Background: The increasing consumption of junk food among preschool children has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on growth and development. Ultra-processed foods are typically high in calories, sugar, fat, and salt but low in essential nutrients required for optimal child health. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the association between a history of junk food consumption and growth as well as developmental status among preschool children. Method: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving preschool children aged 3–5 years. Junk food consumption history was obtained through questionnaires. Growth status was assessed using the weight-for-height index, while development was measured using the Pre-Screening Developmental Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The analysis showed a significant association between junk food consumption and growth status (p < 0.05), indicating that higher intake was related to less favorable anthropometric outcomes. However, no significant relationship was found between junk food consumption and developmental status (p > 0.05). Most children demonstrated appropriate development despite moderate levels of junk food intake. Conclusion: Junk food consumption is linked to children’s growth but not directly associated with developmental outcomes. Growth and development are influenced by multiple interacting factors beyond diet alone. Suggestion: Future studies should include larger samples and additional variables such as socioeconomic conditions, parenting practices, and physical activity to better understand determinants of child health.

ABSTRACT We study structure formation in alternative cosmological models constrained by background observations, including ∧ cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM), wCDM, the Chevallier–Polarski–Linder parametrization and a flexible Chebyshev expansion of the dark energy equation of state. The models are constrained using baryon acoustic oscillations, cosmic microwave background, cosmic chronometers, and strong lensing measurements. Using the best-fitting parameters, we generate cosmology-dependent initial conditions and perform N-body simulations to analyse the matter power spectrum, halo mass function, and halo density profiles. Although all models remain broadly consistent with $\Lambda$CDM at the background level, differences in the physical matter density $\Omega _{\rm 0m}h^2$ and in the expansion history $H(z)$ lead to distinct growth histories that are amplified by non-linear evolution. We find a clear hierarchy in the power spectrum amplitude and in $\sigma _8$, with the Chebyshev and Chevallier–Polarski–Linder models exhibiting enhanced small-scale power, earlier halo formation at $z\gtrsim 2$ and a migration of the excess towards higher masses at late times. The wCDM model shows milder deviations, with an enhanced linear power spectrum that is partially compensated by reduced late-time growth driven by its different expansion history. When expressed in terms of the scaled radius $r/R_{200\mathrm{c}}$, halo density profiles show a high degree of universality across cosmologies, indicating that internal halo structure is largely governed by the same gravitational dynamics. These results demonstrate that even modest background-level variations in $w(z)$ can translate into coherent non-linear signatures, highlighting the constraining power of large-scale structure observables in extended dark energy models.

Numerical galaxy formation simulations are sensitive to numerical methods and sub-grid physics models, making code comparison projects essential for quantifying uncertainties. Here, we evaluate gadget4-osaka within the AGORA project framework by conducting a systematic comparison with its predecessor. We perform an isolated disk galaxy and a cosmological zoom-in run of a Milky Way-mass halo, following the multi-step AGORA calibration procedure. By systematically deconstructing the updated stellar feedback model, we demonstrate that mechanical momentum injection is necessary to suppress unphysical gas fragmentation and regulate star formation, yielding agreement with the Kennicutt–Schmidt relation. Meanwhile, stochastic thermal heating is essential for driving a hot metal-enriched gaseous halo, thereby creating a multiphase circumgalactic medium that is absent in the predecessor code. In the cosmological context, we calibrate the simulation to match the stellar mass growth history targeted by the AGORA collaboration. The validated gadget4-osaka simulation has been contributed to the AGORA CosmoRun suite, providing a new data point for understanding the impact of numerical and physical modeling choices on galaxy evolution.

The North China Craton (NCC), one of the oldest cratons worldwide, may provide information on the evolution and geodynamic processes of the early Earth, especially during the pre-Mesoarchean period. Many ancient zircons have been discovered in the Jiapigou terrane of the northeastern NCC on the basis of our recent studies, providing an excellent opportunity to trace the early crustal evolution trend of the NCC. Here, we present a detailed study of the petrography, mineralogy, zircon U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotopes of supracrustal rocks (biotite schist) obtained from the Jiapigou terrane. Geochronology combined with the internal structures and Th/U ratios of the zircons reveal that the zircons acquired from the supracrustal rock can be divided into the following two types: magmatic zircons and metamorphic zircons. Among the magmatic zircons, the youngest zircon age (2.49 Ga) is considered to represent the time at which the protolith of the supracrustal rock (i.e., Neoarchean) crystallized, whereas the others were likely captured or inherited from their magma sources. The zircon Hf isotopes reveal that unexposed Hadean–Paleoarchean crust (4.18–3.57 Ga) is present beneath the Jiapigou terrane, and its growth history can be traced back to the Hadean period. Moreover, the evidence derived from this and previous studies indicates that the Jiapigou terrane underwent two crustal recycling events (3.37–3.20 Ga and ~2.96 Ga) during the Paleoarchean, two crustal reworking episodes (2.53 Ga and 2.49 Ga) during the Neoarchean, and later metamorphism at 2.41 Ga. Thus, the Jiapigou terrane has undoubtedly recorded multiple episodes of early crustal growth and/or reworking that are similar to, but not limited to, those of the northern and southern margins of the NCC.

PurposeGlobal MDRO risk prediction tools are less applicable in UAE due to the variety in health profiles across all health sectors. Tools built using risk factors based on demographic structure of the country are more clinically applicable. This pilot retrospective case-control study aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with MDRO infections among critically ill patients in a UAE tertiary hospital and to assess the feasibility of conducting a larger-scale study for the future development of an empirical antibiotic selection tool.Patients and MethodsData were collected from a tertiary care academic hospital in Sharjah. Patients admitted to the ICU for more than 24 hours for a hospital-acquired infection between March to May 2022 were included. A total of 39 patients profiles were screened through random sampling. Potential risk factors for MDRO infections were identified. Student’s t-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Chi-square test, all used wherever applicable at alpha = 0.05.ResultsCollected patient profiles were divided into three groups: MDRO (n = 11), Non-MDRO (n = 10), and no-growth (n = 18). Preliminary risk factors, such as history of bacterial growth was identified to put patients at 2.83 folds of risk of getting MDRO infection (95% CI 1.489–5.39). Patients who required enteral tube feeding had a 2.22 higher risk (95% CI 1.369–3.608). Moreover, the de-escalation of antibiotics was statistically significant (p = <0.001) and higher in the MDRO group versus non-MDRO with 81.8% (n = 9) and 60% (n = 6), respectively.ConclusionThis study provides preliminary insights into potential risk factors for MDRO infections in ICU of UAE population, such as the need for tube feeding and tracheostomy. The study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of data collection and stratification of patients. The observed trends support the need for a larger, adequately powered study to validate these risk factors and to facilitate the development of a predictive risk assessment tool.

ABSTRACT Cosmological N-body simulations have long suggested that the pseudo-phase-space density (PPSD), $\rho /\sigma ^3$, of cold dark matter haloes follows the universal relation $\rho /\sigma ^3 \propto r^{\chi }$, with $\chi \approx -1.875$, as predicted by spherical secondary-infall similarity solutions. This power law appears to hold despite the fact that neither the density $\rho (r)$ nor velocity dispersion $\sigma (r)$ follow universal power-law relations individually, even at fixed mass. We analyse 246 host haloes from the Symphony suite of high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations, to consistently measure PPSD profiles across host masses from $10^{11}$ to $10^{15} \mathrm{ M}_\odot$. We find that the PPSD systematically deviates from a power law, and that haloes with larger deviations from Jeans equilibrium systematically develop steeper average PPSD slopes. This result suggests that the PPSD is not universal; instead, it is linked to a halo’s degree of dynamical equilibrium, which is ultimately set by halo formation history. As a result, we show that secondary halo properties such as concentration and accretion rate inherit significant correlations with the PPSD slope. Moreover, our hosts’ PPSD profiles are remarkably consistent with predictions from one-dimensional self-similar fluid collapse models, indicating that three-dimensional structure, velocity anisotropy, and filamentary accretion all play negligible roles in shaping the PPSD. Thus, we argue that the PPSD is shaped by mass assembly alone, and that its non-universality reflects the diversity of halo growth histories.

Abstract. Giant clams such as Tridacna are exceptionally well suited for studying past environmental changes on daily to multidecadal timescales. The visible growth bands in their shells, which can be yearly, seasonal or even daily, are accompanied by changes in the elemental composition of the shell and provide insights into their growth and environmental history. The daily elemental cycles, particularly in Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca, can be used to determine age and growth rates. However, the mechanisms creating the visible day and night banding and the associated elemental cycles, remain unclear. To better understand the mechanisms of El/Ca incorporation into the shells of Tridacna during day and night growth, we performed controlled growth experiments using 135Ba-labelled seawater. The isotope spike was alternatingly applied in 12 h intervals in order to individually and unequivocally mark day and night growth segments in Tridacna. These experiments show that Tridacna calcification rates are nearly five times higher during the day than at night. In addition, based on the observed changes in shell composition we deduce that the bivalve's extrapallial fluid (EPF) reacts to changes in seawater chemistry within tens of minutes, both during day and night. A full compositional replenishment is achieved after approximately 1 d, assuming a similar residence time for all elements. During daytime, El/Ca (for El = B, Mg, Sr, Ba) decrease, while Na/Ca increases. The opposite behaviour occurs at night. The night peak in El/Ca occurs in the earliest morning, shortly before the change between spiked and non-spiked water at 07:30 UTC+2. Daily El/Ca cycles are likely dominantly driven by variations in active Ca2+ and HCO3- transport into the EPF, influenced by light availability, circadian rhythms and/or energy availability (from both photosymbionts and filter feeding), rather than a closed-system Rayleigh fractionation process driven by contrasting El-distribution coefficients alone. We propose that active Ca2+ and HCO3- pumping into the EPF might also drive diurnal changes of growth rate, shell structure and possibly organic content.

Introduction: The vertebral column functions to support the body and protect the spinal cord. Hemivertebra is a congenital disorder due to the failure of the formation of part of the vertebral corpus and often causes scoliosis. Scoliosis due to the hemivertebra is progressive, can cause spinal imbalance and severe deformity. The diagnosis can be established through prenatal ultrasound, X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. X-rays are generally used as an initial examination because they are easily accessible, but they have limitations in assessing complex deformities. CT scans with three-dimensional reconstruction provide a detailed picture of vertebral structure for preoperative planning, while MRI allows for a comprehensive evaluation of neural axis abnormalities without radiation exposure. Case Report: A 14-year-old boy came to dr. Slamet Garut Hospital with complaints of asymmetrical back accompanied by a growing lump and right back pain since the last three years. Patients also complain of getting tired easily and sweating quickly during activities. The history of the disease shows pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of six months which has been treated completely. History of growth and development is obtained with delays in motor and speech development. MSCT-scan thoracoumbal Th1 to os sacrum with contrast showed congenital severe kyphoscoliosis due to the fully segmented type hemivertebra in Th12, with no peccule and left costa 12, as well as suspicion of narrowing of the posterior spinal canal. Conclusions: The patient was diagnosed with congenital severe kyphoscoliosis due to hemivertebra fully segmented Th12 accompanied by pedicle and costa abnormalities. 3D/MSCT CT and MRI are more accurate than X-rays in assessing complex deformities and nerve structures. The definitive management recommended is hemivertebrectomy to prevent the progression of deformity.

Enamel histology may provide valuable insights into dental growth and life history traits. However, this method presents significant challenges for extinct species, particularly as the periodicity of the increments observed cannot be tested experimentally. Here, we propose a standardized methodological framework to formalize what has been done in the literature and help researchers working with fossil taxa. We applied this framework to a fossil dataset composed of 19 molars belonging to four species of Toxodontia (Notoungulata, Mammalia) - an extinct sub-order of South American notoungulates known for their specialized dental characteristics (crown height increase and change in eruption pattern) - with different crown height and age: the brachyodont species Pleurostylodon modicus from the Casamayor sub-unit of the Sarmiento Formation (Eocene; Argentina), and the three hypsodont species Eurygenium pacegnum from Salla (Late Oligocene; Bolivia), Adinotherium ovinum and Nesodon imbricatus from the Santa Cruz Formation (Middle Miocene; Argentina). Our protocol starts with the identification of Retzius lines as increments reaching the tooth surface and forming perikyma grooves. Retzius lines were often observed in restricted areas of the cervical region and/or outer enamel, as previously reported in the literature and confirmed in Toxodontia. Increments between successive Retzius lines were identified as laminations, corresponding to daily features. Lastly, although rare, sub-daily features in the form of cross-striations or fine laminations were also observed. The daily secretion rate (DSR) ranged from 6 to 22 μm/day, while the enamel extension rate (EER) ranged from 13 to 376 μm/day and the enamel formation front angle (EFFa) varies from 3 to 30°. There were however great disparities, especially depending on species and on crown region. In particular, the EER decreased drastically (and the EFFa increased) between the occlusal and the cervical regions. This decrease was less marked from the middle to the cervical region in more recent toxodonts (Adinotherium and Nesodon), suggesting a cruising speed in tooth growth probably associated with hypsodonty and a longer crown formation time. To investigate interspecific differences, we thus focused on the middle region of the crown. We noted lower values of DSR and EER as well as higher values of EFFa in Pleurostylodon, the smallest, oldest and only brachyodont species of the dataset, compared with the other taxa. However, as our sample is limited taxonomically, we could not clearly distinguish between the relative roles of hypsodonty, body mass, and phylogeny on the histological parameters. This work paves the way for a robust study of a larger dataset of Notoungulata to explore their tooth growth and life history along their repeated evolution of dental specializations.

A 40-year-old female presented with a 20-day history of a fleshy growth on the right lower eyelid. Examination revealed a pyogenic granuloma on the right lower lid and numerous small, waxy, bead-like papules clustered along both eyelid margins [Fig. 1]. Additional findings included a hypertrophied tongue with dental impressions [Fig. 2] and cutaneous lesions. Visual acuity and anterior/posterior segment examinations were normal. The patient reported hoarseness of voice and skin lesions since early childhood, without neurological symptoms. The pyogenic granuloma was surgically excised, and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) and dermatology referrals were obtained for systemic evaluation.Figure 1: Slit-lamp photograph showing moniliform blepharosis – multiple beaded, waxy papules along the eyelid margins, considered pathognomonic of the disease. May be associated with ocular discomfort, epiphora, or other ocular surface symptomsFigure 2: Thickened, pale, waxy tongue, with prominent dental impressions demonstrating typical oral mucosal infiltration by hyaline-like material, contributing to speech and swallowing difficultiesDiscussion Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe disease) is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder first described by Urbach and Wiethe in 1929. It is caused by ECM1 gene mutations on chromosome 1q21, leading to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive hyaline-like material accumulation in skin, eyes, larynx, oral and nasal mucosa, and brain.[1] Three hallmark features include moniliform blepharosis (bead-like eyelid papules), hoarseness of voice, and intracranial calcifications.[2] Other manifestations include vesiculobullous or keratotic skin lesions, respiratory difficulties, impaired tongue protrusion, loss of tongue papillae, seizures, migraine, and psychiatric disorders.[2–4] Histopathological examination demonstrates eosinophilic, PAS-positive, and diastase-resistant hyaline deposits in the dermis, especially around blood vessels and adnexal structures, and thickened basement membrane.[5] Diagnosis is primarily clinical, confirmed by genetic testing. In this case, diagnosis was made clinically based on characteristic features, as histopathology was not performed. In resource-limited settings, pathognomonic signs may suffice for diagnosis. Management is multidisciplinary, focusing on airway safety, cosmetic correction, and control of systemic manifestations. Limited therapeutic options include CO2 laser, vocal cord dissection, blepharoplasty, dermabrasion, and chemical peeling.[5] This case contributes to existing literature [Table 1] by documenting the importance of detailed ophthalmic examination in identifying systemic genetic disorders to enhance the quality of life. Informed patient consent has been obtained for the use of photographs/video for educational purposes.Table 1: Compilation of key literature on lipoid proteinosisAuthors' contributions Both authors contributed equally to the concept, design, literature review, manuscript preparation, editing, and review. Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship: Nil. Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.

Primary Immunodeficiencies are inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) characterized by impaired immune function, resulting in recurrent infections, inflammation, autoimmunity, atopy, and malignancies. Although significant advances in diagnosis have been made in high-income countries, IEIs remain underdiagnosed in resource-limited settings like Uganda, where infectious diseases dominate clinical attention. Recognizing IEIs requires strong foundational knowledge of immune system functions, clinical manifestations, and relevant immunological investigations. This study assessed Ugandan doctors' knowledge in these areas. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 114 doctors pursuing Master's degrees in Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Immunology, and Clinical Microbiology at Makerere University. A 42-item questionnaire assessed knowledge across four domains: immune cell functions and clinical manifestations of IEIs-related defects, warning signs in adults and children, specific IEIs signs, and relevant immunological investigations. Responses were "True" (correct) or "Not sure" (incorrect/uncertain), and proportions of correct answers were calculated. Respondents were mostly female (56.16%). Knowledge of immune cell functions and related clinical manifestations was high, with 77-97% correct responses. Awareness of key warning signs varied; while many recognized poor growth (76%) and family history (72%) as potential indicators, most scored low (13-44%) on other warning signs and specific IEIs features. Knowledge of immunological investigations was low: over 90% reported no experience with essential immunological tests, even basic investigations, such as CBC interpretation for IEIs screening were reported by only 6%. Ugandan doctors show strong foundational immunology knowledge but limited awareness of warning and specific IEIs signs, and almost no experience with diagnostic immunological tests.

The Indian subcontinent represents a wide spectrum of knowledge systems and cultural practices that have gone hand-in-hand with each other. India emerged as a distinctive civilization whose very foundation lies deep in the ancient philosophical vision of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ - where the whole world constitutes but as one single family. This created ideals of unity, tolerance, and respect for freedom and knowledge. The history of human society is always an interesting subject. It spans from primitive tribal communities to highly developed civilizations. Whether viewed from the point of view of material development, intellectual growth, or spiritual progress history exhibits the ideals pursued by humans throughout time. Thus, the history of any civilization tells the story of the ever-changing ideals of humanity and its ongoing struggle to realize those ideals. India’s traditional systems of knowledge have developed over ages and through various cultures. These systems are known as aboriginal or native systems rooted in diverse populations, food habits, clothing, languages, lifestyles, and health care practices. India's traditional systems and culture have been proved and accepted by a number of science and research organizations around the world. Those systems and practices are gaining popularity due to the available ancient and modern expertise, innovations, benefits and beliefs related to traditional methods. Rishis like Varahamihira, Aryabhata, Vagbhata, Charaka, and Sushruta played crucial roles in further developing knowledge and placing India at the forefront of scientific developments. Since ancient times, India has remained one of the finest nations providing a range of effective resources like multivitamins, minerals, and other essential supplements that help protect and strengthen the immune response. In this paper we have tried to: 1. Summarize the nature and characteristics of traditional Indian knowledge systems, drawing particular examples from some branches of Science, Technology, Ayurveda, Astronomy, Mathematical Science, Yoga, and Therapies. 2. Spell out some scientific ways in which the traditional Indian knowledge system differs from the present counterpart. 3. Reflect on the possibilities of interlinkages &amp; co-operation between these varying traditions, as they take place today and in terms of future possibilities. In the paper, ancient Indian knowledge and culture have been reconceived in a light which is very important to create human values.

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis present in tropical or subtropical regions, caused by the traumatic inoculation of various species of melanized fungi, the most common being Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii. It is characterized in early stages by erythematous macules or papules with a verrucous or hyperkeratotic appearance, which progress to nodular, verrucous, tumoral, plaque, or scar-like morphologies. to describe a classic presentation and conduct a narrative review of CBM with a prolonged evolution time and multifocal extension. 69-year-old man, a farmer by occupation, with a history of hypertension, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, colonic diverticulosis, and umbilical hernia. He was admitted to the emergency department with a one-day history of dyspnea, chills, asthenia, adynamia, and fever, consistent with exacerbated chronic lung disease and pneumonia. Given a 10-year history of progressive growth of painless and pruritic papular skin lesions that spread with various presentations to other areas of the body, a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test was performed, revealing mycotic structures and the presence of yeasts. Meanwhile, the skin biopsy reported findings of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and intraepidermal abscesses with Medlar bodies, pathognomonic of CBM. The case highlights the importance of an accurate diagnosis of an overlooked tropical disease and the establishment of personalized antifungal treatment, as well as the need for long-term monitoring due to the chronic nature of the pathology and its marked resistance to treatment.

The internal structure of the intracluster medium (ICM) is tightly linked to the assembly history and physical processes in groups and clusters, but the role of recent accretion in shaping these profiles has not been fully explored. We investigate the extent to which mass accretion accounts for variations in ICM density and thermodynamic profiles, and what present-day structures reveal about their formation histories. We analyse a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation including gas cooling without feedback, to isolate the effects of heating from structure formation. Median profiles of ICM quantities are introduced as a robust description of the bulk ICM. We then examine correlations between mass accretion rates or assembly indicators with temperature, entropy, pressure, gas, and dark-matter density profiles, in addition to their scatter. Accretion in the last dynamical time strongly lowers central gas densities, while leaving dark matter largely unaffected, producing a distinct signature in the baryon depletion function. Pressure and entropy show the clearest dependence on accretion, whereas temperature is less sensitive. The radii of steepest entropy, temperature, and pressure shift inwards by ∼(10-20)% between high- and low-accretion subsamples. Assembly-state indicators are also related to the location of these features, and accretion correlates with the parameters of common fitting functions for density, pressure, and entropy. Recent accretion leaves measurable imprints on the ICM structure, highlighting the potential of thermodynamic profiles as diagnostics of cluster growth history.

This paper is the first to reveal that the conventionally built aluminium alloy (AA) 7085-T7452 has mechanical properties, viz: a yield stress, ultimate strength, and an elongation to failure, that are similar to that of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) built Scalmalloy®. Following this observation, the growth of cracks that nucleated from corrosion pits in AA7085-T7452 specimens that had been exposed to a 5 wt% NaCl salt fog environment at 35 °C according to ASTM B117-19 standard for fourteen days is then studied. The specimen geometries were chosen to be identical to those associated with a similar study on Boeing Space, Intelligence, and Weapon Systems (BSI&WS) LPBF built Scalmalloy®. This level of prior exposure led to pits in AA7085-T7452 that were approximately 0.5 mm deep with a surface width/diameter of up to approximately 1.5 mm. These pit sizes are broadly consistent with those leading to fatigue crack growth (FCG) in AA 7050-T7451 structural parts on the RAAF F/A-18 Classic Hornet fleet operating in a highly corrosive environment. Fatigue tests on these AA7085-T7452 specimens, under the same spectrum as used in the BSI&WS LPBF Scalmalloy® study, reveals that AA7085-T7452 and Scalmalloy® have similar crack growth histories. This, in turn, leads to the discovery that the growth of naturally occurring three-dimensional (3D) cracks in AA 7085-T7452 could be predicted using the crack growth equation developed for BSI&WS LPBF Scalmalloy®, albeit with allowance made for their different fracture toughness’s. These findings suggest that Scalmalloy® may be suitable for printing parts for both current and future attritable aircraft.

Abstract Red disk galaxies (RDGs), as a minority population in the process of galaxy evolution, have attracted considerable attention, due to the decoupling between color and morphological evolution. From the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, we construct an RDG sample of 75,170 galaxies and a control sample of ∼2.6 million blue disk galaxies (BDGs) at 0.1&lt; z &lt; 0.5. The RDGs exhibit a more compact structure, with a smaller size at a fixed stellar mass, manifested in the size–mass relation as a significant difference in the intercept between BDGs and RDGs. Additionally, we obtain a BDG subsample with similar mass distribution to the RDG sample through a mass-matching algorithm, and their size–mass relations exhibit similar slopes, implying that the RDGs and BDGs may have similar mass growth histories. Our analysis of the size–mass relations in cluster and field environments at 0.1 &lt; z &lt; 0.3 reveals significant environmental differences, supporting a scenario where RDG formation is driven by environmental mechanisms like ram pressure and tidal stripping. This is consistent with the observed higher RDG abundance in clusters. Overall, our results suggest that RDGs may be descendants of massive BDGs. The evolution of BDGs into RDGs is primarily driven by the asynchrony between color transformation and morphological evolution, a process accelerated by mergers, “downsizing,” ram pressure, and tidal interactions.

This study explores the critical contributions of Zimbabwean spiritual leaders to the growth of Christianity from the 1920s to the present. Drawing on African Indigenous Knowledge Systems (AIKS) and Pentecostal-Charismatic Movement theory, it examines how local leaders contextualised the gospel within Zimbabwe’s cultural and socio-political landscape. Using a qualitative, historical-descriptive methodology, the research engages oral histories and archival sources, supplemented by historical accounts, to construct a multi-generational narrative of ecclesial development. A central reference point is Samuel T. Manyika’s online narrative, “History of Pentecostalism Growth in Zimbabwe,” which provides valuable first-hand accounts of underrepresented indigenous church pioneers. While Manyika’s work offers important insights, it remains largely testimonial and lacks the analytical depth for rigorous historiographical critique. This study builds on his foundation to provide a more comprehensive and inclusive account of Zimbabwean Christian leadership. The findings suggest that local leaders—through spiritual authority, contextual adaptability and sacrificial service—were instrumental in spreading Christianity across rural and marginalised communities, challenging missionary-centric narratives and calling for a more accurate and honouring reconstruction of the nation’s church history.

This essay stresses the importance of connecting histories of economic thought with twentieth-century international history. It draws on recent scholarship from both fields related to the history of economic growth measured by statistical aggregates such as gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) to argue that interrelated structural changes of the international system during and after World War II — global decolonization, the ossifying bipolarity of the Cold War world, and the maintenance of US global hegemony—created the conditions for the growth concept to gain a broader political purchase. Yet the essay also shows that international historians have often overlooked the intellectual history of key economic ideas and debates among experts over how to conceptualize and construct the models and metrics that policymakers adopted. The essay concludes by encouraging closer connections between historians of economic thought and the international political history of the twentieth-century world.

Stratigraphic architectural development and growth history of a Paleocene isolated carbonate platform, north-central Sirte Basin, Libya: Interplay of tectonics and eustasy

We present the second study based on a suite of 100 cosmologically motivated, controlled N -body simulations designed to advance our understanding of the role of purely gravitational dynamics in the early formation of low-mass galaxy groups (∼1–5 × 10 13 M ⊙ ). In this work, we investigate the temporal evolution of key indicators of dynamical relaxation, with a particular emphasis on the secular growth of the diffuse intragroup light (IGL), the four major group galaxies, and the mass distributions of their progenitors. We also assess the diagnostic power of several magnitude gaps between top-ranked galaxies as proxies for dynamical age. As in our previous study, we compare the outcomes from three group classes defined by the number of the brightest group galaxies (BGGs) present at the end of the simulations: single-, double-, and non-BGG systems. We find that the early assembly of galaxy groups is consistent with a stochastic Poisson process at an approximately constant merger rate. Various dynamical diagnostics, including galaxy pairwise separations, velocity dispersions, and the offset of the first-ranked galaxy from the group barycentre, indicate that single-BGG groups evolve more rapidly towards virialisation than double- and (especially) non-BGG systems. We further find that first-ranked group members and the IGL, despite their intertwined origins, follow distinct growth histories, with the IGL assembled from a more numerous and systematically lower mass population than the central object. This distinction is particularly pronounced in non-BGG systems, where about one-third of the IGL originates from small galaxies, each contributing less than 5% to this component. Among the tested magnitude gaps, the difference between the first- and fourth-ranked galaxies, Δℳ 4−1 , is proven to be a more robust indicator of dynamical age for low-mass groups than the conventional Δℳ 2−1 gap. The Δℳ 5−1 and Δℳ 6−1 gaps also perform well and might be preferable in certain contexts.