gender, returning to old occupations, loss and/or severe injury of relatives and/or friends, pain, cognition, depression, and anxiety. Female gender, loss of relatives and friends, and a diagnosis of amputation or fracture were significant predictive factors for PTSD. The prevalence of PTSD for earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later was 42.21%. Participation and engagement in daily life and community activities was negatively correlated with PTSD. ConclusionsEarthquake victims still presented with PTSD 10 years after the disaster, particularly among victims who had suffered permanent loss of body parts or other physical disabilities. Identification of the risk factors in victims should be implemented as early as possible to provide them with the best support for their mental wellbeing.

An enlightening sacrifice: discovering an anonymous building on the campus of Nanjing University in China

ABSTRACT From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, a number of missionary universities made outstanding contributions to higher education in China and left valuable heritage on their campuses. Among them, the University of Nanking (UNK) has played a significant role in the modern history of China. This paper uses the renovation of an anonymous building on the UNK campus as an opportunity to address research questions such as: When was the building built?; Who worked or lived in this building? What is the relationship between the building and the campus? Moreover, this research aims to illustrate the value of the building and offer a scheme for its conservation. The research applies archival research methods on historical documents, photos and maps; and empirical research via a site survey examining architectural features. The findings reveal the building was the residence of John Elias Williams, a vice president of UNK. Next to the central axis of the campus, his residence was built temporary with a good view for supervising the construction of the campus. This research enriches the history of UNK by recognising the cultural significance of an anonymous campus building, which provides important evidence for the development process of UNK.

Yang Jiang—A Great Woman in Recent History of China

Yang Jiang (1911-2016) was an admirable writer and translator in China. She lived through the most unsettled time in the modern history of China, when the Anti-Japanese War (1937-45) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) did have a great impact on her life and her career. Whereas the social environment influenced Yang Jiang, Yang also responded to the situation with her novels or works of translation, which are now excellent works of art.

The Hukou system as one of the institutional barriers for the emergence of the middle class in China

The household registration system (hukou) in China has been created and maintained for deep political, economic and social reasons. The system was introduced by the PRC government in the 1950s and became the main mechanism for regulating relations between people and allocating resources. System assumes that every resident of China will study, work, receive social services only in the region in which was born. It made possible to ensure social and political stability and economic growth in China. At the same time, the hukou system increased economic and social disparities between urban and rural areas. During the 1960s and the 1970s internal migration in China was practically absent because the hukousystem tied the citizens to their place of residence. It also “frozen” the social structure of Chinese society for a long time, as the residents of rural areas were provided with much less free services than those who lived in cities, including limited access to education and medical care, which in turn influenced the quality of life and the possibility of transition to a higher social class. In the 1980s due to the Deng Xiaoping’s reforms, China began to develop and enter the world market, a large number of special economic zones sprang up, which stimulated an increase in demand for labor in cities. The central government began to give relief in the hukou system, gave opportunities for labor migration. In modern China the hukou system plays the role of a “sieve”. It weeds out most of the population and passes through only a certain number of highly qualified personnel who will later become the new middle class of the country. This article attempts to look at the evolution and the main stages of the hukou system, exploring how the system has changed throughout the modern history of China.

AESTHETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CHRISTIAN REDEMPTION

Redemption, as an important concept of monotheism, has not only different meanings in ancient Greece and Judaism, but also has many aesthetic meanings: the arousal of lofty desire, the inspiration to the courage of life, the importance of gratitude, the strong beliefs after nishing a long journey, the strengthening of sacred meaning in daily life through rituals etc. It could nally give mankind a bright future through thinking and pursuing these meanings. These aesthetic meanings have been expressed by various external forms (such as art, etc.) to guide people for a long time. In the modern history of China, with the continuous spread of Christianity in China, the concept of redemption and its related values have gradually been understood and recognized by Chinese people, and they also are introduced into the scope of daily life aesthetics and art appreciation, becoming a common term in people's life.

Fashioning Chinese feminism: Representations of women in the art history of modern China

Artworks record history. The images of women’s fashion and beauty presented in the art history of modern China illustrate explicitly the challenging, changing and circuitous development of women’s rights and feminism in the country. In this study, I analyse and contextualize the most widespread representations of Chinese ‘modern women’s fashion’: (1) the geisha-like ladies of news illustrations before the 1911 Revolution, (2) the poster-calendar girls in the republican aesthetics of an early commercial society, (3) the papercutting folk art that profiles ‘half the sky’ in the uniform aesthetics of Marxist–Leninist–Maoist propaganda, (4) the gender-specific art themes and materials applied by female artists after the opening-up policy and (5) the feminist art in the Chinese contemporary art world. The resulting analysis helps to elucidate the interconnections among fashion, art and women’s status in China, in pursuit of modernity, the radical expansion of western colonization, domestic political turmoil and, in particular, longstanding patriarchal cultural norms and values.

GDP Forecast of Jinan and Hefei based on LSTM and the Transformation Enlightenment of Old Industrial City Jinan

Jinan City, Shandong Province, is one of the important cities in modern industrial production and development in China. It plays an important role in the industrial history of modern China and has a very rich industrial cultural heritage. Hefei City, Anhui Province, from a small city, through reform and innovation, has become a rising star of Chinese cities, with per capita GDP approaching Jinan. In this paper, the single variable time series prediction model based on LSTM is used to fit the Area GDP of Jinan and Hefei in 31 years from 1990 to 2020, and the Area GDP data of the two cities in the next three years is predicted. Finally, combined with the development of foreign old industrial cities, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the future development of Jinan.

In Search for the Lost Chinese Canadian Story: A Review and Research Note for The Diary of Dukesang Wong

This review and research note for The Diary of Dukesang Wong highlights its value as one of the extremely rare first-person records of Chinese workers on the CPR, and especially, as a comprehensive account of Wong’s personal experience and reflections on both sides of the Pacific and between Chinese and Western cultures in 1867-1918. The book is an extraordinary addition to both popular and academic publications on the history of modern China and Chinese Canadian history, but it is still limited by its selected translations of the original diary and its insufficient and sometimes incorrect commentaries. Thus, in this article, textual analysis of relevant historical sources brings new lights on Wong’s personal backgrounds, and rectifies some major factual errors in the translations and commentaries on his diary. A further examination of Chinese community documents and newspaper reports about Wong also complements the book with new information about his political activities, especially his leadership in anti-racism in Canada and anti-warlord politics in early Republican China. In view of the irretrievable loss of Wong’s original Chinese diary, an extremely rare and valuable historical treasure, this review and research ends with a request for community efforts to advance Chinese Canadian history by Chinese community organizations themselves.

MAHARANI DOWAGER CIXI: WANITA YANG MEMERINTAH CHINA DI BELAKANG TABIR, 1862-1874

This article examines Empress Dowager Cixi’s life history up until her ascension to power in 1875. The focus of the study is on the reign of Emperor Tongzhi (1862-1874) because Cixi successfully launched a coup known as Xinyou 1861 until she was known as the Chinese empress who ruled ‘behind the curtains’ during the reign of Emperor Tongzhi. This research into the subject utilises the qualitative method by scrutinising the polemic on Cixi’s role in the history of modern China. This is due to divided perception among historians that she was theiron lady behind the throne during her reign. The findings of this research reveals that Cixi was merely a victim of political circumstances arising from the internal collapse of the Qing Dynasty which was out of her control. This research concludes that during the early days of her administration, Cixi had the resolve and determination to propel China towards modernisation based on the Western administrative model. Unfortunately, the empress had to postpone all efforts to modernise China in order to maintain and preserve her position from her political rivals.

Environmental analysis on the first documented tornado outbreak in China

AbstractThis study presents an analysis on the storm environmental features during the first recorded tornado outbreak in the modern history of China on August 13–14, 2018. Eleven reported tornadoes were spawned within a 20‐hr period by Typhoon Yagi (1814) during its dissipating stage after its landfall. They primarily formed when Yagi was at a relatively weak intensity. Six tornadoes were generated after that Yagi had lost its intensity as a tropical depression. These tornadoes were mainly located in the northeast quadrant with respect to the typhoon center. Specifically, they were concentrated in the overlapping region of the large storm relative helicity (SRH) and large entraining convective available potential energy (E‐CAPE) that considers the effects of the environmental air entrainment. The intrusion of midlevel dry air was responsible for the spatial pattern of large‐value E‐CAPE. Special focus was further put into the dynamical diagnosis of the cause that the maxima in SRH were distributed in Yagi's northeast sector. On cylindrical coordinates, the northeast quadrant was characterized by the strongest upward increase in the radial velocity in a layer of 950–700 hPa, which resulted from the interaction between the typhoon circulation and the subtropical high and a midlevel trough. The resultant in‐up‐out radial wind profile contributed to the large helicity in the northeast quadrant. In the lowest 50 hPa layer, the helicity was mainly owed to the upward increase in the tangential velocity associated with typhoon vortex. The diagnoses of the atmospheric environment for the tornado outbreak in this case may provide additional benefit for assessing the tornado risk within landfalling tropical cyclones in China.

Research on the Special Topic Teaching Mode and Construction of "the Outline of Modern Chinese History"

outline of modern Chinese literally tells modern history of China, but its essence is a public ideological and political theory course for college students. This new course has its own uniqueness. To achieve a good teaching effect, we need to continuously explore new teaching models. The topic-based teaching is a good choice. Based on this, this article discusses topic-based teaching mode and its construction of the outline of modern Chinese for reference.

Revisiting religious higher education in China: comparative analysis of Furen University narratives

Established in the 1920s, Furen University was a private Catholic university in China. Just as in the case of other Christian colleges in modern China, Furen was taken over by the communist government soon after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 and incorporated into the new state-controlled higher education system. Since the beginning of China’s reform and opening up, Chinese scholars have shown growing interest in exploring the religious history of the country’s pioneering higher education institutions. Focusing on Furen University, this study draws data from various sources to examine critically some popular Furen University narratives proposed by contemporary Chinese scholars in China. These narratives suggest that this Western Catholic university underwent substantial changes during its decades-long operation in Chinese society, becoming more Sinicized, secular, and patriotic. However, our analysis indicates that Furen University’s history in modern China might be more complex than these narratives suggest.

Chinese Studies, Scholars, and the Post-Pandemic Turn

The racialisation and weaponisation of Covid-19 has raised many significant concerns and troubling issues that invite urgent action from researchers. Informed by socio-political history of modern China, women’s/gender studies, and the sociology and social anthropology of Islam, the author considers the intellectual, academic, and personal responsibility of Chinese studies scholars during the pandemic.

Notes on Heritage and History in Modern China

The explosion of heritage sites, museums, and what might be called “heritage consciousness” since the beginnings of the Reform Era in the 1980s should be incorporated into historical understandings of modern China. Historians have tended to neglect the story of heritage in China, while anthropologists, geographers, and scholars of other disciplines, in spite of rich research, seldom treat heritagization in its full historical context. The study of the history of Chinese heritage adds an important dimension to our knowledge of how the concept of “China” was formed and re-formed over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This is also a global story shaped by the circulation of persons, ideas, institutions, and objects. Chinese heritage was long driven by the state, but the state was also shaped by cultural heritage. Increasingly in the twenty-first century, Chinese heritage is also driven by local forces.