Historical-typological Methods Research Articles

Negative transformations of the image of a doctor in the literature of A.P. Chekhov

The object of the study is the images of doctors in the works of A.P. Chekhov from the point of view of the dynamics of their personal qualities. The subject of the study is the nature of these changes, which in most cases are negative for the writer for the professional and personal level of the doctor. The purpose of the article is to describe the phenomenon of personal degradation of a doctor in the literature of A.P. Chekhov: the novels "Ionich", "Belated Flowers", the plays "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters". The study was conducted using descriptive, cultural-historical, historical-typological methods, which allowed a comprehensive approach to the problem under study and noted the various features of the personality of doctors in the writer's work in dynamics. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the degradation of doctors in these works has been revealed. In the story "Ionich", the vulgar, philistine life slowly but inexorably sucks in the main character, Dr. Startsev. Toporkov in the "Flowers of the Belated" sought to get out of poverty, earn as much as possible, but he was powerless in front of greed and became indifferent to people. Astrov in "Uncle Vanya", under the influence of the surrounding county life, became indifferent to people, he does not love anyone, does not want anything. But at the same time, he plants forests, believes that they have a great beneficial effect on people's lives, he utters high words about a person. Abstract love for humanity and indifference to the people who are with him coexist in his soul. The philosophy of doctor Chebutykin in "Three Sisters" is of great importance for understanding the play. It is concluded that the degraded person in the works of A.P. Chekhov is usually a doctor, with the help of whose image the writer seeks to create a contrast between the noble mission of the doctor and his personality.

National Security Problems Related To Ethno-religious Groups In The South Caucasus (Georgian Case)

Georgia is a polyethnic country. Armenians, Azeris, Russians, Greeks, Kurds, Kists, Dagestanis and other ethnic-confessional groups live next to Georgians. Thus, the traditions of inter-ethnic relations have a long history in Georgia.
 Multiethnicity is one of the most important factors in the democratic development of a society, but in certain geopolitical conditions it can also be dangerous. For centuries, the invaders pursued anti-Georgian demographicpolicies in Georgia, compactly displacing members of other ethnic groups to the border areas of states inhabited by the same ethnic group, and deliberately creating micro-islands of ethnic minorities. It is in these two micro-islands that conflict has already erupted, while the other two regions carry the risk of the conflict.
 Identifying the risks facing the state, justifying the need for preventive measures, and integrating ethno-religious minorities into the common state is the main task of our research.
 The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods.
 The factual materials presented in the article make clear the factors hindering the general state integration, the problems related to the functioning of the state language, the different foreign policy orientations of the ethnic groups.
 The article highlights the qualitative issues of integration of ethnic minorities in Georgia, strengthening the teaching of the state language, protection of cultural values of ethno-religious minorities, raising the degree of their involvement in public, political and cultural life.

POLICY OF THE VREMENNOGO PRIAMURSKOGO GOVERN-MENT IN RELATION TO ZEMSTVO SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES

Purpose. The article is devoted to the current topic - territorial self-government institutions. The policy of the Vremennogo Priamurskogo government with regard to zemstvos was the subject of analysis. The author aimed to examine the policy of the government of S.D. Merkulova with regard to the territorial self-government institutions.
 Materials and methods. The study was based on published and unpublished sources. Analytical, systematic, comparative-historical, historical-genetic and historical-typological methods were used in the analysis of the material.
 Results. The Vremennoe Priamurskoe government had not established a clear and consistent policy with regard to the territorial self-government institutions. Rather, it was forced to immediately respond to events. The government of S.D. Merkulova wanted to deprive the zemstvo of political functions. Zemstvo institutions sharply opposed. As a result, the government accused them of complicity with the communists and the collapse of economic and cultural life in Primorye. Based on this, the merkulovskoe government tried to subjugate the volost administration, eliminating the volost zemstvo unit and replacing it with rural self-government, but failed due to distrust of the population. This led to the fact that the Priamurskoe government decided to restore the territorial self-government system at all levels, but wanted to keep the zemstvo apparatus under full control, for which it changed the electoral legislation. This allowed the election of people loyal to the government to the zemstvo. However, the government of S.D. Merkulova could not agree with the zemstvos on the division of powers. Therefore, the government it actively intervened in zemstvo affairs, and as a result, limited their political, socio-economic, economic and cultural activities.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the historical science and education.

МІХАКО ЦЕРЕТЕЛІ – ПАТРІАРХ УРАРТОЛОГІЇ, ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧ (1878-1965)

In the period between the First and Second World Wars, the outflow of intellectual resources from Georgia abroad was mainly due to the Bolshevik coup and the Soviet annexation. Among the emigrants was the great Georgian scientist, Patriarch of Urartology Mikhako Tsereteli. Demonstrating his contribution to science and his merits in translation is the main task of our research. The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. From the factual materials presented in the article, it is clear that M. Tsereteli made a contribution to the development of domestic and world science, translation activities. Thanks to his work, M. Tsereteli made a great contribution to the processes of mutual enrichment of culture and knowledge, acquaintance with intellectual tendencies, and raising awareness about Georgia. It was he who deciphered the Assyrian-Urartian bilingualism of Kelashin and laid the foundation for the formation of “Urartology” as a new scientific direction.

Историко-художественный потенциал пермского звериного стиля для формирования визуально-эстетического облика пешеходных улиц Перми

The article delivers the results of the author's study of the prospects for forming the design environment of the pedestrian streets of the Perm city based on the geocultural resources of the Perm region. The author concludes that the images of archaic cultures, which–through the artistic power of outstanding figures of literature, architecture, sculpture as well as decorative and applied arts of the 19th ‒ 21st centuries–have been firmly entrenched in the cultural landscape of the city, can be used today to develop projects for the transformation of the visual and aesthetic appearance of pedestrian streets and boulevards. The most important geocultural resource of Perm today is the Permian animal style. Its unique historical images through the cultural activity of citizens get the opportunity to be represented both in the visual aesthetics of the urban public space and in the interior environment, including residential interiors. The development and implementation of creative design projects that form an integral artistic and stylistic ensemble of a pedestrian street in the Permian animal style is seen as a promising creative endeavor in line with the strategy of geocultural branding of the city of Perm. The purpose of the study is to investigate the prospects for the representation of the historical and artistic potential of the Permian animal style in the design of the pedestrian streets of Perm. This goal is achieved through solving the following research objectives: to identify the semantics and symbolism of historical images of the Permian animal style; identify and characterize the existing approaches to the study of the design of pedestrian streets in a modern city; analyze the prevailing in the 20th – 21st centuries practices of representing some plots of the Permian animal style in the street environment of Perm; propose design and artistic solutions for the creation of infrastructure elements of a pedestrian street in the Permian animal style. The methodological basis comprises the concept of geocultural branding of cities and territories (D.N. Zamyatin), cultural, historical, and museum practices of creating and promoting urban brands (M.A. Belyaeva, T.A. Ladygina), artistic and decorative approaches in the design of the urban environment (E.E. Dmitrieva, O.V. Efremova). When writing the article, historicalgenetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological methods were used.

Жанрово-функциональное и тематическое своеобразие "Омских епархиальных ведомостей" дореволюционного периода

This article is devoted to the study of the genre-functional and thematic specifics of the “Omskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti” (Omsk Diocesan Gazette) of the pre-revolutionary period. “Omskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti” is a valuable source for studying the public consciousness of the region in the pre-revolutionary period, traditional culture, religion, local history, and ethnography. However, the very history of regional church journalism, its content, genre, and functional originality have been studied fragmentarily. It is this factor that determines the relevance of the presented study. Purpose of the work is to analyze the content, genre and functional features of the regional religious periodical of the pre-revolutionary period. The problematic of the research predetermined the formulation of the following tasks: to identify the conditions and factors of the emergence of regional religious periodicals, to trace its connection with the processes taking place in political, public and church life, interaction with society and the state in a socio-historical and cultural context; to reconstruct the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural life of the region based on the materials of the publication; determine the role and place of the studied publication in the system of pre-revolutionary media; on the basis of the study of empirical material, determine and characterize the main typological, formal-meaningful structural and genre features of publications. The media texts of the “Omskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti” from 1898 to 1906 served as the empirical material for the study. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of Z.N. Berkovskaya, E.V. Bobyreva, D.S. Likhachev, A.A. Tertychny. The following research methods were used in the work: observation and description methods, classification method, historical-typological method, content analysis method, genre analysis method. The practical significance of the study is that the results obtained can be used in the development of manuals on the history of regional journalism, on the history of Russian religious journalism.

Установление многоаспектной и многоуровневой типизации на примере исследования истории метеорологического обеспечения Военно-воздушных сил Красной армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны (1941–1945)

Relevance. Scientific typification of past events is one of the most common results, obtained in the course of historical research. At the same time, as a rule, we are talking about using only one typological feature and only one level of typing. This gives relevance to the consideration of the issue of establishing multidimensional and multilevel typing. Purpose of the article is to familiarize the professional community of historians with the experience of establishing a multidimensional and multilevel typification of the subject of research. The objective of the article is to establish the typification of the meteorological support of the Red Army Air Force and demonstrate by its example the practical application of the historical and typological method. Methodology. The use of the historical-typological method has become widespread in conducting historical re-search. In particular, it was used in the study of the history of meteorological support of the Red Army Air Force during the Great Patriotic War. Results. It was proposed to streamline the subject of the study by identifying types in it based on the estab-lishment of common inherent features. For this purpose, three typological features were used: the level of military man-agement, the regularity of meteorological support and the specifics of the activities of the Air Force. As a result, mul-tidimensional typing was obtained. The third type was subjected to further detail, which allowed us to talk about its second level. All conclusions and provisions are illustrated by concrete examples from the experience of aviation me-teorologists in providing the Air Force during the Great Patriotic War. Conclusion. The possibility of using the historical-typological method to establish multidimensional and multilevel typing is shown by the example of a specific subject of research. It is established that the use of this method should be preceded by the use of a descriptive method. It is revealed that the key component determining the further possibility of typification is the selection of typological features.

М.С.ГОРБАЧЕВ В ВОСПРИЯТИИ РУКОВОДСТВА США И ФРАНЦИИ В 1985 ГОДУ: ОЖИДАНИЯ И РЕАЛИИ

The articleis devoted to the first year whenMikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and the perception of his personal qualities and political attitudes by the elites of the United States of America and the Republic of France.The author attempts to clarify the impressions of the new Soviet leader among the leaders of the United States and France, to establish what expectations were experienced during this year in Washington and in Paris in connection with the change of leadership in the USSR, and to determine whether there was a problemin the relationsin 1985. In the process of working on the article, the methods of imagology, modern comparative studies, as well as traditional historical-genetic and historical-typological methods were used. The American administration and the government of France –one of the key allies of the United States in NATO, hada well-thought-out and coordinated strategy of action against the USSR, aimed at achieving victory in the Cold War. In 1985, there were no significant changes neither inUS-Soviet nor French-Soviet relations. The US-Frenchdialogueconcerningthe agenda of bilateral relations and relations with the USSR did not undergo serious changesas well. Western leaders considered it premature to draw conclusionsabout Gorbachev as a new leader and reformer. Too little time has passed since he took the top position, and Western politicians were not readyto assess Gorbachev's behavior on the international arena and the possible consequences of the change of power in the USSR. Neither the United States nor France expected that,in the coming years,the USSR would face an avalanche of crisis phenomena that would lead to the collapse of the country and the end of the Cold War. In the plans of the American and French administrations, the motives of cooperation and dialogue continued to occupy a significant place. Both Washington and Paris were in no hurry to change their strategies, because they assumed that Gorbachev, like all the leaders of the USSR before him, was a product of the Soviet system, and he would stick to the course of his predecessors.

Monetary allowance of captured officers in Russia and Western countries in the 18th century

The issues of monetary maintenance of captured officers in the wars of the 18th century have never and nowhere been the subject of special research before. Meanwhile, the study of these issues could contribute to the expansion of our knowledge about Russia’s place in the world in the early Modern period, as well as the establishment of previously unknown features of the country's development determined by Peter the Great’s transformations. The above indicates the relevance of this work and determines its purpose: to reconstruct and compare domestic and foreign practices of material support for enemy officers at the expense of the budget of the captive power throughout the 18th century. The methodological basis of the study consisted mainly of historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. We present a periodization of the evolution of the monetary allowance of prisoners in various countries. The distinctive features of each period are identified and systematized. It is established that in the 18th century in the West, the maintenance of enemy officers went from meeting the primary needs of only individuals from among those in special need, to the regular and unconditional issuance of a permanent monetary allowance equal to the minimum salary of servicemen of the same rank of their own army. It is proved that in the studied chronological framework of the Russian model of material support for captured officers was practically in no way inferior to the Western one and in some matters was ahead of it for decades.

«Коренные народы» как конструирующий концепт: проблематизация, интерпретации и дискурсы

The paper presents an attempt at problematizing of the “small indigenous peoples” concept, analyzes the entire range of the terms “small” and “indigenous” people interpretations that have developed in modern science, as well as raises the question of the nature and purpose of using these concepts in various scientific discourses and socio-political practices. The relevance of this issue statement is related to the fact that the actual existence of small-numbered peoples, the direction of their mental orientations, the degree and methods of protection of ethno-cultural identity, obvious and hidden possibilities of using these ethnic groups as actors for various political and economic purposes largely depend on the adequate or inadequate interpretation and legal application of this term. The purpose of the proposed study is to analyze the heuristic status and practice-oriented function of the terms “small-numbered” and “indigenous” peoples as scientific categories and concepts that inform sociopolitical reality. The methods of historiographic, terminological, conceptographic and comparative analysis, logical and analytical procedures for problematization and thematization of the terms “small” and “indigenous” peoples, historical-legal and historical-typological methods based on specific historical material allowed us to show the permanent migration of peoples to different regions of the world with their subsequent rooting in a new territory and interaction with previously arrived peoples, to reveal a number of contradictions in the interpretation of the question of, who should be considered as indigenous ethnic group in a particular territory. The analyzed data set indicates the obvious ambiguity and relativity of indigenous ideas about the primordial habitat of ethnic groups. A critical analysis of the use of the term “indigenous peoples” in modern sciences and legal documents has led to the conclusion that it does not meet the criteria of a scientific concept or category and is often associated with the mytho-construction of national histories. Its use as a tool of scientific knowledge and a navigator of socio-political or national orientations is not heuristically promising. In the context of the regulation of inter-ethnic relations, the term “indigenous peoples” is fraught with conflict-causing potential and may act as a dangerous weapon in the arsenal of radical forces and those to whom their actions are politically beneficial. The materials and conclusions of the study are of practical importance for the protection of adequate value and semantic orientations of small-numbered peoples, clarification of scientific and legal terminology in the field of interethnic relations, increasing the effectiveness of ethno-cultural, ethno-political and ethno-sociological expertise.

THE MANAGEMENT OF AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN IZMAIL REGION UkrSSR IN 1944–1945

The work aims to study the formation of a system of ideological influence on the Izmail region’s population in 1944–1945. Based on archival sources and materials of the regional press, the tasks of agitation and propaganda activities, the general forms and methods used by the Communist Party to spread ideology among the population of the annexed region were revealed. The author paid particular attention to determining the role of the regional party leadership in managing and conducting agitation and propaganda. The methodology. The study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, systematics, specificity, and reliance on historical sources. With the aid of the historical-typological method, it was possible to determine the main tasks, forms, and methods of agitation and propaganda. The historical-comparative method opens the way to reveal the peculiarities of ideological work with various categories of the citizens and to determine the specific features of the Communist Party’s agitation and propaganda activities in the Izmail region. The application of historical-systemic and historical-genetic methods contributed to the consideration of various measures to ideologize the population in co-relation, to identify the causal links between the methods and results of propaganda policy. The scientific novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of agitation and propaganda activities in the Izmail region after the territory was returned to the USSR has been carried out. The conclusions. The analysis of the party documentation of the Izmail regional committee of the Communist Party gives reason to assume that immediately after the region returned to the USSR, the Soviet leadership launched active information and propaganda activities among the population. During 1944–1945, a network of agitation teams, groups of lecturers and speakers was formed to spread communist ideology among various segments of the population, a system of party propaganda bodies was created, events to celebrate new Soviet holidays were organized, and radio broadcasting and adaptation for the cinema were organized. The media, cultural and educational institutions, Komsomol organizations, and pioneers played a significant role in propaganda activities. Propaganda and agitation departments established at the region, city, and district committees of the Communist Party were constantly monitoring the ideological activity progress.

Etymology and Historiography of the Ukrainian Headscarf as an Element of National Dress

The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities of headscarves functioning in the late 19th – early 20th centuries as an element of women’s national dress, to identify general and specific characteristics of their manufacturing and methods of tying, to find out the etymology of the word "headscarf", to trace its relationship with the concept of "ubrus" and others similar in meaning. Research methodology. Using a comparative-historical method, we have explored the etymology of concepts related to Ukrainian women’s headwear. Using a historical-typological method, a cultural and art analysis of the study has been conducted. Scientific novelty. The etymology of significant concepts of Ukrainian headwear, namely "ubrus", "headscarf" and others, is thoroughly studied. Their characteristic features in different regions of Ukraine are noted. The methods of tying headscarves from the 19th to the early 20th century are analysed and presented, the characteristics of their production and distribution in the counties of Poltava province are marked. It is proved that in Poltava province at the end of the 19th century, there were two main ways of tying headscarves simultaneously: in the counties of the north-western part of the province, the method of tying a headscarf with a knot on the top of the head was common, and in the eastern part – with a knot on the neck. Conclusions. Everyday women’s headscarves were intended to cover, insulate and decorate the heads of married women. Patterned woven headscarves were distinguished by the local originality of the artistic solution. Festive headdresses of Ukrainian women differed in variety and elegance. Strict completeness is inherent in the forms of this integral part of the national costume as those that have been refining over many generations. At the end of the 19th century. the wimples, on which a lot of material was spent, were almost destroyed. Headwear of new shapes was becoming more practical, cheaper and lighter. "Starovytsky headscarves" give way to manufactured goods. At the beginning of the 20th century, headscarves became the most common headdress both in the city and in the village.

Синтез арабо-мусульманской культуры в Персии и Северной Индии: к истории вопроса

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of the Persian language and culture de-velopment in the Middle Ages and the modern period, its continuity from the Sassanid era to the Samanid and Safavid eras and the synthesis of Arab-Muslim culture in Persia and India. The author turns to the origins of the New Persian language, examines the influence of Iranian culture on the cultural development of neighboring people and demonstrates that the Farsi language influenced the emergence in the Delhi Sultanate of a new Urdu language with a predominance of Persian-Arabic vocabulary. The synthesis of the Arab-Muslim culture of Iran, the mutual influence of the Arab-Islamic and local cultures, clearly manifested in the development of architecture, are considered. Chronologically, the article covers the period of the Middle Ages and the modern period. The re-search is based on the methodological principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as on the his-torical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-typological methods and civilizational approach. The author concludes that the Iranian cultural influence in the Middle Ages and in the modern peri-od extended to all the eastern lands of Islam – from the Seljuk state to India. The Muslim society was multifaceted, yet subject to the strict rules of Islam. Classical Muslim thought and culture were characterized by a high adaptive capacity. At the end of the twentieth century, the Iranians declared the Persian language an important factor of cultural integration and the foundation of the national mentality. The Farsi language was proclaimed “the second language of Islam”, and the knowledge and study of classical poetry and philosophy of Sufism was recognized as an important means of consolidating the Muslims of the region. This cultural policy contributed to overcoming the interna-tional isolation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and expanding the scope of regional cooperation.

Критичний аналіз ідентифікації єврейських жертв у документах Надзвичайної державної комісії СРСР про нацистські злочини на території дистрикту Галичина

The purpose of the article is to trace the peculiarities of identifi cation of Jewish victims in the documents of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the German Fascist Invaders and Their Accomplices and the Damage They Caused to Citizens, Collective Farms, Public Organizations, State Enterprises and Institutions of the USSR (ChGK) on Holocaust studies in the District of Galicia. A scientifi c novelty of the study lies in the fi rst attempt to investigate the identifi cation of Jewish victims in the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission in the territory that was a part of the District of Galicia. The article identifi es typical ways of describing Nazi crimes against the Jewish population, reveals the relationship between the construction of the myth of the great victory and the activities of the Commission, traces common and different things in the documents at different levels of its work, starting from district departments up to the conclusions of the Republican and All-Union commissions. Practical examples of identifying Jewish victims of Nazis are given. In our study we use historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. We analyze archival materials and draw conclusions about the lack of consideration of Nazi victims on national grounds. Jews were mostly classifi ed as «peaceful Soviet citizens». In no way did the particularly tragic fate of these people stand out in the Commission’s reports at the highest levels. In this way, the very memory of the Jewish community was leveled. After all, the absence of a national principle in the study of the Holocaust is the absence of one of the main features of genocide. Jews were persecuted for being Jews, not Soviet citizens. In addition, it should be noted that in the acts of lower level Commissions, such as district ones, there is a national principle. Conclusion. In general, thanks to this study, we can say that the Jewish victims are mostly spoken about among the categories of «peaceful Soviet citizens». Usually they were mentioned in the «mixed style». It means that the word combination Jewish victims appeared just in the one part of the document and there is nothing about that in the other parts. They were mentioned either in the text of the document, or in the conclusions, or in the statistics at the end. Rarely the Jews are spoken about with specifi c clarifi cations of nationality and special destiny. Hardly ever the personalization of the victims existed.

The semantics of the traditional women's headscarf as a source of modern design innovations

The purpose of the article is to reveal the influence of the semantic-symbolic system of traditional women's clothing on the formation and development of trends in a modern design using the example of a scarf. Methodology. Comparative-historical and historical-typological methods have been applied in order to identify the tendency in the development of a headscarf as an element of a woman's costume; the hermeneutic method, which helped to understand and interpret signs and symbols as components of traditional culture; systemic method (for considering the system of symbols of a woman's headscarf as a cultural and artistic phenomenon); the method of art history analysis (according to M. Bakhtin and A. Losev); a method of a functional nature (for identifying the main functions of the elements of a semantically sign system and revealing their significance for expressing aesthetic, sacred and ethical motives), etc. Scientific novelty. The semantics of the headscarf as an element of the female national costume, the peculiarities of the coloristic and compositional solutions of the decorative design of the female headscarf are investigated, the main ornamental motifs and forms are analyzed in the context of their use in modern design; revealed and substantiated the influence of the semantic-symbolic system of the traditional women's headscarf on the development of modern clothing design; the semantisation of the elements of the system of symbols of the traditional women's headscarf has been carried out; the features of the integration of the elements of the ornament of the traditional national headscarf into the designer clothes of the 20th century are characterized; analyzed the problems of meaning and its expression by means of pictorial and colored symbols in a modern woman's headscarf. Conclusions. Preserving the ancient sacred symbolism of the canvas, characteristic of the mythological consciousness, as well as mastering the centuries-old experience of Christian understanding, the headscarf has remained an integral part of the traditional female costume for many centuries. In the design of the 21st-century women's scarf. semiotics of color is actively used, which acts as a symbolic guideline for associations that have developed in history, culture, and philosophy. Floral images are the aesthetic value of the subject environment and are realized in the process of artistic creativity of designers, enriching the aesthetics of human ecological space. At the present stage, the appeal of domestic clothing designers to the ethnic style makes it expedient to deepen the understanding of its semantical sign system. Revealing the peculiarities of the semiotics of the color of a traditional Ukrainian women's headscarf, research and analysis of its symbolism provide a modern designer with an almost unlimited dimension for creativity and contribute to the strengthening of national self-awareness.

Magazine “Okhotnichy Vestnik”: History of its Origin and Functioning in Specialized Printing Market

The history of one of the most popular Moscow magazines of nature and hunting “Okhotnichy Vestnik” (1901—1918), which for eighteen years has been associated with the trading company of the same name, is considered. The archival materials from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive, the Central State Archive of Moscow, related to the publication and trading partnership “Okhotnichy Vestnik” are analyzed. On the basis of the historical-typological method, the program, content features of the magazin, ways of interacting with readers and competitors are studied, the reasons for its popularity during the period of historical catastrophes are considered. The novelty of the research is determined both by the empirical material itself — archival files not previously introduced into scientific circulation, and by the subject — the history of the emergence and functioning of the magazine “Okhotnichy Vestnik”. It is concluded that in the conditions of socio-political unrest and fierce competition for the reader, during the crisis of hunting journalism, “Okhotnichy Vestnik” retained the status of a fairly authoritative and influential publication thanks to the flexible policy of editors-publishers and effective methods of activity of the trade and industrial partnership “Okhotnichy Vestnik”. The history of the “Okhotnichy Vestnik” makes it possible to present a more complete picture of the formation of a new type of specialized printing.

По рецепту эпохи Просвещения: сады женских институтов

This study, based on a wide range of sources, some of which feature in academia for the first time, using a historical typological method, looks at the introduction of principles of physical education offered to children of the Enlightenment era into daily life of the schools of the Mariinsky Establishment. Throughout the eighteenth century, influential works from scholars such as John Locke and N.I. Novikov highlighted the importance of daily hygiene and healthy routine, cold water hardening, simple balanced diet, lightweight clothing, physical exercise in fresh air and other principles, which only became commonplace in public consciousness much later. Innovative approach to physical education, supported by the Russian state, was integrated into the governmental pedagogical doctrine and implemented in the second half of the eighteenth century in boarding schools and other educational establishments. Discussion. The study focuses on a school garden, examined as a vehicle for a healthy physical upbringing of children and adolescents. The article discusses how with time girls’ boarding schools’ gardens evolved into complexes with tree-lined alleys, winter and summer sports grounds, variety of swimming pools, vegetable and flower beds, galleries and alcoves. By the end of the nineteenth century at least, outside spaces in schools were overseen by doctors, who noted positive effects of prolonged fresh air exercise and swimming on the children

The history of the studying word building in the Mordovian languages

Introduction. The article provides an overview of research regarding word building in the Mordovian languages. The purpose of the study is to highlight the history of the study of word building in the Mordovian languages, and to analyze the works of D. V. Tsygankin, who made a significant contribution to the study of Mordovian derivatology, to the formation of the principles of its teaching and analysis. Materials and Methods. The material of the research is based on word building in the Mordovian languages. The work was performed using descriptive, comparative and historical-typological methods. Results and Discussion. Word building is considered a new research area. In Russia its formation is associated with the name of M. V. Lomonosov. In the design of word building as a academic branch in the 19th century the main role belongs to representatives of four scientific schools in Russia: in Moscow, Kharkov, Kazan and Petersburg. Word building has been considered as an independent object of study only since the mid–1940s, and since the late 1960s as a separate linguistic discipline. This progress became possible primarily thanks to the works by V. V. Vinogradov. A special role in the study of derivational processes in the Mordovian languages belongs to D. V. Tsygankin. The scholar described word formation as a system, defined basic concepts, characterized the methods of word formation, identified productive models, traced changes in word-building morphonology, developed the principles of studying word formation in higher education. Conclusion. A fairly large amount of material has been accumulated on the organization of the word-building system in the Mordovian languages. The number of works in the field of word building continues to grow, but not all of its problems have been resolved. For example, there is a need to develop a new classification of word building methods based on emerging data about the language.

ИДЕОЛОГИЯ СУФИЗМА И РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ МОТИВЫ В ТАТАРСКОМ РОМАНИЧЕСКОМ ЭПОСЕ

В процессе изучения духовного наследия любого народа появляется возможность представить его мировоззрение и верования. Основанные на любовных сюжетах татарские романические дастаны ценны, прежде всего, тем, что являются памятниками, отражающими историю, жизнь, духовные ценности нации. Что интересно: эти дастаны в народной памяти сохраняются как произведения, повествующие лишь об истории двух влюбленных. Но их значимость не ограничивается лишь рассказом об истории несчастной любви. Татарские романические дастаны привлекательны тем, что они тесно связаны с религиозной идеологией.Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена недостаточностью изучения взаимосвязи татарских романических дастанов с Исламской религией. Материал для исследования составляют тексты дастанов любовного характера, бытующие у татар, как «Тахир и Зухра», «Сказание о Йусуфе», «Сайфульмулюк», «Лейла и Меджнун», «Кузы-Курпяч и Баян-сылу».Цель статьи – определение влияния Ислама на татарские романические дастаны. Для достижения поставленной цели решены следующие задачи: пример . Также в статье автор дает определение татарским романическим дастанам, указывает на их отличительные черты от дастанов другого характера. Кроме того, в работе подробно разъясняется понятие суфизма, сыгравшего большую роль в формировании татарской поэзии, обосновывается частичное присутствие этой идеи и в татарских романических дастанах.В данной статье применяются сравнительно-сопоставительные и историко-типологические методы.Проведенное исследование позволяет сделать вывод о том, что религия Ислам оказала огромное влияние на татарские романические дастаны. В них от начала до конца повествуется глубокая вера главных героев к Всевышнему, часто используются религиозные термины, встречаются персонажи, которые имеют место в священных писаниях мусульман.

ЖИЗНЬ МАРТИНА РОБИНСОНА ДЕЛАНИ И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ЕГО ИДЕЙНО–ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ВЗГЛЯДОВ

This article examines the evolution of the ideological and political views of Martin Robinson Delany, who is credited with the first conceptual justification of the doctrine of "black nationalism" in the United States. The author analyzes the main milestones of the biography of this figure, his rich literary heritage, focusing on the consideration of the internal dialectics of Delany's political philosophy, the variability and inconsistency of his views at various stages of life. Special attention is paid to Delany's attitude to the ideology of pan-Africanism and black nationalism, as well as his controversy with Frederick Douglass. The uniqueness of the study lies in the fact that it is the first attempt in Russian academic science to present the biography and analysis of the ideological and theoretical heritage of an outstanding African-American public figure, an assessment of his contribution to the struggle for the rights of the black population in the United States. The source base is the work of Delany himself and his biographies, none of which has been translated into Russian. A number of sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The historical-genetic and historical-typological methods are used as specific historical methods in this work.