History Of Ancient Civilization Research Articles

The role of the discourse of museum collections in the distance course on the history of ancient civilizations

Distance education is a hotly debated subject in the scientific and pedagogical environment of the newest period; in the methodological literature, issues of practical and theoretical nature are actively discussed (from the effectiveness of remote servers to ethical issues that arise during classes). As a positive experience, the article presents the materials of practical classes of the course “History of civilizations”, which is read by the author at St Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, in a distance format as well. The material is built according to the problem-chronological principle, that allows students to consolidate what they have learned in lectures, supplement their knowledge using various visualization and illustration methods, thus deepening their understanding of the topic as a whole. An indirect appeal to historical sources is possible when analyzing monographic studies on the cultures of ancient ethnic groups, the 18-volume encyclopedia “Disappeared Civilizations”, and the content of the official websites of world museums that store the heritage of ancient civilizations. M.Montaigne in “Experiments” used the term ‘civilization’ (1581). Descartes in “Discourse on Methods” contrasted the concepts of “wild” and “civilized”; Herder was one of the first to connect civilization with the development of culture, pointing to the civilization of the East as the most ancient. In the 19th century, the concepts of “civilization” and “culture” were synonymous. In the 20th century, anthropological understanding of culture as a result of acquired behavioral skills began to be replaced by the concept of civilization. The article is devoted to a thematic review of individual historical monuments of a number of ancient civilizations, stored in various museums around the world, which can serve as illustrations for the educational discipline “History of Civilizations” in a distance format. The choice fell on some ancient “disappeared civilizations” that arose in various historical and geographical conditions.

We should be prepared to smallpox re-emergence.

The review contains a brief analysis of the results of investigations conducted during 40 years after smallpox eradication and directed to study genomic organization and evolution of variola virus (VARV) and development of modern diagnostics, vaccines and chemotherapies of smallpox and other zoonotic orthopoxviral infections of humans. Taking into account that smallpox vaccination in several cases had adverse side effects, WHO recommended ceasing this vaccination after 1980 in all countries of the world. The result of this decision is that the mankind lost the collective immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. The ever more frequently recorded human cases of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections force to renew consideration of the problem of possible smallpox reemergence resulting from natural evolution of these viruses. Analysis of the available archive data on smallpox epidemics, the history of ancient civilizations, and the newest data on the evolutionary relationship of orthopoxviruses has allowed us to hypothesize that VARV could have repeatedly reemerged via evolutionary changes in a zoonotic ancestor virus and then disappeared because of insufficient population size of isolated ancient civilizations. Only the historically last smallpox pandemic continued for a long time and was contained and stopped in the 20th century thanks to the joint efforts of medics and scientists from many countries under the aegis of WHO. Thus, there is no fundamental prohibition on potential reemergence of smallpox or a similar human disease in future in the course of natural evolution of the currently existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Correspondingly, it is of the utmost importance to develop and widely adopt state-of-the-art methods for efficient and rapid species-specific diagnosis of all orthopoxvirus species pathogenic for humans, VARV included. It is also most important to develop new safe methods for prevention and therapy of human orthopoxvirus infections.

Reports on Dagestan in the Arabic Historical Work: Tarikh ar-rusul wa al-muluk of at-Tabari

This paper provides information on the 6th–8th centuries Dagestan history on the basis of translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts from the Arabic historical work Tarikh ar-rusul wa al-muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings) of at-Tabari which contains data related to the history of the peoples of North Caucasus. In his multi-volume work Abu Ja’far at-Tabari (d.922) gives in detail a world history: describing events from the creation of world and covering through it the history of ancient civilizations known to Muslims. For the most part of the book at-Tabari relates the events in annual reports within the hijra space up to 302/915. The historical work of at-Tabari served as a source for the most of his successors who authored works on universal history in Muslim historiography. At-Tabari’s reports significantly add to his predecessors’ data on the relationships between the Caliphate and polities in the Eastern Caucasus, particularly, the important parts dedicated to Qabq (Caucasus), including al-Bab (Darband), from the time of its conquest (in 40s of the 7th century). Moreover, I compared reports on Dagestan from at-Tabari’s Tarikh ar-rusul and al-Balathuri’s Futuh albudan in order to find out whether the origin of the material is the same for both authors. As a result, only two passages were found that overlap. It should be noted that at-Tabari, in contrast to al-Balathuri, relates the story and events taken in Caliphate in chronological order without attempting to reconcile conflicting messages. The results of this research can further source study in writing the medieval history of Eastern Caucasus.

This research aims to identify the impact of innovation hard strategy to acquire historical perceptions of the average first-grade students. There is no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experim

This research aims to identify the impact of innovation hard strategy to acquire historical perceptions of the average first-grade students.
 There is no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students to acquire a historical concepts studying material history of ancient civilizations, and the average score of the control group students who are studying the same material using the traditional method.
 Search Tool: For the purpose of achieving the goal of a promising research tool for the researcher to measure, a test to gain historical concepts for students (sample) consisting of (paragraph 60) has been verified sincerity and persistence.
 research results: By processing the data results showed statistically higher than the experimental group to the control group to test the acquisition of historical concepts, the research sample adult (64) students distributed a training group (32) and adult control group (32 students). In light of the search results researcher recommends to pay attention to the use of modern teaching strategies Keywords: serious creativity strategy

Geography, Writing System and History of Ancient Civilizations

Abstract We find an undiscovered effect of geography on the choices of writing system in ancient civilizations that in turn drive their courses of historical evolution. The history of the ancient civilizations was driven by the causation spirals generated by the writing system chosen by their ancient ancestors. Understanding the mechanism can enlighten our present political choices that in turn determine the future course of humankind evolution. It can also inspire us about the clue to build an inclusive global society that can integrate the cumulative knowledge, ideas and technology of the diverse speech-communities in the world for a better quality of living for all.

The Development of Charity: Jurisprudential Lessons from History

This article describes the ancient legal practices, codified in Biblical law and later rabbinical commentary, to protect the needy. The ancient Hebrews were the first civilization to establish a charitable framework for the caretaking of the populace. The Hebrews developed a complex and comprehensive system of charity to protect the needy and vulnerable. These anti-poverty measures, including regulation of agriculture, loans, working conditions, and customs for sharing at feasts, were a significant development in the jurisprudence of charity. The article begins with a brief history of ancient civilizations, providing context for the development of charity by exploring the living conditions of the poor. The second half of the article provides a searching analysis of the rabbinic jurisprudence that established the jurisprudence of charity. This ancient jurisprudence is the root of the American modern philanthropic idea of charitable giving exemplified by modern equivalent provisions in the United States Tax Code.However, the author normatively concludes that American law has in recent times deviated from these practices to the detriment of modern charitable jurisprudence. A return to the wisdom of ancient jurisprudence will improve the effectiveness of modern charity and philanthropy.

Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: The need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine

The review summarizes the archive data on smallpox, history of ancient civilizations, and the most recent data on the genome organization of orthopoxviruses, their evolutionary relationships, and the time points of smallpox emergence. The performed analysis provides the grounds for the hypothesis that smallpox could have emerged several times as a result of evolutionary changes in the zoonotic ancestor virus and disappeared due to insufficient population size of ancient civilizations. Smallpox reemerged in the Indian subcontinent approximately 2500-3000 years before present, which resulted in endemization of this anthroponotic infection, which had been preserved until the smallpox eradication in the 20th century AD. The conclusion suggests a potential possibility of future variola virus reemergence, presenting a great menace for mankind, as well as the need for development of new safe smallpox vaccines, design of anti-smallpox drugs, and activation of the control of zoonotic human orthopoxvirus infections.

Dr. Ellsworth Huntington

Dr. Ellsworth Huntington, who died recently at the age of seventy-one, was well known for his views on the dominant effect of climate on human affairs. As a student of geography under Prof. W. M. Davis, he spent the years from 1900 to 1906 in the exploration of Asia Minor and Central Asia, his first paper being an account of the Upper Euphrates published in 1902. In Central Asia he was struck by the evidence that large populations formerly inhabited regions now arid and deserted, and from these and other historical studies, including the changes of level of the Caspian Sea, he developed the theory that during the past few thousand years there have been great oscillations of climate. These researches were published in “The Pulse of Asia” in 1907 and aroused much controversy among geographers. In the following years he extended his studies of climatic change to Palestine and North America, and he was one of the pioneers in the measurement of tree-rings as climatic indicators. These researches led him to the view that the ideal climate for human vigour is one of moderate but rapidly fluctuating temperatures, which is best, developed in the storm-belts of temperate latitudes; and in “Civilization and Climate” (1915) he compared estimates of the level of existing civilizations in different countries, obtained in various ways, with their level of climatic energy, finding remarkably close agreement. In the same book he extended his studies of the effect of climatic changes on the history of ancient civilizations, including a new version of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.

THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT ASTRONOMY: PROBLEMS AND METHODS

In the following pages an attempt is made to offer a survey of the present state of the history of ancient astronomy by pointing out relationships with various other problems in the history of ancient civilization and particularly by enumerating problems for further research which merit our interest not only because they constitute gaps in our knowledge of ancient astronomy but because they must be clarified in order to lay a solid foundation for the understanding of later periods.

The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods

In the following pages an attempt is made to offer a survey of the present state of the history of ancient astronomy by pointing out relationships with various other problems in the history of ancient civilization and particularly by enumerating problems for further research which merit our interest not only because they constitute gaps in our knowledge of ancient astronomy but because they must be clarified in order to lay a solid foundation for the understanding of later periods.

A Short History of Ancient Civilization

A Short History of Ancient Civilization

History of Ancient Civilization, Vol. I: The Ancient Near East and Greece. Albert A. Trever

History of Ancient Civilization, Vol. I: The Ancient Near East and Greece. Albert A. Trever

History of Ancient Civilization.

History of Ancient Civilization.

<italic>Cicero of Arpinum: A Political and Literary Biography, being a Contribution to the History of Ancient Civilization and a Guide to the Study of Cicero's Writings</italic>. By <sc>E. G. Sihler</sc>, Ph.D., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, New York University. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1914. Pp. xi, 487.)

<italic>Cicero of Arpinum: A Political and Literary Biography, being a Contribution to the History of Ancient Civilization and a Guide to the Study of Cicero's Writings</italic>. By <sc>E. G. Sihler</sc>, Ph.D., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, New York University. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1914. Pp. xi, 487.)

Book Review: VII. Miscellaneous: The Discoveries in Crete and Their Bearing on the History of Ancient Civilization

Book Review: VII. Miscellaneous: The Discoveries in Crete and Their Bearing on the History of Ancient Civilization

The Discoveries in Crete - The Discoveries in Crete and their bearing on the history of Ancient Civilization. By Prof.R. M. Burrows. London : Murray. Pp. 244. 5s.

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The History of Ancient Civilization

THE title of this book is somewhat misleading. One is led to expect from it a history of the growth of civilization from its earliest stages to its various developments among different nations or races, and of the relation of one form to another. But instead of this we have an account of the characteristic civilization of certain selected nations when at their best, with very little to indicate any relation between them. The nations whose civilization is described are the Egyptians, the Babylonians, and Assyrians; the Jews, Phœnicians, Aryans, and Persians; the Greeks and the Romans. The two latter are treated very fully, occupying about, three-fifths of the whole. There can be no question that the information conveyed would be very useful to a student of ancient civilization, but he would immediately ask for more. If he had any intention of studying the question from a scientific point of view, he would not be content with isolated facts, but ask for the connection between them. Indeed, one of the most conspicuous features of the book is the complete absence of any scientific method; its merits must be appreciated entirely from the literary standpoint, especially in connection with the history and literature of Greece and Rome.