Identifying the sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos remains a key challenge in modern multi-messenger astronomy. We estimate the neutrino flux from Galactic SuperNova Remnants (SNRs), widely regarded as efficient accelerators of Galactic Cosmic Rays (CRs). CR protons accelerated at SNR-driven shocks gain energy through multiple crossings of the shock surface via wave–particle interactions, a process known as Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA). These high-energy protons undergo inelastic proton-proton collisions, producing neutral and charged pions. Neutral pions decay into gamma-rays, while charged pions decay into neutrinos. SNRs may also emit gamma-rays from leptonic processes such as inverse-Compton scattering, which do not contribute to neutrino production. We treat the fraction of gamma-rays originating from hadronic processes as a free parameter and assess its impact on neutrino detectability over observational time. Using gamma-ray spectra from Fermi-LAT bright SNRs, we infer CR proton distributions and compute the corresponding neutrino fluxes. Although individual SNRs may yield fluxes below the sensitivity of current observatories (e.g., IceCube, KM3Net, Baikal-GVD), stacking multiple sources significantly improves detectability. Our analysis indicates that even with a hadronic gamma-ray fraction below 50%, neutrino signals could be observable within a 30-year observation period. These results highlight the importance of source selection and stacking strategies, providing theoretical guidance for optimizing future multi-messenger observations.

This work explains the critical role of the differential equations systems in modeling and analyzing complex astronomical phenomena. The research demonstrates how these mathematical frameworks are fundamental to characterizing planetary motion, gravitational field dynamics, and orbital mechanics. Furthermore, it investigates the application of these systems to advanced astrophysical challenges, including satellite trajectory optimization, black hole dynamics, and galactic formation and evolution. The main finding of this research is that numerical methods and computational simulations are indispensable for solving these complex systems, enabling highly accurate predictions of celestial where analytical solutions are infeasible. The analysis confirms that techniques such as the Runge-Kutta methods are vital for applications in modern astronomy. The results emphasize that the integration of differential equations with advanced computational technology is a primary driver of progress in space exploration and astrophysical research. This synergy enhances our predictive capabilities for mission design, asteroid impact forecasting, and the understanding of gravitational interactions, thereby solidifying the indispensable link between mathematical theory and empirical astronomical discovery.

Determining the beginning of the hijri month, which marks the beginning of religious observances such as the Ramadan fast and the Hajj, should ideally be carried out simultaneously in Indonesia. Differences in methods among Islamic organizations, such as Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama, often lead to differences in timing. This study aims to examine the development of literature on Muhammadiyah's hisab method and the contribution of Islamic media to shaping public understanding of the determination of the Hijri month's beginning. The study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, following PRISMA guidelines, to include articles published between 2010 and 2025. The results show that Muhammadiyah's hisab method has evolved from a theological approach to a scientific paradigm grounded in modern astronomy, based on the principle of hisab benarki wujudul hilal (accurate crescent moon sighting). Studies of Islamic media, particularly television, show limited research specifically discussing the representation of the hisab method in religious broadcasts. The media has great potential to disseminate science-based religious literacy and strengthen public understanding of the rationality of hisab as a method for determining the Islamic calendar. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating science, religion, and Islamic media in strengthening religious awareness in the modern era.

The study analyses classical and contemporary literature to identify areas of convergence and tension between hisab (astronomical calculation) and rukyat (empirical observation) as two complementary methodologies in Islamic astronomy (‘ilm al-falak), and examines how Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) can harmonize both approaches to ensure the accuracy and unity of Muslim worship practices. The central issue addressed is the epistemological gap between traditional fiqh, which normatively emphasizes rukyat as the textual command of the Prophet, and modern astronomy, which prioritizes the precision of hisab through scientific computation. This integration is urgently needed to preserve the kesatuan ummah (unity of the Muslim community) and to enhance the legitimacy and consistency of worship times, Qibla direction, and Hijri calendar determination. Methodologically, this research employs a qualitative–normative design with an interdisciplinary framework that combines fiqh principles, particularly the legal maxim taghayyuru al-ahkam bi taghayyuri al-azman wal-amkinah (laws may change due to time and place), with the empirical logic of modern astronomy. The findings reveal that integrating hisab and rukyat under a jurisprudential framework not only maintains the normative integrity of Islamic law but also reinforces scientific accuracy and social cohesion in religious observances. This paper proposes an operational model of fiqh al-falak al-mu‘āṣir (contemporary astronomical jurisprudence) that bridges tradition and modernity, ensuring that Islamic astronomical practices remain both legally valid and scientifically precise.

Abstract This paper investigates the construction of trust in scientific inquiries and defends the importance of social epistemology in 13th century Parisian astronomy. A major issue in ancient and medieval astronomy is attributed to the difficulty of acquiring precise first-hand knowledge of astral phenomena, making collective work necessary, but raising concerns about trusting second-hand knowledge. The paper begins by examining Ptolemaian epistemology, in its moral and cognitive aspects. It then turns to the late Middle Ages, a challenging period for astronomy, marked by significant changes between the 13th and 14th centuries. Manuscript Paris, Bnf, Latin 7281, containing William of Saint-Cloud’s Almanach planetarum , is presented as key evidence. William there offers innovative astronomical insights, while expressing concerns that his ideas might provoke doubt among his opponents. The final part deals with a marginal gloss by an anonymous 15th-c. annotator who expresses reservations about William but also surprisingly echoes his epistemic stance.

Astronomy from the 8th to 14th centuries CE played a crucial role in meeting the practical needs of Muslims, particularly in determining the direction of the Qibla and establishing the Hijri calendar, which requires precise geographical orientation and timing of worship. Although the traditional practice of rukyat (seeing the sun) has been used, modern literature has not systematically evaluated the contribution of classical astronomy theories and instruments to the accuracy of worship and religious administration. This study aims to describe the contributions of classical astronomers, such as al-Khwārizmī, al-Battānī, al-Bīrūnī, Naṣr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Yūnus, and Ibn Shāṭir, in the development of instruments, observation methods, and mathematical calculations, and to evaluate their influence on the accuracy of the Qibla direction and the Hijri calendar. The technique used is qualitative-historical, with the exploration of classical astronomical works, manuscripts, and contemporary literature, analyzed critically and hermeneutically to assess astronomical instruments’ methodological innovation and accuracy. The results of the study show that astronomical scientists such as al-Khwārizmī, al-Battānī, al-Bīrūnī, Naṣr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Yūnus, and Ibn Shāṭir succeeded in developing the theory of spherical trigonometry, methods for measuring the sun’s shadow, and observation instruments such as astrolabes and mural quadrants, thus ensuring the accuracy of the direction of the Qibla in various Islamic regions. In the context of the Hijri calendar, their innovations resulted in more accurate astronomical calculations to determine the beginning of the month, reducing dependence solely on traditional rukyat and supporting state administration and navigation. In conclusion, the contribution of classical astronomy was not only practical in supporting ritual needs but also provided a methodological foundation for modern astronomy, emphasizing the importance of integration between empirical observation and mathematical theory in the development of Islamic science.

Student engagement is fundamental to success in science education, especially at the higher secondary level, where learners face abstract concepts and increased academic pressure. With the changing learning preferences of today's digital native learners, incorporating Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into structured science learning packages offers a powerful pedagogical solution. This article examines how IKS-infused learning packages combining traditional knowledge, ICT tools, inquiry-based tasks, and competency-driven learning outcomes can strengthen cognitive, behavioural, and emotional engagement in science classrooms. Drawing from NEP2020 vision, educational psychology and contemporary educational research, the paper demonstrates how integrating IKS elements such as ancient astronomy, environmental ethics, Ayurveda-based biological classifications, traditional metallurgy, and mathematical reasoning from the Sulbasutras can support conceptual understanding. This article proposes a framework for designing IKS integrated learning packages. The article concludes that such integrated packages can make science learning relevant, locally grounded, culturally enriching, and more engaging for today’s learners.

Black holes prefer to remain invisible. They reflect no light, emit no light�the biggest and brightest ones are so far away that they carve out an angle about the same as that of an atom held at arm�s length. For decades, it was clear that it would take a planet-sized telescope to see a black hole�not an aggregation of many images of Earth put together in a mosaic: This was a fully integrative problem that would demand telescopes spread across the planet. In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (EHTC) achieved just this: Some 200 collaborators, and telescopes on five continents synthesized an Earth-sized instrument. Exploiting the spinning of Earth as part of the apparatus, the EHTC recorded the billion-degree plasma around the event horizon: The first image of a black hole. Some of us started asking: What if we had a virtual telescope larger than the planet? Could we peer deep into the doughnut-like image to glimpse not hot gas but a thin, bright ring of pure light orbiting the black hole�light gathered from all parts of the universe that the black hole could see? In this sense, the black hole watches us while we watch it. The tantalizing possibility of detecting and measuring the photon ring has set in motion planning for a space mission (the Black Hole Explorer, or BHEX) that would launch a radio telescope in a 25,000-kilometer orbit around Earth, integrated with terrestrial radio telescopes. It would produce the highest-resolution images in the history of astronomy.

This article aims to provide an in-depth examination of the role of the Indonesian Council of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) in shaping, influencing, and directing the discourse of contemporary Islamic astronomy (‘Ilm al-Falak) in Indonesia through its fatwa-based decisions on falak-related issues. The main issue addressed in this study concerns how MUI, as a religious authority in Indonesia, serves to bridge the gap between scientific developments, divergent perspectives and methodologies among Muslims, and the community’s demand for uniformity in religious practices—particularly regarding the determination of the beginning of lunar months, prayer times, and the direction of the qibla. Practically, this issue is significant for understanding the relationship between religious authority, scientific advancement, and societal needs. The research employs a normative legal method, adopting uṣūl al-fiqh, astronomical, and socio-political approaches. The data sources consist of seven MUI fatwas on falak-related matters, encompassing themes such as the determination of lunar months, qibla direction, and prayer times. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings of this study highlight three significant roles of MUI in the discourse of contemporary Islamic astronomy in Indonesia: (1) formulating and establishing guidelines on falak-related issues; (2) acting as the primary mediator in resolving methodological and interpretative differences among Indonesian Muslims regarding falak matters; and (3) integrating religious understanding with scientific perspectives in the field of ‘Ilm al-Falak. Consequently, MUI’s role is crucial in maintaining coherence and legal certainty in Islamic law concerning falak in Indonesia, although there remains room for more intensive collaboration with academic scholars and modern astronomers to achieve broader consensus.

Abstract This paper offers an overview of the existing literature on Smith and realism. Noting alignments drawn in the extant literature between Smith’s ‘History of Astronomy’ and The Theory of Moral Sentiments and critical realism in particular, the paper goes on to review whether further connections between Smith’s work and realism may be pointed to more broadly. In doing this, we also switch the starting point, and ask whether and in what form key foundations and principles of the realist literature may open up new perspectives on Smith’s work. The urban economy—which presents questions about how we identify causal mechanisms and the bases on which we can theorise about phenomena—is taken as a substantive domain for considering this interplay concerning Smith and realism.

The Irbene single-baseline radio interferometer (ISBI), operated by the Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre (VIRAC), offers a rare and versatile configuration in modern radio astronomy. Combining the 32-m and 16-m fully steerable parabolic radio telescopes separated by an 800-m baseline, this system possesses a unique capability for high-sensitivity, time-domain interferometric observations. Unlike large interferometric arrays optimized for sub-arcsecond resolution imaging, the Irbene system is tailored for studies that require high temporal resolution and a strong signal-to-noise ratio. This paper reviews key scientific applications of the Irbene interferometer, including simultaneous methanol maser and radio continuum variability studies, high-cadence monitoring of quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in stellar flares, ionospheric diagnostics using GNSS signals, orbit determination of navigation satellites and forward scatter radar techniques for space object detection. These diverse applications demonstrate the scientific potential of compact interferometric systems in an era dominated by large-scale observatories.

Astronomical data analytics has rapidly expanded given the advancement of data handling techniques and computing system. The race to discover new events is subject to acquiring and digesting the high volume of data from sky surveys efficiently, yet accurately. The assumption is valid for many modern astronomy projects, with the issue of big data storage on the one hand, and effective data analysis on the other. This research deals with the latter by focusing on the classification of potential transient events initially detected in time-domain astronomical surveys. Most of these candidate transients represent false positives that are the results of fault in hardware, errors in data collection and/or data pre-processing. Hence, the ability to filter these out is much needed to avoid a laborious manual assessment down the line. The problem investigated here is that training data can be highly imbalanced. For the first attempt, the coupling of oversampling methods and several classifiers provides an improvement, but generally leads to overfitting. As a solution, this paper presents a novel application of consensus clustering to undersample majority-class instances instead. It not only helps to overcome the aforementioned drawback but also strengthen the recent approach that exploits a single clustering to guide the selection of representative samples.

The Moscow School of Modern Stellar Astronomy, which received international recognition already in the 1950s, arose and developed, among other things, thanks to the efforts of astronomers who were given a professional start by the Tashkent Observatory. Among those who left their mark in the history of astronomy, the P.K. Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, the names of the first civilian astrophysicist of the Tashkent Observatory, V.V. Stratonov, and two scientists who began their professional career in Tashkent and then successfully worked in Moscow. We review the bright Tashkent trace in the formation of the Moscow school of stellar astronomy

Predictive modelling of galactic star and planet formation This article details advancements in our understanding of star and planet formation within galaxies, emphasising the transition from steady-state models to recognising the dynamic nature of the interstellar medium (ISM) in these processes. Modern astronomy has revealed that the Universe began in an extraordinarily simple state – almost perfectly uniform, with only minute fluctuations in density. Today, more than 13 billion years after the Big Bang, the cosmos is richly structured on every scale, from vast galaxy clusters down to stars, planets, and even complex organic molecules. In this cosmic hierarchy, galaxies – along with the stars and planets they contain – serve as fundamental building blocks. Understanding their origins and the physical processes that drive their evolution is one of the most significant challenges in contemporary astrophysics.

Whether considered from a theological perspective or through the lens of classical physics, human beings have historically been placed at the center of the universe. Other living beings are deemed significant insofar as they contribute to the survival of humanity. If they fail to benefit humans or pose a threat, they are either removed from human proximity or stripped of their right to life. This anthropocentric view has also been rationalized philosophically, with the God-Mind-Man triad evolving into a narrative that still persists. Similarly, in monotheistic religions, God, having imparted a portion of His essence to humanity, created humans as the most significant beings, offering them dominion over all the earth’s resources. This has symbolically placed humanity on a solid, immovable foundation—the Earth—designated as the center. However, despite this perceived dominion, humans remain vulnerable and insignificant in the face of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, and storms, commonly called disasters. These occurrences starkly reveal humanity's frailty. Consequently, while humans are considered central and everything else is seen as existing for their sake, in the face of immense forces, they become powerless, displaced from the center, and reduced to a state no different—or perhaps even less significant—than other beings. This backdrop sets the stage for a paradigm shift in the contemporary era, where scientific advancements have shown that human centrality is an increasingly untenable construct. Humans are no longer the dominant, central entities but instead comparable to an insignificant celestial body orbiting in the void. This realization was epitomized by the photograph of Sagittarius-A, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Confronted with this reality, humanity has lost its privileged position and now occupies the same rank as any ordinary being—or even an inanimate object. Once accepted as universal truths, history's dominant narratives have been overturned. The depiction of humans as a superior, central existence is now reimagined as akin to a purposeless entity drifting in the void. This revaluation, catalysed by the visual evidence of Sagittarius-A, underscores the profound implications of this astronomical discovery. This article explores the philosophical significance of Sagittarius-A, a supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way, and its connections with contemporary philosophical thought. Black holes, while crucial phenomena in modern physics and astronomy, also provoke profound philosophical inquiries. Sagittarius-A, as a central cosmic entity, Sagittarius-A raises metaphysical and ontological questions about the universe's structure, the nature of time, and our understanding of existence. The article argues that black holes serve not only as astronomical objects but also as philosophical tools that challenge human cognition and our attempts to comprehend the ultimate nature of the universe. It examines the physical characteristics of black holes, particularly their effects on space and time within the framework of general relativity and considers their implications for philosophical thought. Discussions include the philosophical perspectives on the warping of time and space by black holes, the relationship between human consciousness's limitations, and the infinite structure of the universe. Moreover, the article delves into the metaphysical impact of black holes, focusing on their internal structure and event horizons and how these challenge the boundaries of human consciousness and understanding. The relationship between black holes and concepts such as being, nothingness, and information loss is analysed, highlighting how these phenomena influence the relativity of meaning. In conclusion, this study underscores how black holes, particularly Sagittarius-A, function as scientific and philosophical objects, provoking intellectual awakening and posing new questions for humanity. It further suggests that humanity may exist in a metaphorical philosophical black hole in the current era.

Abstract The classification of stellar light curves has become a key task in modern time-domain astronomy, fueled by the rapid growth of data from large-scale surveys such as Kepler and TESS. Although deep learning models have achieved high accuracy in this area, their computational costs can limit scalability. To tackle this issue, we propose LightCurve MoE, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture that combines dynamic sparse routing with a dual-gating mechanism to balance accuracy, efficiency, and robustness.
Our model includes five specialized experts, each using a different feature extraction method—such as wavelet transforms, Gramian angular fields, and recurrence plots—to capture unique patterns in the light curves. A dual-gating mechanism evaluates these expert outputs by analyzing both frequency and time-domain features, allowing the model to adaptively weigh each expert’s contribution.
During inference, only the top 3 out of 5 experts are activated per sample using a Top-$k$ routing strategy, reducing computational cost by 40\% compared to dense models while preserving strong accuracy ($\approx 96\%$). The model also includes entropy regularization and a technique to retain inactive experts during training, ensuring stable and effective learning.
By combining sparse computation with multi-modal feature fusion, LightCurve MoE offers a scalable solution for future large-scale photometric surveys like LSST and Global Open Transient Telescope Array (GOTTA), where processing efficiency is crucial due to the massive volume of daily data.

Transient astrophysical events, characterized by short timescales and high-energy radiation, are a key focus of modern astronomy. However, current transient alert systems face challenges, including the distribution of alerts across multiple platforms and inconsistencies in formatting, which hinder the efficient coordination of follow-up observations in multiwavelength and multi-messenger astronomy. This paper presents TransientVerse, an innovative platform designed to integrate and disseminate transient event alerts. The platform integrates an automated ingestion pipeline that aggregates alerts from multiple platforms (e.g., Astronomer’s Telegram (ATel), the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) Fast Radio Burst (FRB) Virtual Observatory Event (VOEvent), and the General Coordinates Network (GCN)). It uses large language models to extract structured information from unstructured alerts, storing both forms in separate databases to support efficient tracking and analysis. TransientVerse offers retrospective searches, data visualization, literature integration and linking, and interactive tools for efficient event tracking and follow-up. For repeating FRBs, the platform generates visualized sky maps and detection statistics from CHIME/FRB VOEvent messages, enabling time-range filtering, coordinate switching, and source ranking by burst frequency to support follow-up planning. TransientVerse improves the efficiency of real-time transient event acquisition, lowers the technical barriers for coordinated observations, and provides robust support for multiwavelength and multi-messenger time-domain astronomy, thereby facilitating astrophysics research.

Abstract Heating mechanism in the solar atmosphere (from chromosphere to corona) is one of the top-challenges in modern astronomy. The classic mechanisms can be divided into two categories: wave heating (W) and magnetic reconnection heating (X). Both of them still face some problems currently difficult to overcome. Recently, we proposed a new mechanism, called magnetic-gradient pumping heating (MGP, or P) which seems to overcome those difficulties, but still lacks sufficient observational evidence. Which one really explained the physics of hot corona exactly? How can observations be used to identify and verify the heating mechanism? Since different heating mechanism will generate non-thermal particles from different accelerations and experience different propagations, they will have different response on the broadband spectral radio observations. Among them, the non-thermal electrons from W mechanisms are closely related to shock-wave acceleration, and their radio response should be group of spike bursts with random distribution of drifting rates; the non-thermal electrons from X mechanisms are accelerated by reconnecting electric field with bidirectional flow, and their radio response should be type III pairs or spike pairs; P mechanism will produce energetic particle upflows, and their radio response should be unidirectional fiber bursts with moderate negative drifting rates. Therefore, the heating mechanism can be identified and verified from the the broadband dynamic spectral radio observations. Additionally, using high-resolution radioheliographs and spectral-imaging observations, the heating mechanisms in different regions can be identified and verified separately, thereby demonstrating the physical essence of hot corona.

Here, I present classical and contemporary Islamic views on cosmology in both its ancient or medieval and modern definitions. I briefly review the main ideas of Muslim thinkers (philosophers, exegetes, Sufis, etc.) from over a thousand years ago to today. Then, I examine how cosmology has changed with the advent of modern science and astronomy and what new, essential results and ideas we need to digest and firmly adopt when attempting to construct any “cultural cosmology,” one that brings in philosophy, religion, and culture at large. In the last section, I put forward the main ideas that Islam (Muslim thinkers) needs to “work on”: toning down and reinterpreting both the old anthropocentrism and the classical argument from design, and adopting a “big history” approach to the cosmos, Earth, life, and humanity. I also present a few important notions Islam brings to human culture that could benefit both theists from other traditions and non-theists.

Systematic classification of celestial objects is a cornerstone of modern astronomy, as it underpins the understanding of the universe’s large-scale structure and long-term evolution. Moreover, it facilitates the discovery of rare or extreme phenomena, offering clues to the underlying physical laws that govern them. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of five machine learning models—Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Deep Neural Network, and TabNet—on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 18 dataset for the classification of stellar objects into GALAXY, STAR, and Quasi-Stellar Object. With comparative analysis, although the models are not specially tuned, all models achieved competitive performance with accuracy above 96.8%, with Extreme Gradient Boosting reaching an accuracy 98.5%. The reasons for classification are explained by feature importance analysis with SHAP values, which revealed that redshift and the color index E(u−g) are the most influential attributes in distinguishing object classes. Additionally, the study identified several confusing features that contribute to misclassification, suggesting the need for improved data quality in these dimensions. The research highlights the dual role of machine learning in both automation and discovery-driven astronomy.