ABSTRACT Australia remains the only major constitutional democracy without an enshrined right to freedom of the press. This essay explores why the Australian Constitution was drafted without any constitutional right to freedom of the press. It examines debates from the 1890s Constitutional Conventions, alongside the history of British democratic traditions that shaped the framers’ perspectives. It argues that a reliance on British legal and constitutional traditions led to the absence of any charter of rights, including protections of the press and speech. While Australian journalists enjoy an “implied freedom of political communication,” the Fourth Estate operates in an uncertain environment with no constitutional shield against government interference or other constraints on reporting essential for a healthy democracy.

Reconsidering early Yersinia pestis ecology: Enteric origins, gene loss, and a human-mediated reservoir hypothesis.

The article examines the phenomenon of giftedness within the context of the contemporary cultural and educational environment, drawing on psychological-pedagogical, cultural, and historical-pedagogical approaches. Based on an analysis of the works of Soviet, Russian, Kazakh, and international scholars, the content of the concepts “giftedness” and “gifted child” is clarified, and their connection with individual psychological characteristics, creativity, and engagement in activity is revealed. It is emphasized that giftedness cannot be reduced to high intelligence indicators and cannot be reliably identified through standard testing procedures; its recognition requires long-term pedagogical observation, individual analysis, and an understanding of the child’s inner state. The study traces the historical continuity of ideas about giftedness in the works of Kazakh educators of the 19th–20th centuries, where special importance is given to the mentorship model of “teacher–student” interaction and to the role of the teacher in unlocking the individual’s potential. It is shown that these ideas are reflected in contemporary theories of giftedness and in educational practice. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of regulatory and legal documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan aimed at identifying, supporting, and developing gifted children, as well as creating institutional conditions for their guidance. The necessity of a culturally determined, individualized, and activity-based approach to working with gifted children is substantiated. Giftedness is viewed as a developable personal resource and a significant societal potential that requires systematic pedagogical support within the modern education system.

This study presents the development of an educational history game about the Three-Day Battle in Surabaya, designed using a branching narrative approach to enhance students’ engagement and historical understanding. Traditional history learning in Indonesia often relies on memorization and lacks interactive media, leading to low student motivation. To address this issue, the game integrates a decision-based narrative structure that allows players to explore consequences, experience alternative paths, and engage with historical events through meaningful choices. The game was developed using the Unity Engine with iterative refinement involving playtesting and feedback-based adjustments to dialogue flow, minigame mechanics, and visual presentation. The evaluation involved 15 participants and employed the GUESS-18 instrument. The results indicate strong user reception, with high scores in Narrative Understanding and Game Engagement, while Playability and Aesthetics received moderate ratings, highlighting areas for visual and interaction improvements. Despite the short testing duration, the game demonstrated potential to support historical learning by increasing immersion and reinforcing students’ understanding of key events and cause–effect relationships during the Surabaya conflict. This study contributes to the field of educational game development by demonstrating the pedagogical value of branching narratives and providing a practical model that can be adapted to other historical topics in future research.

India’s cultural heritage is one of the core strengths of the country. There are several Chitrakala including Madhubani, Warli, Pattachitra, Gond, Kalamkari, Phad, and miniature painting styles which represents artistic philosophy, wisdom. Nowadays, many of these creatives and historical traditions are being threatened due to modernization, environmental deterioration, documentations, rights, etc. These all are priceless assets of our country. Its high time to do the digital preservation of such culture / Chitrakala. Preservation doesn’t mean the digitization. It should be legacy content, long-term preservation, replica, disaster recovery, documentation, etc.In the academic context, College libraries play a vital role to preserve the traditional Chitrkala. College Libraries can evolve from traditional information repositories into dynamic digital knowledge centers. College libraries may derive the mature methodology for the preservation and same may be treated as SoPs (set of protocols). There are five steps to execute the preservation1) Identification of chitrakala (paintings, sketches, manuscripts, visual narratives, etc)2) Identification and implementation of Institutional Repository (IR) using open-source platform including Mirroring, backup of IR3) Digitization of Chitrakala4) Metadata of each component including patent / design details, if any5) Add-on documentation for each component and interlinking with relevant chitrakala. Teaching, research, and multidisciplinary studies would assist to execute this step which helps future generations become more culturally conscious.The development of institutional repositories, digital archives, virtual exhibitions, and open access platforms, college libraries can significantly enhance the visibility, accessibility, and scholarly use of Chitrakala resources at both national and global levels.There are also several challenges for the libraries to do the preservation work. Some of the major challenges are copyright management, technology identification, technical knowledge, budget constraints, specialized training, and support from departments, etc. Sustainable digital solutions, skills building, and legislative assistance are needed to address these problems. This paper highlights how college libraries may significantly contribute to cultural sustainability and knowledge continuity in the digital age by actively participating in the digital preservation of traditional Indian Chitrakala, thereby reaffirming their growing role as guardians of cultural legacy.

How does critical AI studies itself travel, and what happens when it arrives elsewhere? This commentary reflects on the global circulation of critique from the standpoint of East Asia, where layered histories of modernization, technological aspiration, and cultural traditions generate alternative ways of knowing, imagining, and critiquing AI beyond South-North frameworks. Writing from my position as a graduate student from East Asia, now trained in a North American institution, I introduce three analytical vectors-tangle, transplant, and transmute-all of which emerge dialogically through my research on AI innovation in East Asia and through engagement with Asian media scholarship addressing similar concerns. Through vignettes from this research journey, I suggest that these themes illuminate how dominant critical vocabularies encounter local imaginaries, on-the-ground frictions, socio-cultural histories, and divergent ethical orientations. Rather than proposing a unified Asian critical theory of AI, I offer "traveling AI" as a reflexive praxis that centers relational co-constitution, situated reworking, and philosophical reorientation, while remaining attuned to epistemic tensions and power differentials. In dialogue with broader de-westernizing projects, this paper suggests that East Asia can contribute to reimagining critique not as theory from the center or the periphery, but as an ongoing praxis of troubling with in-betweenness.

India is a country of ancient civilization, culture, and traditions. The national heritage of India is a priceless legacy that we have inherited from our ancestors. Indian historical monuments, traditions, customs, literature, and arts are all integral parts of this heritage. Together, these elements establish Indian culture as a unique and rich legacy on the global stage.

The staging of theatrical performances reflects the cultural, historical, and aesthetic traditions of a society. This article analyzes the distinctive features of staging practices in Uzbek, Russian, and English theatres through a comparative methodological approach. Particular attention is given to cultural foundations, actor training traditions, directing methods, and technical stage design. Uzbek theatre is characterized by a strong connection to national cultural heritage, ethnographic elements, and emotional realism. Russian theatre emphasizes psychological depth and systematic actor training, largely influenced by the Stanislavski system and other methodological schools. English theatre combines classical dramaturgical traditions with contemporary stage technologies and experimental visual aesthetics. The study demonstrates that although these theatrical traditions share common artistic principles, they differ significantly in their staging strategies, technological integration, and conceptual directing approaches. These differences reflect their historical development and cultural contexts while contributing to the diversity and evolution of contemporary global theatre practices.

The article discusses the topical issue of using language as a socio-cultural tool, "soft power", a key factor in integration and interstate interaction at the international level, and the legal regulation of its use. The article analyzes the role of language in shaping the national identity of Russian society and its legal system, preserving spiritual and moral values and strengthening a unified legal and cultural space at the international level. In the article, with specific examples, it is noted that language becomes the object of ideological struggle and manipulation, which actualizes the need to develop mechanisms for its protection at the legislative level and to protect society from threats associated with the loss, distortion or displacement of the native language. The authors consider language as an important part of the culture of the people, the "soft power" of cultural integration, as a relay of spiritual and moral values of society at the international level. The authors conclude that language, as a socio-cultural tool, is not only a tool for preserving historical memory and traditions, but also an important resource for international dialogue and cooperation. The legal protection and development of the Russian language at both the national and international levels is not only a cultural and humanitarian task, but also a matter of geostrategic importance for the preservation of Russian statehood and national identity.

Abstract: The pedagogical debate over whether vocal vibrato should be explicitly taught remains unresolved. While vibrato is widely recognized as essential to both technique and musical expression, no standardized teaching methodology exists, leaving instruction highly individualized. Aesthetic preferences, genre conventions, and historical traditions further complicate its role in singing. Part I of this article examines vibrato pedagogy across genres, synthesizing historical and contemporary perspectives. By bridging past and present approaches, these varied points of view offer insights into effective training. Part II will provide practical tools for integrating vibrato instruction into the studio, emphasizing a student-centered, genre-adaptive approach.

Abstract History matching is an essential tool for providing reliable and accurate reservoir models that are useful for prediction and optimization and are routinely used in the petroleum industry. By updating the model based on available dynamic data, the modeling error and uncertainty are reduced systematically. Traditional history matching updates static parameters like porosity and permeability. This work focuses on relative permeability and shows how the relative permeability can be included in the history matching workflow systematically and efficiently, to further improve the predictive capabilities of the updated reservoir model. Our approach’s novelty is associating unique relative permeability curves, based on the LET formulation, to flow regions associated with each well. These flow regions are computed by solving tracer transport equations on the flow field and thus represent the streamlines connecting the injectors and the producers. The data used for the history matching is the production data in the wells. Therefore, flow regions are a natural choice for localizing the update to avoid over-fitting and ensemble collapse. The workflow is demonstrated on the Drogon reservoir model and shows an excellent match of the data both in the training and validation periods. The Drogon model is a synthetic reservoir model made openly available by Equinor for realistic testing of history matching and optimization workflows.

Rooted in historical healing traditions and backed by growing clinical evidence, nature-based prescriptions (GRx) are gaining recognition as low-cost, multifaceted strategies to improve disease prevention. These prescriptions encourage healthcare practitioners to harness the curative properties of nature through structured regimes. However, while many countries have piloted successful GRx programs, widespread integration into clinical practice remains limited, especially in vulnerable communities. We conducted a narrative review synthesizing existing evidence to examine the gap between clinician-initiated GRx and practice. We particularly focus on healthcare system integration, adherence, and equity considerations. Sources were identified using academic databases including Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed alongside gray literature such as government documents and private programs. Evidence was synthesized narratively to identify recurring implementation-relevant patterns across clinical, environmental, and patient-level contexts. Our review found that despite the growing adoption of GRx, their integration into routine clinical practice remains largely stagnant. This has largely been due to recurring patterns related to structured frameworks, limited clinical infrastructure, and inequitable access to greenspace. Across all settings, patient follow-through is consistently hindered due to transportation, safety and time constraints, further exacerbated by environmental and socioeconomic barriers. Based on recurring patterns identified in literature, we propose a practice-informed call-to-action framework grounded in three pillars: access to resources, value and return on investment, and accountability. By expanding resource access, embedding GRx into clinical workflows, building cross-sector partnerships and strengthening accountability mechanisms, GRx can move beyond its niche status to become a scalable, equitable, and standardized part of preventive care.

In this article, the author analyzes the 2024 amendments to German conflict-of-laws regulations governingindividuals’ naming rights. These amendments replaced the lex patriae as the primary rule for establishingindividuals’ naming rights with the lex domicilii. Spouses may also choose a name acquired in another EUMember State, provided the necessary conditions are met. The clear advantages of this new method fordetermining the applicable law governing naming rights include optimally accounting for increased migrationwhile preserving the state language and historical naming traditions of individuals in Germany.

The article examines the origins of the formation of local self-government in independent Ukraine and analyzes the main stages of its development in terms of both form and content from an innovative aspect. This approach make it possible to identify the continuity of historical traditions and attempts to introduce innovative practices in the development of local self-government. In the author’s opinion, focusing only on the legal aspect of the evolution of municipal relations is not sufficient for a full understanding of the nature and dynamics of the development of local self-government. A comprehensive approach, combining interdisciplinary perspectives, make it possible to take into account the real needs of communities and to offer a new vision for their future development. The development of local self-government in Ukraine since the declaration of independence has been innovative in nature, but has been mostly limited to the legal framework - improving structures and competencies. At present, the extensive potential of this development has largely been exhausted: increasing efficiency and approaching European standards is possible only through innovative approaches that go beyond the law and are based on the achievements of political science, urban studies, and public administration, with further consolidation in legislation. From the innovative perspective of the evolution of local self-government, the following stages can be distinguished: 1) 1991-1996 – the introduction of the institution of local self-government as an innovative approach to the territorial organization of public authority and the search for its optimal domestic model; 2) 1996-2004 – constitutionalization of the domestic model of local self-government and its alignment with international legal standards; 3) 2004-2014 – functional and competence-based growth of local self-government, combined with the accumulation of contradictions in its organization and activities; 4) 2014-2022 – reform of local self-government in the context of decentralization as an innovative way of developing the territorial organization of public authority; 5) from February 2022 to the present – innovative growth of the role of local self-government in the field of national security and defense under martial law.

African American teens make up a large demographic on social media platforms - more specifically TikTok. Prior research in HCI and social computing indicates that social media can play a large role in contemporary teen identity formation through both self-expression and self-perception. We build on this research as well as Black girlhood studies by exploring the identity-relevant and culturally-relevant experiences Black teens have through a digital ethnography of TikTok. We study this through the lens of Black prom culture, a historical African American tradition, seen through the #HoodProm and #BlackProm hashtags. We collected and analyzed 219 TikTok videos, observing how Black teens showcase joyful narratives and culturally preserve African American culture on the internet.

This article presents a comprehensive study of the historical roots and developmental trajectory of the phenomenon of open-air music (tianyin yue) in the context of Chinese urban culture.The aim of the study is to trace the continuous evolution of public musicmaking from its origins to its formation as a stable cultural tradition.The author identifies a threefold genesis of this phenomenon, deriving from the syncretic art of baixi, ceremonial performances, and popular street theatre.The methodology is based on historical and cultural analysis, which makes it possible to examine consistently the key stages of transformation.The study begins with an analysis of the archaic ritual and mystical practices of the Xia and Shang periods, which were transformed into large-scale outdoor court festivities.It then goes on to investigate in detail the flourishing of baixi during the Han, Sui, and Tang periods, when performances moved onto city squares and streets and became a mass spectacle.Particular attention is paid to the stage of profes-sionalisation and commercialisation in the Song period, associated with the emergence of the specialised entertainment districts known as gulan washe.The historical overview concludes with an analysis of the diversification of venues in the Ming and Qing dynasties, including permanent street stages (sitai) and the unique "water operas" (chuanxi).The main conclusion of the article is that over the course of millennia, public musical practice in China has shown a steady tendency towards institutionalisation, expansion of scale, and increasing formal complexity, directly dependent on the development of the urban environment, the economy, and social demands.This deep historical tradition has formed a unique cultural code that has predetermined the comprehensive, adaptive, and highly diverse character of the existence of music in contemporary public spaces in China.

Currently, higher education is actively advancing the construction of “New Liberal Arts” and emphasizing the concept of “practice-oriented education”. Against this background, how to organically integrate academic training, social care, and the cultivation of students’ comprehensive abilities in traditional history teaching have become a practical challenge. This study focuses on the reform of university oral history courses and proposes a “community memory practice” teaching model. This model deeply integrates the collection, interpretation, and inheritance of local historical memory into teaching, promoting the transformation of teaching from “knowledge transmission” to “literacy development” and “community participation”. Taking Zhaoqing, a national historical and cultural city, as the practice field, we guide students to conduct in-depth exploration of local history from dimensions such as spatial changes, the polysemy of events, and the living inheritance of intangible cultural heritage through oral history interviews and field investigations. Practice shows that this model not only helps cultivate students’ historical empathy, critical thinking, and field research capabilities but also promotes the transformation of academic achievements into public cultural products, achieving a win-win situation for education, practice, and services. This study aims to provide an operable and promotable teaching plan for the reform of oral history and related humanities courses in universities.

Excessive salt intake (ESI) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), united by shared historical, cultural, and culinary traditions, face this problem on a particularly significant scale. Aim. To summarize data on the prevalence of ESI in the CIS countries, analyze its causes, and present the countries' experiences in implementing measures to limit salt consumption at the population level. Material and methods. We analyzed available literature and surveyed experts from Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan as part of the working group "Health Economics and Population Prevention" of the CIS Basic Organization in Internal and Preventive Medicine. The experts provided detailed answers to questions about the level and sources of salt consumption, regional variability, iodized salt use, and current population-based measures. Results. Average 24-hour salt consumption in the CIS countries is 2-3,5 times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended safe level (5 g/day), ranging from 9,8 g/day in Armenia to 17,8 g/day in Kazakhstan. The main dietary sources of salt are bread, processed meat and dairy products, national dishes, and beverages. The key ESI causes are ingrained cultural and culinary traditions and the lack of comprehensive regulatory frameworks. Mandatory universal salt iodization is enshrined in law only in some CIS countries (Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan). Measures to reduce excess salt consumption in the region are fragmented and primarily limited to information campaigns. There is a lack of mandatory labeling, legal restrictions on salt content in products, and advertising. Conclusion. CIS countries face a similar, significant problem of excess salt consumption, requiring coordinated action. The most effective approach is the implementation of comprehensive national strategies combining legislative, regulatory, and educational measures. Reducing excess salt intake is recognized as a high-return investment in public health. To achieve greater impact, coordinated actions are needed across international platforms, such as the CIS and the Eurasian Economic Union.

Hyderabad, one of India’s most historically cosmopolitan cities, is a laboratory for practising religious liberty and cultural identity sustenance. Hyderabad, a cosmopolitan city since its inception, has characteristics that accommodate all communities in all regions without discrimination. Hyderabad has long been marked by a deep-rooted tradition of religious pluralism and the kingdoms that encouraged interfaith tolerance and peaceful coexistence. Freedom of religion is enacted through the interaction of historical traditions, constitutional safeguards, and the everyday practices of migrant communities. Drawing on ethnographic research with Bengali and Bihari groups, the study analyses Durga Puja and Chhath Puja as arenas of migrants who reproduce their traditional rituals and practices in a cosmopolitan city. The study shows that religious freedom in India is not a static right but a lived, place-based phenomenon. It highlights how migrants preserve their traditions and regional identities while participating in a shared civic culture, emphasizing the strength of pluralism in contemporary South Asia.

The integration of educational tablets in secondary school classrooms has emerged as a key strategy for transforming history teaching and learning in Tanzania. This study explored how tablets influence instructional techniques, teacher preparedness, and student engagement among history teachers in public secondary schools in Bagamoyo District. A mixed-methods approach employing a convergent parallel design was adopted, combining quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews with 30 teachers, including both history specialists and general academic staff. Findings indicate that tablets enhance lesson planning by providing access to multimedia resources, digital notes, interactive materials, and structured learning paths, allowing teachers to design more adaptive and student-centered lessons. Tablets also strengthen teacher preparedness by supporting historical research, collaborative lesson development, formative assessment, and classroom management, while fostering pedagogical innovation and confidence in content delivery. In addition, tablet-based tools such as digital exhibitions, interactive timelines, and multimedia presentations facilitate teachers’ engagement with history content, improving comprehension, critical thinking, and instructional effectiveness. Challenges identified include limited device availability, inconsistent internet connectivity, insufficient training, and unclear policy guidance, which constrain optimal tablet utilization. Addressing these barriers requires investment in infrastructure, professional development, policy frameworks, and localized, curriculum-aligned digital resources. By enabling interactive, participatory, and inquiry-driven learning, tablets contribute to transforming traditional history classrooms into dynamic environments that support 21st-century educational goals. The study highlights the potential of technology to enhance teacher competence, instructional quality, and student learning outcomes when integrated thoughtfully within pedagogical practices.