Historians Research Articles

Mathematical Foundations of Real Numbers and its Application in Computation

The study of Real Numbers (R) is a fundamental pillar of Mathematical Analysis, serving as the cornerstone for a broad spectrum of Mathematical principles and practical applications. Real Numbers are examined both in theory and in practice, impacting fields like pure Mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics. This paper thoroughly explores Real Numbers, looking at their properties, how they are represented, and their significant role in Mathematical research and various applications. We highlight the importance of Real Numbers in advancing our understanding of Mathematics. This research article provides a comprehensive overview of the Mathematical foundations on Real Numbers and its application in computation. It explores historical developments, theoretical frameworks, Mathematical proofs, comparative analyses, applications, and future directions in the study of Real Numbers. The study aims to synthesize existing knowledge, highlight key contributions, theoretical framework and application in computation.

The Office of Shaykh al-‘Aql of the Druze in Lebanon

This book forum centers on Said Abou Zaki's Arabic book, “The Office of Shaykh al-‘Aql of the Druze in Lebanon.” It includes contributions from various scholars, each offering a unique perspective on the historical and institutional analysis of Druze religious leadership in Lebanon: Tuba Yildiz, Yusri Hazran, Akram Khater, and Abdul Rahman M. Chamseddine. Yildiz acknowledges the lack of historical readings and erroneous information in early 20th-century works on the Druze. She appreciates Abou Zaki's comprehensive study of Lebanese and Ottoman perspectives, offering a broader understanding of the Druze religious institution's development and its connection with the Ottoman Empire's socio-religious policies. Hazran commends the book for providing a comprehensive historical study of the Druze community's religious and spiritual leadership, shedding light on its evolution from the 11th century through to the Ottoman Empire's fall. Although the book excels in its research methods and historical insights, Hazran suggests strengthening it by addressing specific methodological and historical issues, such as placing the discussion on existing narratives and substantiating Emir Bashir Shihab II's role in the schism. Khater highlights the internal tensions in Abou Zaki's book arising from its threefold goals: serving as a historiographical essay, an origins story, and a history of Mashyakhat al-‘Aql. Khater commends the work's critical review of existing literature and acknowledges the book's significant contribution to understanding the position of Shaykh al-‘Aql amidst political crises. Chamseddine praised Abou Zaki's critical historiographical approach and genealogical method. Chamseddine highlights the importance of integrating oral histories and local traditions into academic research. He notes that Abou Zaki's work sheds light on the Druze community's religious evolution, although he critiques the book's occasional lack of coherence due to abrupt transitions and unexplained terminology. The reviewers concluded that the book constitutes a significant contribution to Druze Studies.

Utilizing Paleoclimate Data to Analyze the Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Activities

Our research aims at finding the relationship between climatic cycle-changes and the human activities in ancient China. Most climatic changes show shifts in the precipitation volume and alternations between warm and cold periods. Through other research findings, we find the precipitation volume is closely connected with alternations of warm and cold periods. This report presents a linear comparison between the population of ancient China and the east Asia climate variables and chooses tree rings as the main indicator of the paleo-climate. Through the literature review and the data analysis, we find that (1) The dominant climate pattern in East Asia is East Asia Summer Monsoon system, causing centennial scaled climate periodicities, affecting the ecosystem and the society. (2) There are certain cycles of climate change, in which the warm period and the cold period have a certain influence on the population change. (3) The precipitation has a certain correlation with the population change. However, single temperature and precipitation cannot directly affect the population change, but also need to be combined with social and historical factors specific analysis.

The Evolution of Advertising in Nigeria: Promoting Local Content for Sustainable Development

The complex relationship between advertising and local content promotion in Nigeria is one of the huge challenges to sustainable development. Cultural oversimplification, misrepresentation, and dominance of the West do significant damage to the representation of Nigerian culture authentically in the practice of advertising. This paper, therefore, reviews this relationship by incorporating historical evolution, and technological, cultural, and regulatory dynamics. The qualitative research design followed in this study generated primary data through the use of in-depth interviews conducted on key players in the Nigerian advertising industry. The primary data collected underwent a thematic analysis, while the historical analysis was supported by multiple sources, including historical records, publications from the industry itself, and scholarly literature. This research shall, therefore, be located within the understanding of the Cultural Imperialism Theory and the Development Media Theory as a lens to critically analyse the complexity of representations of local content in advertising. The results showed that there were positive and negative perceptions toward the integration of local content in Nigerian advertisements, as most consumers appreciate culturally authentic content. It identifies challenges and also shows how to use opportunities: bridging Nigeria's multicultural identity and digital platforms for sustainable development. This research underlines the need for a balance between global advertising practices and the local cultural nuances of impactful, sensitive campaigns that shall help lead the course of sustainable development and preserve the rich cultural heritage of this great nation.

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF STUDENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES

The article presents a historical and pedagogical analysis of the formation and development of the system of student scientific research activities in European institutions of higher education. The evolution of this system is studied, tracing its roots from the birth of the first universities in the Middle Ages to the modern stage of higher education development in Europe. Special attention is given to analyzing the impact of world wars, technological progress, and globalization on the development of student research. The article examines the peculiarities of organizing student research activities in leading European universities, including the University of Oxford, the Technical University of Munich, and Leiden University. The role of student scientific societies in cultivating a research culture and shaping the scientific outlook of students is also analyzed. Attention is paid to the issue of financing student research activities, with various mechanisms for supporting student research considered, including state grants, university funds, and private company programs. The components of the student research activity system discussed ‒ such as the integration of research into the educational process, international cooperation, use of advanced technologies, interdisciplinary approaches, and alignment with societal needs ‒ demonstrate their effectiveness in training new researchers who can address modern challenges and contribute to the development of science and society. The purpose of the article is to conduct a historical-pedagogical analysis of student research activity systems in different European countries. The research methods applied: historical-pedagogical, literature analysis, synthesis, comparison, and theoretical generalization.

Brazilian natural gas market dynamics: A data panel analysis of the Brazilian market compared with Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and India using Porter's five forces framework

This study offers a comparative analysis of natural gas markets in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and India, spanning from 2000 to 2020. Leveraging panel data and historical time series analysis, coupled with Porter's Five Forces framework, it examines industry dynamics across upstream, downstream, midstream, and upstream dimensions. Insights into competitive landscapes are derived, considering regulatory frameworks, resource availability, infrastructure development, and demand patterns. Despite Brazil's efforts to enhance domestic production, infrastructure, and regulatory reforms, challenges persist, hindering sectoral growth. Comparative studies underscore the need for policy improvements to align with investment commitments. This study contributes novel insights into the competitive positioning of natural gas markets, offering actionable recommendations for stakeholders. Identifying potential bottlenecks informs strict decision-making in the global energy landscape.

Comparative Historical Analysis in Political Theory

AbstractTwo important methodological debates in political theory concern (i) the place of historical research and interpretation in normative inquiry; and (ii) the importance of comparing different cultural traditions of political thought. The first question animates a long-standing controversy over the relative importance of ‘history of political thought’ versus ‘philosophy’ in political theory, while the second has been central to the recent growth of ‘comparative political theory’. Despite both debates being concerned, in fundamental ways, with history and comparison, they have remained surprisingly disconnected from broader debates in the humanities and social sciences about the use of comparative history and, in particular, of the prominent methodological approach in political science known as ‘comparative historical analysis’. This may reflect the fact that the debates over history of political thought and comparative political theory have fundamentally revolved around thought—history as the history of thought and comparison as the comparison of thought—whereas comparative historical analysis is more centrally focused on the study of political behaviour. In this paper I suggest that this neglect of comparative historical analysis in political theory represents a missed opportunity. Like other forms of social scientific inquiry, comparative historical analysis can yield important empirical knowledge for political theorists. But I wish to more ambitiously suggest that comparative historical analysis can also be adapted for conducting normative political theory itself. I summarise the key features of comparative historical analysis for political theorists, and explain how its use of historical cases can supplement both the use of imaginary thought experiments and the study of contemporary politics. I then delineate three specific ways in which comparative historical analysis might be used to support normative inquiry: deductive testing, inductive construction, and casuistic elaboration. All three, I argue, can help meet recent calls to bring the study of real political behaviour more centrally into political theory research.

Navigating the moral maze: a literature review of ethical values in business process management

PurposeBusiness process management (BPM), as a pillar of information systems (IS) research, has become more complex with the advent of new technologies, emphasizing the need for moral and ethical perspectives. To foster moral behavior and responsible action, including ethical values in IT systems and processes can be a solid option. By incorporating a socio-technical perspective, we are able to analyze the various aspects of BPM and organizational processes and the incorporated values. We find an overall acknowledgment of the importance of values and ethics in BPM.Design/methodology/approachThis publication explores ethical values within BPM through a systematic literature review (SLR). The study aims to identify the ethical dimensions inherent in BPM and their practical implications in process management and task execution. The methodological approach adopted is a SLR (Boell and Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2015), adapting the PRISMA guidelines (Page et al., 2021) to identify 82 articles from 21 top IS journals suggested by Lowry et al. (2013).FindingsA descriptive framework is developed to explain the use and application of ethical values within business processes. This framework enables practitioners and researchers to categorize and understand the various ethical considerations involved in BPM. It provides a structured approach highlighting the interrelation between process perspectives and ethical values, demonstrating how different BPM approaches may have varying ethical implications. We compare past and future research in business processes, identifying areas for further investigation and theoretical development. A historical analysis of values and literature also helps contextualize contemporary discussions on ethics in BPM, shedding light on the evolution of ethical considerations within this domain.Originality/valueOur study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of BPM, highlighting the importance of considering ethical values and socio-technical perspectives in designing and implementing business processes. These findings contribute to understanding the values associated with different types of processes and their employment and highlight potential areas for future research. Our study provides ethics-oriented research in IS with novel insights by examining BPM from an ethical value perspective. We contribute to the BPM literature by examining which values are applied in which process types from which perspective. In addition, our research suggestions provide food for thought for both research streams.

Literary and Arithmetic Schools of Uktus Factory (1735–1742): A Historical Analysis

This article examines the activities of the schools established at the Uktus Factory, initiated by the proactive policies of V.N. Tatischev during his tenure as the head of the factories (1734–1739), aimed at engaging children from all factory residents in formal education. The study establishes enrollment figures for the schools over three-year intervals, details collective recruitment efforts, and presents the total number of students taught literacy and basic mathematics, alongside an analysis of the social and age demographics of the pupils. It demonstrates that during the establishment of a network of factory schools in 1735–1736, the movement of skilled workers to other factories due to production needs rarely interrupted children’s education, often resulting in a turnover of students at Uktus. The article characterizes the teacher, exiled Nikita Afanasyev, highlighting his proactive approach to enhancing the organization of literacy instruction. It identifies key dates regarding the commencement of arithmetic education at the Uktus Literary School in Yekaterinburg, the founding of the arithmetic school at the Uktus Factory, and the appointment of top students from the Yekaterinburg school to teach Uktus children under the supervision of teachers Fyodor Sannikov and Afanasy Kichigin. The reasons for the closure of the schools at the Uktus Factory in autumn 1742 and the sharp decline in student enrollment from 1743 onwards are also analyzed.

Reconfiguring the Tribe: Changing Ethnic Affiliations in India’s Northeast

This essay sees the form and functioning of the Zeliangrong Naga community as a work in progress. Rather than a perennial, historically immutable and delimited entity, the (relatively recent) formation of the Zeliangrong community indicates that tribes can be formed afresh and that tribal identities are constantly in flux. I begin by tracing and placing the origins of the Zeliangrong Naga as told by Zeliangrong elders and circulating origin and migration stories. Then, continuing my focus on ethnic alignment and realignment, I studied the Zeliangrong movement that emerged in the 1920s. At first, they advocated a Naga Raj through the ousting of the colonial government. Over time, however, this rebellion changed direction and reduced its ambitions to the creation of a Zeliangrong homeland that would unite the Zeliangrong people who currently inhabit three different states of Northeast India, namely Manipur, Nagaland and Assam. Drawing both on historical analysis and fresh ethnography this essay shows how over time the Zeliangrong ethnic identity has come under strain and is increasingly internally contested with its constituent parts now expressing divergent political aspirations while also struggling over status, standing and dominance within.

Yekaterinodar city orphan court: prerequisites of education and law enforcement practice for the establishment of guardianship and guardianship over minors (XIX – early XX centuries)

The article is devoted to a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the prerequisites for the formation of the Yekaterinodar city orphan Court at the end of the XIX century. and an assessment of its practical activities. In particular, the paper examines the peculiarities of establishing guardianship and guardianship over minors in the Kuban in the pre-reform period, as well as reveals the socio-political reasons explaining why the activities of orphan courts at the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX century were not provided for in military Cossack settlements. Only since the second half of the XIX century. Conditions for the formation of these organs are beginning to form in the Kuban region. So, in 1886, the city orphan court was established at the Yekaterinodar District Court, from among the burghers and merchants. The article analyzes the features of establishing guardianship and guardianship over minor citizens of Yekaterinodar in the late XIX – early XX century. The author comes to the conclusion that the formation of the Yekaterinodar City Orphan Court was predetermined by the action of the reforms of Alexander II, eliminating the imperative, monosyllabic principle of the functioning of administrative and judicial institutions in the Kuban.

Discourse Historical Analysis of Identity Construction of New Energy Enterprises in China and the United States

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of climate change and environmental protection, new energy vehicles have gradually become a hot topic in the automotive industry. This article uses the Social Responsibility Report of BYD and Impact Report of Tesla as corpus, adopts a discourse-history research approach to analyze the three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis, and uses the corpus tool Wmatrix 6.0 to analyze the macro-themes, meso-discourse strategies, and micro-language features of corporate identity construction in China and the United States, explaining their similarities and differences in the construction of new energy enterprise identities. This study provides reference for the identity construction of new energy enterprises in China, and has practical significance for enhancing the international discourse construction ability of Chinese new energy enterprises.

The Boundaries of Transgender Rights: A Case Study Based on the Historical Legislation of the United States

The U.S. started to legally recognize transgender as transexuals in the 1970s, but with the late 1980s gender queer theory, the U.S. legal system recognizes all transgenders by how they identify themselves. The 2010s see rapid growth in transgender movements and related surgical industries. This paper studies the historical development of transgenders rights in the U.S. and analyzes its legitimacy based on past legislation and ideologies of America. It uses historical analysis and case studies on past lawsuits of the development of transgender. It analyzes how the three aspects of social, economic, and political factors intertwine to form the current legislation regarding transgenders. It divides the post-1980s transgenders into two groups to analyze, each based on a historical analysis of legislative values in the U.S. The current development of transgender rights and the over-protection of which has violated the U.S.s founding ideologies of liberty. To ensure the basic right to privacy in sex-divided facilities, legal systems should give clear criteria for determining transgender. To protect transgenders, especially adolescents and young adults, legislation needs to outlaw the school-to-clinic pipeline.

How does the consent model in Australia’s Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) undermine our human right to privacy?

ABSTRACT Cambridge Analytica was a political consulting business that became known for its use of personal data obtained from social media platform Facebook, to drive election campaigns on behalf of its clients. Their most famous client was the winner of the 2016 US Presidential election. When it was realised that Cambridge Analytica had acquired Australian Facebook users’ data, the Australian privacy regulator started litigation against Facebook to enforce the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth). This article examines how the Facebook litigation and subsequent law reform activities shed light on the central, yet fictitious role of the consent model. A historical and cultural analysis reveals how consent to surrender private information is a symptom of social conditions in which we take it for granted that individuals, rather than business, will bear the costs of poor privacy outcomes. Our collective ‘consent realism’ not only constrains the imagination of policy makers but interferes with a person’s autonomy in forming and developing opinions. However, a right to privacy can be more viably re-asserted, at least in response to the Cambridge Analytica incident, within the framework of Australia’s implied freedom of political communication. Consent realism can thus potentially be overcome in favour of human rights principles.

Рождение социологии спорта и Лестерская историко-социологическая школа

The paper describes the origins of sports sociology in Great Britain within the “Leicester School” of Historical Sociology of Norbert Elias, explaining the causes for the strong influence of the ideas of Elysianism on the present-day international sociology of sports. The overall development of the historical and sociological “Leicester School” of the 1960s and 1970s, its influence on the sociology of Great Britain, as well as the role of Elias and Ilya Neustadt in its formation are shown. The contemporary historical and sociological tradition of social analysis, inspired by the ideas of Elias and called the ‘sociology of process’ or ‘figurative research’, is described. Its key features are indicated: focus on relations–in–progress, relativism, studies of phenomena in their dynamics, the collection of historical materials, comparative analysis, and interdisciplinarity. The seminal works of Eric Dunning and Elias on sports sociology are considered, in addition to the early development of this field of studies. It is noted that both authors viewed sport and leisure activities as a means to understand society and proposed a sociological interpretation of sport as a tool for the civilizational process. Their work was based not only on a theoretical framework, but also on extensive historical research. This contributed to the early acceptance of the ideas of Leicester School during the establishment of international sports sociology in the 1960s. The paper is based on an informal interview in 2010 with Eric Dunning, the founding father of the British Sociology of Sport, co-author and student of Norbert Elias.

A Historical Analysis of Conflict, Decline, and Renewal

Abstract: Over the past five decades, the concept of civilization has been widely discussed among scholars, policy makers, and the general public. The academic community has published a great deal of research on topics such as the clash, decline, collapse and revival of civilizations. Many scholars believe that the interaction and conflict between different civilizations are important factors in the course of human history. At the same time, governments are faced with the challenges posed by the clash of civilizations over ethnic, regional and national issues, which often lead to social unrest and political instability. For most people, their standard of living, economic status, and level of education are greatly affected by the civilization in which they live. The study of civilization should not only be limited to specific people, times or places, but should also be examined in the broader historical process. This paper proposes that a more realistic and objective perspective can be obtained only through the in-depth study of the historical process of civilization.

AI-Generated Content: Legal Challenges & Potential Reforms

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is quickly altering numerous markets, including those involving creative jobs such as art, music, and literature. As AI remains to progress and come to be significantly sophisticated, it tests the existing lawful system, especially in the locations of copyright, copyright, and possession legal rights. This article explores whether our present legal system is properly prepared to manage the intricacies and moral problems posed by sophisticated AI modern technologies. By evaluating various lawful systems, evaluating relevant case studies, and exploring existing lawful challenges, this paper intends to understand the level to which our laws have the ability to properly attend to issues related to content created by AI. This study uses study, comparative research study, thorough literary works review, and historical analysis to discover the intersection in between AI and copyright law. Lastly, the paper recommends possible lawful changes and reforms to aid balance the requirement for technology with copyright security, making sure a fair and fair lawful structure.

Historical insights at scale: A corpus-wide machine learning analysis of early modern astronomic tables.

Understanding the evolution and dissemination of human knowledge over time faces challenges due to the abundance of historical materials and limited specialist resources. However, the digitization of historical archives presents an opportunity for AI-supported analysis. This study advances historical analysis by using an atomization-recomposition method that relies on unsupervised machine learning and explainable AI techniques. Focusing on the "Sacrobosco Collection," consisting of 359 early modern printed editions of astronomy textbooks from European universities (1472-1650), totaling 76,000 pages, our analysis uncovers temporal and geographic patterns in knowledge transformation. We highlight the relevant role of astronomy textbooks in shaping a unified mathematical culture, driven by competition among educational institutions and market dynamics. This approach deepens our understanding by grounding insights in historical context, integrating with traditional methodologies. Case studies illustrate how communities embraced scientific advancements, reshaping astronomic and geographical views and exploring scientific roots amidst a changing world.

Teacher education in Israel: a fifty-year journey (1974–2024)

ABSTRACT This study explores the evolution of teacher education in Israel from 1974 to 2024, analysing key policy actions, reforms, and initiatives that have shaped the field over the past five decades. During these years, extensive efforts were undertaken at the state level by the Ministry of Education and the Council for Higher Education to elevate the status of the teaching profession by advocating for the professionalisation and professionalism of teaching and teachers. These efforts include the academisation process of all teacher education colleges, the establishment of task forces and standing committees to address challenges, continuous upgrades and adjustments to the initial teacher education curriculum, support mechanisms for newly qualified teachers, ongoing professional development for practicing teachers, including master’s degree programmes, salary adjustments, and the decision to move the colleges of education to the sole auspices of the Council for Higher Education and the Planning and Budgeting Committee. Despite these numerous attempts, the status of teachers has continued to decline, and the profession has struggled with low public perception and prestige, leading to both quantitative and qualitative teacher shortages. The repeated policy shifts and inconsistent implementation strategies have often exacerbated rather than resolved these issues. By providing a comprehensive historical analysis, the study offers insights into the successes and significant shortcomings of past initiatives, aiming to inform future policy-making and strategic planning to enhance the effectiveness and appeal of the teaching profession in Israel.

TRACING AMERICAN SPIRIT IN INDONESIA’S INDEPENDENCE: A HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE STUDY

The US and Indonesia, two countries that fought for freedom, are fascinating subjects to delve more into, despite their great distance from one another and their distant times of conflict. This research used a Transnational American Studies perspective and comparative-historical analysis. By using comparative historical analysis, this research aimed to explore the similarities and differences that exist in the journey of American independence and Indonesian independence. The results of this research showed that even though the independence movements in the US and Indonesia occurred several centuries apart, they had the same goal, namely opposing colonialism. Both showed the same enthusiasm to fight colonial power and the desire to determine the fate of their nation without interference from other parties. Thomas Paine and Bung Tomo through their writings and speeches led the spirit of independence in the US and Indonesia. Even though they use different communication styles, both have an impact in forming the spirit of resistance and unity of their nation. Additionally, by looking at the history of the struggle of the Indonesian people, it can be seen the spirit of freedom that the US promoted.