Immigration History Research Articles

Trends in the Study of Antisemitism in United States History

Trends in the Study of Antisemitism in United States History1 Britt P. Tevis (bio) Identifying trends in the study of antisemitism in American history is a complicated task because historians have mostly focused their attention on other aspects of the American Jewish experience.2 Further, by and large, those works that examine antisemitism in the United States posit that anti-Jewish animus has been relatively fleeting and generally marginal to United States history and the American Jewish experience. Indeed, antisemitism in the United States has most often been framed as an outlier and premodern relic. According to this argument, America's [End Page 255] commitment to religious freedom, democracy, and pluralism has deterred the state from perpetuating anti-Jewish discrimination or bigoty. Thus, understanding antisemitism in America requires studying social spaces and parsing personal interactions between Jews and non-Jews.3 Systemic forms of discrimination such as university quotas, violent incidents such as the lynching of Leo Frank, and the dissemination of anti-Jewish propaganda by influential Americans such as Henry Ford appear as outliers. Simply stated, to the extent that American Jewish historians have examined antisemitism, it has been largely to dismiss it as a serious, lasting problem woven into the fabric of US history. The tendency to present antisemitism in the United States as atypical, momentary, and confined to private realms is especially noteworthy in several important surveys of American Jewish history.4 Trends in scholarship on antisemitism in the United States must be understood in the context of how American Jewish historians have promoted the idea that antisemitism in the United States has been a relatively insignificant aberration.5 As this article shows, conceptualizations of antisemitism as irregular, relatively harmless, and primarily social originated in the 1950s, when academic historians first took an interest in studying American antisemitism in the context of a larger debate about populism, exceptionalism, and objectivity. The essential voices to emerge from this discussion were those of immigration historians Oscar Handlin (1915–2011) and John Higham (1920–2003). Their conceptualizations of anti-Jewish animus became touchstones for discussion of antisemitism in subsequent decades. Though Handlin and Higham disagreed on certain details, they agreed on antisemitism's limited significance and short-lived nature, seeing in it a vestige rather than a manifestation of modernity. Since the 1970s, some historians have advanced an understanding of anti-Jewish animus [End Page 256] that recognizes it as both a persistent force, which existed beyond social realms. Still, Handlin and Higham's ideas (especially Higham's) remain influential, and many American Jewish historians continue to present antisemitism as largely insignificant, momentary, primarily social. Recognizing the weight of Handlin and Higham's claims in American Jewish historical scholarship from the past seventy years renders the state of the field and its attendant trends understandable. Because most historians who have published on the history of antisemitism in American history have done so either as dissenters within the field of American Jewish history or as historians from other fields interested in examining anti-Jewish animus in passing, collectively, existing scholarship presents antisemitism as episodic. Periodic surges in interest have proved short-lived and thus pertinent research has appeared haphazardly. Research exploring given incidents or themes have materialized here and there yet the dynamics and nature of antisemitism in the United States have yet to be sufficiently theorized or explained. At the same time, despite the diffuse nature of relevant scholarship, collectively it suggests that anti-Jewish animus constitutes an integral feature of American history, rather than a momentary and relatively innocuous phenomenon that is unrelated to the state.6 Accordingly, this article concludes by offering some suggestions for future researchers. FORMATIVE SCHOLARSHIP ON ANTISEMITISM IN THE UNITED STATES Academic historians first took interest in antisemitism in the United States in the 1950s just as American Jewry came to the discipline's attention.7 American historians considered anti-Jewish animus in the United States as they engaged in contemporaneous debates about populism, the late nineteenth-century political movement of farmers and laborers, and reassessed 1930s scholarship.8 As they developed their narratives of American history, scholars such as Richard Hofstadter, Daniel Boorstin, and [End Page 257] others articulated divergent views on...

Foreign Nationals in Yekaterinburg: At the Dawn of the City’s Social Organisation

The intensive development of metallurgy in the Urals in the 1720s is closely associated with the construction of Yekaterinburg, which became not only the largest and most diversified metallurgical plant city in Russia, but also the administrative centre of the mining industry in the east of the empire. The construction of the city under the leadership of an outstanding specialist and personal representative of Peter the Great, Georg Wilhelm de Gennin (Wilim Ivanovich Gennin), took into account the latest Western trends in industrial and fortification architecture. This affected the spatial planning and functional zoning of this mining city. It also had an important impact on its social organisation. A striking feature of Yekaterinburg was the high concentration of immigrants from European countries. Foreign nationals worked in the local administration and held a majority among the officers who commanded army units during the construction of the plant city. Also, the first doctors, the founders of the medical service in the Urals, were non-Russian. However, most specialists dealt with metallurgy and mining. Yekaterinburg became both their place of residence and a staging post on their way to other factories and mines in the region. The contribution of these people to the formation and development of the industry in the region can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, there is still no special comprehensive study of this population category in early Yekaterinburg. This article is an attempt to consider the history of foreign immigrants as a social whole in Yekaterinburg society during the first decade of its existence. The author identifies their features and the factors that promoted and hindered intra-community integration, concluding that by the end of the first decade of Yekaterinburg’s life, it had failed to form an influential and relatively homogeneous colony of foreign nationals: their number had noticeably decreased compared to the 1720s. The formation of a full-fledged community was hampered by marked differences in the legal status of foreigners and a lack of corporate privileges. Other factors were a minimised sphere of private life (which made it impossible for them to create stable internal organisation) and internal professional competition. However, the most important thing was high geographic mobility, which gave rise to quantitative and qualitative instability in the community.

“It was Peugeot that brought us here!”

The objective of this article is to analyze the consequences of the political, social, and economic ruptures of Yugoslavia and France on the trajectories of Yugoslavs recruited by the Peugeot company in France after the the 1965 Franco-Yugoslav bilateral agreement on the employment of temporary labor. Using a monographic approach to the case of the employment area of Sochaux, it is clear that (post-)Yugoslav workers went through periods of upheaval and even disillusionment after their arrival in France. This study mainly deals with a generation of men born in the 1940s and 1950s and recruited by Peugeot from 1965 onwards, but also includes other members of the family and the plurality of generations. The history of Yugoslav immigration to France has rarely been the subject of research, although studying it makes it possible to analyze relations between a western country and a communist country and the consequences of the breakup of a country for emigrants living abroad. To do so, this article relies on archival sources (files on foreigners kept in the archives of prefectures, archives of associations, and the Peugeot company’s archives) and on interviews with former workers.

Family Matters: How Immigrant Histories Can Promote Inclusion

Immigration is a highly polarized issue in the United States, and negative attitudes toward immigrants are common. Yet, almost all Americans are descended from people who originated outside the country, a narrative often evoked by the media and taught in school curricula. Can this narrative increase inclusionary attitudes toward migrants? We draw from scholarship showing that perspective-taking decreases prejudice toward out-groups to investigate whether reminding Americans about their own immigration history increases support for immigrants and immigration. We propose that priming family experiences can indirectly stimulate perspective-taking and induce empathy toward the out-group, which we test with three separate survey experiments conducted over two years. Our findings show that priming family history generates small but consistent inclusionary effects. These effects occur even among partisan subgroups and Americans who approve of President Trump. We provide evidence that increased empathy for immigrants constitutes one mechanism driving these effects.

Intragroup comparative study on achievement of second generation Chinese newcomer

There are many challenges that immigrants to new countries face. Complicating efforts to understand and research these challenges are any ingrained attitudes surrounding immigration and the vast differences in attitudes and levels of immigration in each country. Not every place is the same, nor are all immigrants the same, even if they come from the same country. This makes comparisons of what was successful in one place difficult to make. For example, a country like the US, which has a longer history of immigration may have more established systems and theories on immigration and integration than a country like Japan, where historically, immigration has been low. In the US, immigrants from China are considered to have been successful in thriving and creating a Chinese-American population, but the situation is very different for the increasing Chinese-Japanese population found in Japan. Assistant Professor Kohei Tsubota and Research Associate Lifeng Liu are focusing their research on the second-generation Chinese immigrant population in Japan, in particular how an immigrant child can overcome disadvantages in a society that has no immigrant integration policy, and also, how the disparity structure and gender inequality of Chinese society affect their educational attainment after coming to Japan.

Historial Gography Of The Kurds In The Nighboring

This research is entitled (historical geography of the presence of the Kurds in the neighboring regions), a study in the geo-political research scientifically concerned with the presence of Kurds in the neighboring countries i.e this research does not study the presence of the Kurds in in Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iran just in (Khorasan region) because now they are includes the land of Kurdistan. The Kurds history of immigration to outside of their lands are related to many factors including the geographical location and the similarity of geographical elements, which can be considered the main causes to for attraction of Kurds to these regions, and despite this the cutaneous invasions especially during the periods of Iran and Turkey.
 This research includes three axes, the first axis study the historical presence of the Kurds in Russia and the three Caucasus countries (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and also study Republics of (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan), and briefly about Afghanistan, Pakistan and khorasan region. The second axis study the history and geographical distribution of the Kurds and their numbers in those neighboring countries.While the third axis analysis of the geopolitical history elements including (military, economy, religion and administration)of the Kurdish presence in neighboring countries. In addition of performing some important conclusions and recommendations, as well as the list of references, and abstract in English and Kurdish and an appendix of maps and pictures.

Rugged entrepreneurs: The geographic and cultural contours of new business formation

How do geographic and historical-cultural factors shape new business formation? Using novel data on new business registrations, we document that 75% of the variation in new business formation is explained by time-invariant county-level factors and examine the extent to which such variation is driven by historical, cultural, and geographic factors. Current-day new business formation is positively related to historical attributes that presage individualist culture: frontier experience and historical birthplace diversity, as well as the county’s topographical features. The relation holds when we exploit plausibly exogenous variation in frontier experience driven by shocks to the settlement process that arise from historical immigration flows. Our study points to the fundamental role of geographic and historical-cultural features, especially rugged individualism, in explaining contemporary new business formation in the U.S.

ИСТОРИЯ КАТОЛИЦИЗМА В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ: КРАТКИЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР

The article examines the main publications covering the centuries-old history of the Catholic Church in the lands of modern Bashkortostan, as well as partly affecting the interaction of local Catholic communities with coreligionists from other cities located in the South Urals, as well as in the Middle Volga region. Unfortunately, there are quite a few special studies on the history of this Christian denomination in our republic. Many works, in one way or another related to this issue, are of a general nature and contain a schematic listing of factual information, or are more devoted to the history of national communities, for which this religion is, to a certain extent, one of the most important elements of traditional ethnic culture. Here it is necessary to note, first of all, publications on the history of the Polish and German diaspora, which provide information about the participation of representatives of these communities in the creation of Catholic parishes and public associations associated with charity and education. At the same time, the significance of the confessional aspect is to a much lesser extent revealed in works on the history of Latvian immigrants from Latgale, Belarusians and Ukrainians from Volyn and Eastern Galicia, who, due to various circumstances, left their homes during the First World War, as well as other Catholic emigrants from Central and Western Europe, located in the Ufa province at the beginning of the XX century. In some articles on demography and striking features of social stratification, one can find indirect references to the presence of Catholics, but this information only It is noteworthy that most publications indicate the middle of the 17th century as the earliest dating of the appearance of believing Catholics in the South Urals, and evidence of missionary trips to the Eastern Hungarians during the 13th-15th centuries allows us to make hypothetical assumptions about their role in the life of the local religious community. It can be noted that the presence of a certain part of Catholics on the territory of Bashkiria during the 16th20th centuries. was associated with forced migration due to the fact that, as a result of military clashes, some of them were captured, as well as due to participation in activities that conflicted with the interests of the Russian leadership are considered, with a few exceptions, only in the context of the problem of the origin of the Bashkir people, most likely due to the modest results of the preaching.

Sociodemographic and Clinical Predictors of the Length of Psychiatric Inpatient Stay of Immigrants in Switzerland.

Immigrants with mental disorders have consistently been reported to spend shorter time in the psychiatric hospital compared to native patients. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, clinical and migration-related predictors of a shorter length of psychiatric inpatient stay among immigrants in Switzerland. All patients of a foreign nationality admitted for inpatient treatment in the year 2016 (N = 279) were included in this study. The sample characteristics were drawn from the register of the psychiatric hospital. Within this sample, self-harm and substance use predicted a shorter inpatient treatment episode whereas disturbances of general psychosocial functioning were a predictor of a longer length of stay. As similar results were also reported for non-immigrant patients, the impact of these specific behavioral and social problems on the length of inpatient stay does not appear to be migrant-specific. Moreover, a country of origin outside Europe was a strong predictor of shorter length of stay pointing to inequalities of inpatient psychiatric treatment within the group of immigrants. Therefore, the cultural background and migrant history of immigrants in psychiatry need stronger consideration in order to eliminate disadvantages in mental health care.

EL FUTURO Y LA INCERTIDUMBRE EN LOS ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS INMIGRATORIOS: EL EJEMPLO DE NEUQUÉN, PROVINCIA PATAGÓNICA, 1930-1976

Este artículo busca introducir brevemente una discusiónsobre el análisis de la concepción de futuro en los estudios históricos inmigratorios,a través de ejemplos en la región patagónica. Considerandoque las conjeturas, imágenes y concepciones sobre el futuro –o sobreposibles escenarios en el futuro– se basan en datos e informacionesque afectan a la vida de los individuos y sus sociedades, este artículoidentifica al menos dos formas de indagar sobre el rol de la imagen defuturo en los estudios históricos sobre la inmigración. El artículo discutesobre cómo la concepción respecto del futuro afectó al presente delos inmigrantes y la forma de relacionarse con su pasado, considerandoque las imágenes de futuro formaron parte de la vida cotidiana de todoslos pobladores. Tal perspectiva permite afinar los estudios históricos dela participación de los inmigrantes en los procesos socioeconómicos y políticos, resaltando el papel de la incertidumbre en sus experiencias,prácticas e identificaciones, lográndose así profundizar la comprensiónde la historia inmigratoria y su relación con la historia política, social yeconómica de las zonas de residencia y radicación.

First Prospective Cross-Sectional Study on the Impact of Immigration Background and Education in Early Detection of Breast Cancer

Background: Although immigrant health is an important issue in national health policy, there is a serious shortage of data in many countries. Most studies lack information on educational status, which is a major limitation. This prospective cross-sectional study analyzed a real-world breast cancer population on the influence of immigration background and educational status on participation in breast cancer early detection programs in the federal state of Lower Saxony, Germany. Methods: Data collection was conducted from 2012 to 2016 in six certified breast cancer centers using a standardized questionnaire for patients’ interview and tumor-specific data from the patients’ medical records. Results: 2,145/3,047 primary breast cancer cases were analyzed. 17.5% of our patients had a history of immigration, including n = 202 first-generation immigrants and n = 168 second-generation immigrants. Most of them were citizens of EU27 member states. No significant difference was seen in age, tumor stage, histology, grading, Ki-67, Her2/neu-status, and hormone receptor status compared to the native cohort. 100% participation rate in the breast cancer early detection programs were seen in patients with no school graduation. With regards to the national mammography screening program, participation decreased significantly with educational status (p = 0.0003). Conclusions: No tumor biological differences were seen between immigrants and German natives. In first-generation immigrants, early detection programs were well accepted despite sociocultural and language differences. Participation rate decreased significantly with higher education levels irrespective of country of origin. Immigration background does not have a negative effect on the participation in breast cancer screening. This mainly relates to immigrants from EU27 member states.

Addressing bias in prediction models by improving subpopulation calibration.

To illustrate the problem of subpopulation miscalibration, to adapt an algorithm for recalibration of the predictions, and to validate its performance. In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the calibration of predictions based on the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) and the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) in the overall population and in subpopulations defined by the intersection of age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and immigration history. We next applied the recalibration algorithm and assessed the change in calibration metrics, including calibration-in-the-large. 1021041 patients were included in the PCE population, and 1116324 patients were included in the FRAX population. Baseline overall model calibration of the 2 tested models was good, but calibration in a substantial portion of the subpopulations was poor. After applying the algorithm, subpopulation calibration statistics were greatly improved, with the variance of the calibration-in-the-large values across all subpopulations reduced by 98.8% and 94.3% in the PCE and FRAX models, respectively. Prediction models in medicine are increasingly common. Calibration, the agreement between predicted and observed risks, is commonly poor for subpopulations that were underrepresented in the development set of the models, resulting in bias and reduced performance for these subpopulations. In this work, we empirically evaluated an adapted version of the fairness algorithm designed by Hebert-Johnson et al. (2017) and demonstrated its use in improving subpopulation miscalibration. A postprocessing and model-independent fairness algorithm for recalibration of predictive models greatly decreases the bias of subpopulation miscalibration and thus increases fairness and equality.

Hülya Kaya (2020). The EU-Turkey Statement on Refugees: Assessing its Impact on Fundamental Rights

European countries, including Turkey, have a long history of immigration. Nevertheless, especially for Turkey, the number of irregular migration and international protection applications is increased significantly since 2016. After 2014, extraordinary numbers of irregular migrants and international protection applicants have moved to Turkey including individuals from Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. Although new migrants have been mostly registered under international temporary protection, there have been discussions about Turkey being safe third country or a country of insecurity (meaning source country for migration).

“You will bear witness for us”: Suppressed Memory and Counterhistory in Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s “Hope’s War” (2001)

Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch’s historical novels and picturebooks for young readers have gained significant commercial and critical recognition in North America. Interestingly, Ukraine, her grandfather’s homeland, has remained the central theme in her works ever since the publication of the picturebook Silver Threads in 1996. The author of this essay argues that by telling the suppressed, untold stories, hence bringing attention to the next-generation memory of the traumatic experiences of Ukrainian Canadians, Skrypuch puts them on the landscape of Canadian collective and cultural memory and challenges the false generalizations attributed to Ukrainians and Ukrainian Canadians in North America after the Second World War. After briefly outlining the history of Ukrainian immigration to Canada, and explaining the roots of the negative stereotypes attributed to Ukrainians, the author analyzes Hope’s War (2001), Skrypuch’s first Ukrainian-themed novel, and shows that by highlighting the unexpected similarities between the experiences of the protagonist’s grandfather, who during the Second World War was a member of the UPA, and the anxieties of contemporary teenagers, Skrypuch evokes empathy in mainstream and diasporic readers and enables the formation of next-generation memory.

Arthur Miller for the Twenty-First Century: Contemporary Views of His Writings and Ideas

Arthur Miller for the Twenty-First Century: Contemporary Views of His Writings and Ideas

A Threat to the Occident? Comparing Human Values of Muslim Immigrants, Christian, and Non-religious Natives in Western Europe.

With a growing Muslim population, many European countries need to integrate Muslims into their societies. One aspect that can hinder successful integration are substantial differences in human values. This is because such values are consequential for attitudes as well as behavior. We compare basic human values between Muslim immigrants and non-Muslim natives in four European countries with distinct immigration histories and integration politics: Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden. For most insightful comparisons, we contrast values of Muslim immigrants with those of Christian natives as well as those of non-religious natives. We employ data of more than 50,000 individuals based on the first eight waves of the European Social Survey. Our findings reveal significant differences in value priorities between Muslims, Christians and non-religious individuals in all four countries. Amongst other things, Muslim immigrants score particularly high in conservation values (security and tradition/conformity). At the same time, they also score higher in self-transcendence values (benevolence as well as universalism). While many of these findings are in line with theory and previous research, the higher score in universalism is unexpected. A potential explanation is the combination of religious traditionalism and discrimination experiences. In other words, religious traditions are associated with more conservative views, but being subject to marginalization can still result in an appreciation of equal opportunities. We find only limited support for differences in hedonism. Religiosity correlates with values of tradition/conformity for Muslim immigrants as well as for Christian natives. Thus, accounting for religiosity renders differences in these values between Muslims and other groups statistically insignificant. While most of these findings hold in all countries, differences are most pronounced in Sweden and lower in the other three countries, which is also true after accounting for differences in socio-economic status and religiosity between the three groups. This suggests that a combination of a country's history of diversity and national integration policies either encourages the convergence of values or leads to a solidification of value differences between groups. We discuss these political and social implications of our findings.

Immigrants in the Netherlands: Second-class Citizens? The Polish Case

This article discusses signifi cant problems faced by Polish citizens who live in the Netherlands and who declare their willingness to remain there for the coming years despite the unfair treatment directed towards them. The author elaborates on the history of Polish immigrants in the Netherlands after the Second World War in order to: (1) highlight the Poles’ input into the liberation of the Netherlands during the war and the country’s post-war development; and (2) show mutual, ambivalent Polish Dutch relations between the immigrants and the host society. Based on subject literature, Dutch scientifi c reports, analyses and surveys, the current situation of Poles is described in the light of unchanging and thus relatively similar problems (despite the passage of time) experienced by Poles living and working in the Netherlands.

Past in the present: migration and the uses of history in the contemporary era

ABSTRACT This Introduction addresses questions of migration, history, and memory in the context of recent changes in public discourses on immigrant integration in Europe, focusing on how history is used to make claims about the inclusion of some and the exclusion of others. We highlight how these debates are often framed in a nostalgic tone that sustains categorizations and classifications of the population in terms of ‘natives’, who are allegedly historically rooted, and non-natives, lacking historical roots. To shed light on this process, we put forward the notion of historical repertoires to refer to ways that views of history are used to evaluate and justify the present. We lay out three possible components of these repertoires, showing their utility in analysing the debates discussed in the six European case studies in this issue (Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, and Greece). We also consider some parallels with the United States in how the history of immigration is remembered and used in public debates and political discourse.

Object-Oriented Diaspora Sensibilities, Disidentification, and Ghostly Performance

Object-Oriented Diaspora Sensibilities, Disidentification, and Ghostly Performance

Book Review - The Latino American: Psychodynamic Perspectives on Culture and Mental Health Issues

Understanding and working with culturally diverse populations is an important component of counseling and allied helping professions. Many professionals receive some training as a part of their graduate programs on multiculturalism, but this is only the beginning and typically scratches the surface. From this point, professionals are expected to continue their awareness and learning about the needs and issues of the people they serve; for some this includes expanding their understanding of ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse individuals. Professionals wanting to better understand the experience, perspectives, and mental health concerns of Latino Americans may find this edited book informative and of value in helping them achieve this goal. The book, The Latino American: Psychodynamic Perspectives on Culture and Mental Health Issues, is comprised of 10 chapters and topics (i.e. immigration history, child-rearing, gender roles) as explained by a number of contributors.
 Keywords: Latino, Latino American, Culture, Mental Health, Counseling