History Of High Blood Glucose Research Articles

Predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes: Standardized diabetes risk score among the Khmer ethnic minority in Vietnam.

Predicting the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes, as well as identifying the factors that increase this risk, helps the population adjust the modifiable risk factors, improve quality of life, and reduce the disease burden. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 918 ethnic Khmer minority people aged 40 and above in Vietnam who had never been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. To predict the 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes, the Finnish Diabetes Risk Scoring Scale, adjusted for the Asian population with modification of the waist circumpherence and Body Mass Index Cut-Offs, was used. The 10-year predicted risk of progression to type 2 diabetes in ethnic Khmer people aged 40 years and older in southern Vietnam, using the Asian-modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Scoring Scale, resulted 10.54% in the total population study, females have a higher risk at 12.62% compared to 8.01% of males. Among the items that make up the Finnish Diabetes Risk Scoring Scale, age, waist circumference, BMI, family history of diabetes, history of high blood glucose, and use of blood pressure medication were the most accurate predictors, with the area under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve at 0.83, 0.81, 0.77, 0.75, 0.74 and 0.73 respectively. The optimal cut-off score to identify progression to tipe 2 diabetes was 13.5 points (Se = 1.00, Sp = 1.00, p < 0.001). The multivariable logistic regression model shows that factors associated with high risk of type 2 diabetes progression in 10 years are age, gender, occupation, economic status, education level and regular alcohol consumption (p < 0.05). The study results provide a basis for proposing potential solutions to reduce modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes in the population. These include providing culturally appropriate health education and changing behavior to address alcohol consumption. The use of the Asian-modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Scoring Scale to predict the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes and as a screening tool for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes is appropriate for the Vietnamese Khmer population.

Prediction of Diabetes and Prediabetes among the Saudi Population Using a Non-Invasive Tool (AUSDRISK).

Background and Objectives: Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) aims to identify asymptomatic individuals who may be at a higher risk, allowing proactive interventions. The objective of this study was to predict the incidence of DM2 and prediabetes in the Saudi population over the next five years. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Aseer region through August 2023 using a cross-sectional survey for data collection. A multistage stratified random sampling technique was adopted, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the validated Arabic version of the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK). Results: In total, 652 individuals were included in the study. Their mean age was 32.0 ± 12.0 years; 53.8% were male, 89.6% were from urban areas, and 55.8% were single. There were statistically significant differences between males and females in AUSDRISK items, including age, history of high blood glucose, use of medications for high blood pressure, smoking, physical activity, and measurements of waist circumference (p < 0.05). Based on AUSDRISK scores, 46.2% of the included participants were predicted to develop impaired glucose tolerance within the coming five years (65.8% among females vs. 23.6%), and 21.9% were predicted to develop DM2 (35.6% among males vs. 6.0% among females); this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Urgent public health action is required to prevent the increasing epidemic of DM2 in Saudi Arabia.

Diabetes risk assessment among medical students of a medical college in Andhra Pradesh: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: A major global health concern in the 21st century is diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in India is 8.3%, and 647,831 deaths were related to diabetes in India. Medical students tend to have a sedentary lifestyle due to academic demands, which makes them more prone to noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes. The study was conducted to assess the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine the factors associated with the risk of diabetes among medical students at a medical college in Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 277 medical students in a medical college in Andhra Pradesh. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score scale was used to assess diabetes risk, and data were collected through online mode using Google Forms after taking informed consent. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used, and P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The risk of acquiring diabetes in the next 10 years was slightly elevated in 46 (16.6%) female students, 7 (2.5%) male students, and moderate risk in 4 (1.4%) female students. There was a significant association between diabetes risk and body mass index, physical activity &gt;30 min, eating veg/fruits daily, history of high blood glucose, and history of diabetes in the family. Conclusion: According to the study, one-fifth of students had a slightly elevated or moderate risk of diabetes in the next 10 years.

Type2 Diabetes Risk Assessment in Health Care workers at Rashid Hospital – Dubai: A Cross-Sectional Study

Type 2 diabetes is a common and costly chronic disease in general as well as in the working population and its prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate. There are approximately 3000 healthcare professionals working in Rashid Hospital in different specialties. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Type2 Diabetes risk among health care workers at Rashid Hospital. In addition, to find out the risk factors associated with type2 diabetes risk status and to identify the efficacy of lifestyle health promotion intended to improve health risk factors such as weight, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and lifestyle that may lead to type2 diabetes, affecting the health of healthcare workers and their work performance. Methodology: A cross sectional study carried out at Rashid hospital under Dubai Health Authority. A convenience sample was selected by using Open Epi software from the projected population size of 3000, confidence level of 95%, marginal error 5% and the z- score 1.96%. Data collected by using a standardized diabetes risk assessment tool (FINDRISC tool, Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) for a period of one year. The subjects involved are 50% nursing staff, 30% doctors and 20% other health care workers. The inclusion criteria were staff in Rashid Hospital, both sex, age above 18 years and all nationalities. The exclusion criteria were pregnant women, people with known diabetes, age below 18 and above 65years. The data coding, entry and analysis done by SPSS 22 software version. Results: The study revealed that 45.1% of the participants were at low diabetes risk, 35.3% were at slightly elevated risk, 12.2% at moderate risk, 6.9% at high risk, and 0.5% at very high risk. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, daily physical activity, daily consumption of fruits, berries or vegetables, history in intake of antihypertensive medications, history of high blood glucose during illness or pregnancy and family history of diabetes had a great impact. Up on analysis Nurses are at high risk of contracting the disease shortly if you consider the combined value of high risk and very high-risk category (9.5%) as opposed to Doctors (1.8% +0.9%=2.6%) and other health care staff (4.5+1.5=6%). Conclusion: The modifiable factors like body weight, physical activities and food habit can decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among Rashid Hospital healthcare professionals. Health promotion and education can decrease the diabetes risk and occupational health facility can support the follow up.

Self-reported lifestyle behaviours in families with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes across six European countries: a cross-sectional analysis from the Feel4Diabetes-study

BackgroundA healthy lifestyle decreases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The current cross-sectional study aimed to describe self-reported lifestyle behaviours and compare them to current health guidelines in European Feel4Diabetes-families at risk for developing type 2 diabetes across six countries (Belgium, Finland, Spain, Greece, Hungary and Bulgaria).MethodsParents and their children were recruited through primary schools located in low socio-economic status areas. Parents filled out the FINDRISC-questionnaire (eight items questioning age, Body Mass Index, waist circumference, PA, daily consumption of fruit, berries or vegetables, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, history of high blood glucose and family history of diabetes), which was used for the risk assessment of the family. Sociodemographic factors and several lifestyle behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, water consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, soft drink consumption, sweets consumption, snack consumption, breakfast consumption) of both adults and children were assessed by parental questionnaires. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted to investigate families’ lifestyle behaviours, to compare these levels to health guidelines and to assess potential differences between the countries. Analyses were controlled for age, sex and socio-economic status.ResultsMost Feel4Diabetes-families at risk (parents and their children) did not comply with the guidelines regarding healthy behaviours, set by the WHO, European or national authorities. Less than half of parents and children complied with the physical activity guidelines, less than 15% of them complied with the fruit and vegetable guideline, and only 40% of the children met the recommendations of five glasses of water per day. Clear differences in lifestyle behaviours in Feel4Diabetes-families at risk exist between the countries.ConclusionsCountries are highly recommended to invest in policy initiatives to counter unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in families at risk for type 2 diabetes development, taking into account country-specific needs. For future research it is of great importance to focus on families at risk in order to counter the development of type 2 diabetes and reduce health inequity.

A new Brazilian regional scenario of Type 2 diabetes risk in the next ten years

AimsAccording to a recent national diabetes screening performed by our group in 2018, 18.4% of the Brazilians were found to have high blood glucose. The objective of the present study was to estimate the risk of developing type 2 DM (T2DM) in the next ten years in Brazilian population. MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in community pharmacies across Brazil, in 2018, where pharmacists applied the FINDRISC questionnaire to estimate the population's risk of developing T2DM within a ten-year period. ResultsThe study included 977 pharmacists from 345 municipalities distributed across the five geographical regions of Brazil. Of the 17,580 people evaluated, the South region was found to have the highest frequency (59.6%) among people at very low and/or low risk of developing T2DM, while the North region, the most underserved, presented the highest and/or very highest T2DM risk (24.1%). The factors that mostly and importantly impacted these regional differences were body mass index; the highest daily consumption of vegetables and fruits; history of high blood glucose and family history of T1DM/T2DM. ConclusionThese results showed an impressive change of direction concerning diabetes numbers between the most underserved region in public health care and one of the most developed and best organized regions concerning health assistance, the North and the South, respectively.

Artificial Intelligence in Health Data Analysis: The Darwinian Evolution Theory Suggests an Extremely Simple and Zero-Cost Large-Scale Screening Tool For Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for death. It currently affects about 26.8 million people in the US population and its prevalence is increasing. In this framework, the effective identification of individuals with early dysglycemia status is a crucial task for the national health system, as one of the primary diabetes prevention methods. To this end, developing practical tools for large-scale screenings of dysglycemia at zero-cost is key. Methods: We use NHANES cross-sectional data over 10 years (2007-2016) to derive an equation that links non-laboratory exposure variables to the possible presence of undetected dysglycemia. For the first time, we adopt a novel artificial intelligence approach based on the Darwinian evolutionary theory to analyze health data. In our approach, the optimal model to identify dyglycemia and the variables to exploit are obtained through a sort of natural selection process simulated via genetic programming. We collected data for 47 variables, previously suggested in the literature as good non-laboratory predictors for dysglycemia, including age, gender, waist circumference, ethnic group of belonging, hypertension, BMI and family history of high blood glucose. Individuals with dysglycemia included both prediabetic and undetected type 2 diabetic. Individuals with gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes or diagnosed type 2 diabetes were excluded from our analysis. Large care was devoted in obtaining a dataset with the analogous prevalence, in each age group and gender, as in the US national population. Our model is derived using data for 9034 individuals and is validated internally and also via cross-sectional data that were not used to derive the equation. Findings: We develop a novel screening tool to detect the possible presence of dysglycemia based on a simple mathematical equation that exploits only two variables: age and waist circumference. We obtain an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 75.3% (74.0%-76.7%, 95% C.I.) based on the analysis of 4581 individuals used for internal validation. Sensitivity and specificity are 0.65 (0.63 - 0.66, 95% C.I.) and 0.73 (0.71 - 0.75, 95% C.I.), respectively, by using the optimal threshold value determined from external validation data. Using a threshold optimized for high-sensitivity values, we obtain sensitivity 0.82 (0.80 - 0.83, 95% C.I.) and specificity 0.53 (0.50 - 0.55, 95% C.I.). Interpretation: We show that the use of uniquely two variables allows to obtain a zero-cost screening tool of analogous precision than that of more complex tools widely adopted in the literature. Furthermore, we suggest that the definition of an age-related waist circumference cut-off might crucially help in the identification of individuals with undetected dysglycemia. The underlying result indicates that the introduction of concepts derived from the Darwinian evolutionary theory in the analysis of health data could enable to a larger discovery potential compared to more conventional analysis methods previously applied in the literature. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: None.

Prevalence of people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and the involvement of community pharmacies in a national screening campaign: a pioneer action in Brazil

BackgroundBrazil is one of top 10 countries with the highest number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting 16.8 million peoples. It is estimated that 7.7 million people (20–79 years) in the country have not yet been diagnosed, representing an under-diagnosis rate of 46.0%. Herein we aimed to screen people for high blood glucose or risk for developing type 2 DM (T2DM) through community pharmacies in Brazil.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in November 2018, involving 977 pharmacists from 345 municipalities in Brazil. The study evaluated people between 20 and 79 years old without a previous diagnosis of DM. Glycemia was considered high when its value was ≥ 100 mg/dL fasting and ≥ 140 mg/dL in a casual feeding state. The FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) was used to estimate the risk for developing T2DM. The prevalence of high blood glucose was estimated and the associated factors were obtained using Poisson's multivariate analysis with robust variance.ResultsDuring the national screening campaign, 17,580 people were tested with the majority of the consultations (78.2%) being carried out in private pharmacies. The population was composed mainly of women (59.5%) and people aged between 20 and 45 years (47.9%). The frequency of participants with high blood glucose was 18.4% (95% CI 17.9–19.0). Considering the FINDRISC, 22.7% of people had a high or very high risk for T2DM. The risk factors associated with high blood glucose were: Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m2, abdominal circumference > 94 cm for men and > 80 cm for women; education level below 15 years of study, no daily intake of vegetables and fruits; previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension; history of high blood glucose and family history of DM.ConclusionsThis is the largest screening study that evaluated the frequency of high blood glucose and its associated factors in a population without a previous diagnosis ever performed in community pharmacies in Brazil. These results may help to improve public health policies and reinforce the role of pharmacists in screening and education actions aimed at this undiagnosed population in a continent-size country such as Brazil.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors among Saharawi refugees in Algeria

Abstract Background The Saharawi refugees have been living in refugee camps in the Algerian desert since 1975 and are dependent on food aid. A double burden of malnutrition by the coexistence of undernutrition among children and overweight and obesity among adults has been observed in the Saharawi refugee camps. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated risk factors exists in this population. The aim of this study was, therefore, to address this gap in the literature. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in five Saharawi refugee camps in Algeria in 2014. A total of 180 women and 175 men were included. HbA1c was used to assess the prevalence of T2D and prediabetes. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) was used to estimate the risk of developing T2D. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to assess risk factors associated with T2D and prediabetes. Results Median (min, max) HbA1c among the Saharawi refugees was 35 (4, 135) mmol/mol. The prevalence of T2D and prediabetes was 7% and 10%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined was 45%, and higher in women than in men. According to FINDRISC, 9% of participants had high risk of developing diabetes and 10% had moderate risk. In adjusted models, significant predictors for T2D were age, waist circumference and having a first-degree relative with T2D. Significant predictors for prediabetes were age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and a history of high blood glucose. Conclusions We found moderate prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes and a relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Saharawi refugees, especially the women. Given the fragility of the Saharawi health care system, screening for diabetes should be conducted in a cost-effective manner and high-risk individuals should receive advice about lifestyle changes (e.g. diet and physical activity). Key messages We found moderate prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes among the Saharawi refugees, and a high proportion were classified as overweight or obese. In light of this, the rates of T2D are likely to increase in the near future. The Saharawi health authorities should pay attention to the increased risk of diabetes in this vulnerable population.

Comparison of IDRS, ADA and FINDRISC Diabetes Risk Assessment Tools: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background To identify individuals at high risk of developing type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), use of a validated risk-assessment tool is currently recommended. A simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in combating DM. It is under-reported, whether a different risk tool alters the predicted risk of an individual. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the results of three commonly used validated risk-assessment tools when applied to the same population. Method This cross-sectional analytical study was carried upon randomly sampled 602 non-diabetic adults visiting the outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to December 2019. Subjects having previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination were also included. With written informed consent, the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), American Diabetes (ADA) Risk Score and Finish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaires were used to calculate predicted risk score for developing T2DM within 10 years. Results Among 602 subjects, 55.0 % were female. The mean (±SD) age of the study subjects was 38.56 ±1.13 years. IDRS categorized the highest proportion (38.2 %) of individuals at ‘high risk’ followed by ADA (22.4 %) and finally, the FINDRISC (8.6 %); [p<0.05]. Conclusions The adoption of a different valid risk assessment tool can alter the predicted risk of an individual. To adequately prevent type2 diabetes, risk scoring systems must be validated for each population considered.

Different type 2 diabetes risk assessments predict dissimilar numbers at risk: a cross-sectional analysis of diabetes risk-assessment tools

Background: Use of a validated risk-assessment tool to identify individuals at high risk of developing type2 diabetes is currently recommended. It is under-reported, however, whether a different risk tool alters the predicted risk of an individual. This study explored any differences between two commonly used validated risk-assessment tools for type2 diabetes.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between July 2018 and June 2019 in the medicine outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 518 subjects, aged ranging from 22 to 68 years was included in the study. Randomly sampled non- diabetic subjects, and those who had previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination (i.e. impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus) were included for the study. With written informed consent, both the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire were used to collect the data including demographic characteristics and different risk factors of an individual subject, and to calculate total risk score for predictors the risk of developing T2DM within 10 years.&#x0D; Results: Among 518 subjects, 48.1% were male and 51.9% were female. Differences between the risk-assessment tools were apparent following cross-sectional analysis of individuals. IDRS (Indian Diabetes Risk Score) categorized 37.8 % (male vs. female: 14.8 % vs. 23.0%) of individuals at high risk. Whereas, 8.3% (male vs. female: 1.9% vs. 6.4%) were at high risk according to FINDRISC (Finish Diabetes Risk Score) system.&#x0D; Conclusions: The results indicate that the prevalence of participants at risk for developing type 2 diabetes varies considerably according to the scoring system used. To adequately prevent type2 diabetes, risk scoring systems must be validated for each population considered.&#x0D; Birdem Med J 2020; 10(3): 159-167

Prediction of the risk of developing diabetes mellitus among Bangladeshi adults by using risk assessment score

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the major health problems worldwide. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh is primarily attributed to rapid urbanization and associated changes in lifestyle, such as sedentary lifestyle, higher calorie food intake and stressful life. Studies support the utilization of riskassessment scoring systems in quantifying individual’s risk for developing T2DM. Thus, a simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM among Bangladeshi adults will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in combating DM.The purpose of the study was to calculate the risk assessment score of developing T2DM within 10 years among Bangladeshi adults.&#x0D; Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the outpatient department (OPD) of Medicine, MARKS Medical College &amp; Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from February 2018 to July 2018 among randomly sampled 205 adult subjects. Subjects undiagnosed with diabetes mellitus and had previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination (i.e. impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus) were included. From a review of literature regarding risk factors of developing DM in Bangladesh, the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) system was found to be more useful for the Bangladeshi adults. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire was used to collect the data including demographic characteristics and different risk factors and to calculate total risk score for predicting the risk of developing T2DM within 10 years.&#x0D; Results: Among 205 subjects, male and female were 57.1% and 42.9% respectively. The Mean (±SD) age of the study subjects was 37.64±1.07 years. In this study, both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors showed statistically significant association with the FINDRISC among Bangladeshi adults (p&lt;0.05). There was a significant association among FINDRISC with history of previous high blood glucose, and treated hypertensive Bangladeshi adults.33.65% of the Bangladeshi adults had slightly elevated diabetes risk score (DRS). This study predicts that 17.55% of the Bangladeshi adults may have moderate to high risk to develop T2DM within the consecutive 10 years.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study provides a simple, feasible, non-invasive and convenient screening FINDRISC tool that identifies individuals at risk of having T2DM. People with high risk of DM should be referred for early intervention and changes to a healthy lifestyle and primary prevention to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM.&#x0D; Birdem Med J 2020; 10(1): 40-47

Prediabetes Risk Assessment among Nurses Recruited in a Dubai Local Government Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Nurses constitute half of the health workforce; their health could be at risk for chronic diseases, such as prediabetes and diabetes, as well as other occupational hazards, such as nurses’ stress. Health promotion, possibly workplace based, presents opportunities to safeguard the health of nurses. Using a prediabetes risk assessment tool for screening the nurses is important to ensure that they remain physically and mentally fit to perform their work and to comply with various health and safety regulations. Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and its risk among nurses in Dubai Hospital and to study risk factors associated with prediabetes status. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Dubai Hospital-Dubai Health Authority. A convenience sample was selected including 674 nurses estimated using OpenEpi software. Data was collected using a standardized diabetes risk assessment tool (The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score [FINDRISC]). Inclusion criteria were staff nurses working in Dubai Hospital in the age group from 25 to 64 years and nondiabetic staff in Dubai Hospital; an operational definition of prediabetes was used. The data were coded, and data entry and data analysis were made using SPSS 20 software version. The data were tested at a level of significance of 95%. Results: The study revealed that 42.7% of the participants had a low prediabetes risk, 38.4% had a slightly elevated prediabetes risk, 10.8% had a moderate prediabetes risk, 7.6% had a high prediabetes risk, and 0.5% had a very high prediabetes risk. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, history of high blood glucose, family history of diabetes, daily consumption of fruits, berries, or vegetables, and daily physical activity had a significant relationship with the prediabetes test (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Frequent testing is recommended to follow the risk score. Since we cannot control unmodifiable factors, such as age and family history, we can control modifiable factors, such as having a healthy lifestyle with healthy food and exercise to decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Health promotion and education can decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Determining type 2 diabetes risk factors for the adults: A community based study from Turkey

AimsThis study aimed to determine risk factors for type 2 diabetes among adults who were not diagnosed with diabetes. MethodsAdults were included in this study within the public activities performed on World Diabetes Day (n=1872). Data were collected using the FINDRISC questionnaire and a short questionnaire. ResultsParticipants’ mean age was 39.35±10.40. The mean FINDRISC score was 7.46±4.62, women's mean score was higher than that for men. The FINDRISC score indicates that 7.4% of the participants were in the highrisk group. Among participants, BMI value of 65.1% was 25kg/m2 and higher, waist circumference of 58% was over the threshold value; and 50.7% did not engage in sufficient physical activity. Of the participants, 9.5% had a history of high blood glucose, families of 38.9% had a history of diabetes. The mean FINDRISC score was in the slightly high category, 121 participants were found likely to be diagnosed with diabetes within ten years if no action was taken. ConclusionsIt is recommended the risk screening studies to be conducted and the FINDRISC tool to be used in Turkey, where diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly, to determine diabetes risks in the early period and to raise social awareness for diabetes.

Risk Score for Detecting Dysglycemia: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Working-Age Population in an Oil Field in China.

BackgroundDysglycemia (pre-diabetes or diabetes) in young adults has increased rapidly. However, the risk scores for detecting dysglycemia in oil field staff and workers in China are limited. This study developed a risk score for the early identification of dysglycemia based on epidemiological and health examination data in an oil field working-age population with increased risk of diabetes.Material/MethodsMultivariable logistic regression was used to develop the risk score model in a population-based, cross-sectional study. All subjects completed the questionnaires and underwent physical examination and oral glucose tolerance tests. The performance of the risk score models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsThe study population consisted of 1995 participants, 20–64 years old (49.4% males), with undiagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes who underwent periodic health examinations from March 2014 to June 2015 in Dagang oil field, Tianjin, China. Age, sex, body mass index, history of high blood glucose, smoking, triglyceride, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) constituted the Dagang dysglycemia risk score (Dagang DRS) model. The performance of Dagang DRS was superior to m-FINDRISC (AUC: 0.791; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.773–0.809 vs. 0.633; 95% CI, 0.611–0.654). At the cut-off value of 5.6 mmol/L, the Dagang DRS (AUC: 0.616; 95% CI, 0.592–0.641) was better than the FPG value alone (AUC: 0.571; 95% CI, 0.546–0.596) in participants with FPG <6.1 mmol/L (n=1545, P=0.028).ConclusionsDagang DRS is a valuable tool for detecting dysglycemia, especially when FPG <6.1 mmol/L, in oil field workers in China.

Does Future Diabetes Risk Impair Current Quality of Life? A Cross-Sectional Study of Health-Related Quality of Life in Relation to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC).

ObjectivesPresent study examines the relationship between the estimated risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We quantify the association between Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and HRQoL, and examine the potential use of FINDRISC as tool to evaluate HRQoL indirectly.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study comprising 707 Finnish people without a diagnosis of T2D between the ages of 51 and 75 years. The risk of developing T2D was assessed using the validated and widely used FINDRISC (range 0–26 points), and quality of life was measured using two preference-based HRQoL instruments (15D and SF-6D) and one health profile instrument (SF-36). Effects of the individual FINDRISC items and demographic and clinical characteristics, such as co-morbidities, on HRQoL were studied using multivariable Tobit regression models.ResultsLow HRQoL was significantly and directly associated with the estimated risk of developing T2D. An approximate 4–5 point change in FINDRISC score was observed to be associated with clinically noticeable changes in the preference-based instrument HRQoL index scores. The association between HRQoL and the risk of developing T2D was also observed for most dimensions of HRQoL in all applied HRQoL instruments. Overall, old age, lack of physical activity, obesity, and history of high blood glucose were the FINDRISC factors most prominently associated with lower HRQoL.ConclusionsThe findings may help the health care professionals to substantiate the possible improvement in glucose metabolism and HRQoL potentially achieved by lifestyle changes, and better convince people at high risk of T2D to take action towards healthier lifestyle habits. FINDRISC may also provide an accurate proxy for HRQoL, and thus by estimating the risk of T2D with the FINDRISC, information about patients’ HRQoL may also be obtained indirectly, when it is not feasible to use HRQoL instruments.

A novel testing model for opportunistic screening of pre-diabetes and diabetes among U.S. adults.

ObjectiveThe study aim was to evaluate the performance of a novel simultaneous testing model, based on the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and HbA1c, in detecting undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes in Americans.Research Design and MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included 3,886 men and women (≥ 20 years) without known diabetes from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010. The FINDRISC was developed based on eight variables (age, BMI, waist circumference, use of antihypertensive drug, history of high blood glucose, family history of diabetes, daily physical activity and fruit & vegetable intake). The sensitivity, specificity, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the testing model were calculated for undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes, determined by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).ResultsThe prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 7.0% and 43.1% for pre-diabetes (27.7% for isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 5.1% for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 10.3% for having both IFG and IGT). The sensitivity and specificity of using the HbA1c alone was 24.2% and 99.6% for diabetes (cutoff of ≥6.5%), and 35.2% and 86.4% for pre-diabetes (cutoff of ≥5.7%). The sensitivity and specificity of using the FINDRISC alone (cutoff of ≥9) was 79.1% and 48.6% for diabetes and 60.2% and 61.4% for pre-diabetes. Using the simultaneous testing model with a combination of FINDRISC and HbA1c improved the sensitivity to 84.2% for diabetes and 74.2% for pre-diabetes. The specificity for the simultaneous testing model was 48.4% of diabetes and 53.0% for pre-diabetes.ConclusionsThis simultaneous testing model is a practical and valid tool in diabetes screening in the general U.S. population.

Combination of Diabetes Risk Factors and Hepatic Steatosis in Chinese: The Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) Study

AimsHepatic steatosis has been related to insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk. We assessed whether combination of diabetes risk factors, evaluated by the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score, was associated with risk of hepatic steatosis in an apparently healthy Chinese population.Research Design and MethodsThe study samples were from a community-based health examination survey in central China. In total 1,780 men and women (18–64 y) were included in the final analyses. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed by ultrasonography. We created combination of diabetes risk factors score on basis of age, Body Mass Index, waist circumference, physical activity at least 4 h a week, daily consumption of fruits, berries or vegetables, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, history of high blood glucose. The total risk score is a simple sum of the individual weights, and values range from 0 to 20.ResultsHepatic steatosis was present 18% in the total population. In multivariate models, the odds ratios of hepatic steatosis were 1.20 (95%CI 1.15–1.25) in men and 1.25 (95%CI 1.14–1.37) in women by each unit increase in the combination of diabetes risk factors score, after adjustment for blood pressure, liver enzymes, plasma lipids, and fasting glucose. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepatic steatosis was 0.78 (95%CI 0.76–0.80), 0.76 in men (95%CI 0.74–0.78) and 0.83 (95%CI 0.79–0.87) in women.ConclusionsOur data suggest that combination of major diabetes risk factors was significantly related to risk of hepatic steatosis in Chinese adults.

Risk assessment for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and its determinants among adults attending Dubai primary health care centres, 2012

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent andcostly chronic health conditions in the United Arab Emirates. Earlyidentification of people who are at risk is a pivotal step to initiativepreventive measures. Objectives: To assess level of risk of developingtype 2 diabetes mellitus and to identify the determinants of risk fordeveloping type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology:Across-sectional study was carried out among adults attending the primary healthcare centers in Dubai, UAE. A total of 515 adults were selected by systematic randomsample and assessed using an interview questionnaire. Results: More thanforty percent of the participants demonstrated a risk for developing type 2diabetes mellitus. It was found that, 21.6%, 19.4% and 1.9% of participantswere at moderate, high and very high risk respectively to develop T2DM within10 years. The results of stepwise logistic regression, revealed ten predictors associated with the risk of developing T2DM which wereage 45 years or more, positive family history of diabetes mellitus, poor knowledgelevel, low perception level about diabetes, eating refine grains or fried foodon daily basis, history of high blood glucose, physica lactivity < 30minutes/day, BMI ≥25kg/m2 in addition to high waist circumference. Conclusion: The overallrisk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults attending the primaryhealth care centers was alarming. The participants at risk were characterizedby obesity, central obesity, physical inactivity and positive family history ofdiabetes. Recommendations:The use ofdiabetes risk assessment questionnaire as initial step for type 2 diabetesmellitus screening in the PHC centers. In addition to implementation of astructured lifestyle modification program to be delivered to those at moderateand high risk of developing T2DM to improve their health and to delay orprevent type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes Risk Factors, Diabetes Risk Algorithms, and the Prediction of Future Frailty: The Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study

ObjectiveTo examine whether established diabetes risk factors and diabetes risk algorithms are associated with future frailty.DesignProspective cohort study. Risk algorithms at baseline (1997–1999) were the Framingham Offspring, Cambridge, and Finnish diabetes risk scores.SettingCivil service departments in London, United Kingdom.ParticipantsThere were 2707 participants (72% men) aged 45 to 69 years at baseline assessment and free of diabetes.MeasurementsRisk factors (age, sex, family history of diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, antihypertensive and corticosteroid treatments, history of high blood glucose, smoking status, physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) were used to construct the risk algorithms. Frailty, assessed during a resurvey in 2007–2009, was denoted by the presence of 3 or more of the following indicators: self-reported exhaustion, low physical activity, slow walking speed, low grip strength, and weight loss; “prefrailty” was defined as having 2 or fewer of these indicators.ResultsAfter a mean follow-up of 10.5 years, 2.8% of the sample was classified as frail and 37.5% as prefrail. Increased age, being female, stopping smoking, low physical activity, and not having a daily consumption of fruits and vegetables were each associated with frailty or prefrailty. The Cambridge and Finnish diabetes risk scores were associated with frailty/prefrailty with odds ratios per 1 SD increase (disadvantage) in score of 1.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.27) and 1.27 (1.17–1.37), respectively.ConclusionSelected diabetes risk factors and risk scores are associated with subsequent frailty. Risk scores may have utility for frailty prediction in clinical practice.