Abstract The recently excavated double church at the site of al-Jumayil (Bishoprich of Madaba, Jordan), devoid of inscriptions, has been tentatively dated to the late 6th century CE, based on stratigraphic evidence, architectural parallels with securely dated churches, and stylistic analysis of mosaic floors. This study aims to advance understanding of the complex’s chronological development through a multidisciplinary approach. The primary methodology involves radiocarbon dating organic inclusions found in the construction mortars used for joint filling and wall coating, alongside an investigation into the mortars’ production technology. The results are integrated with data from previous archaeological excavations and relevant historical sources to refine the site’s chronological framework and address existing gaps in the architectural sequence. The results showed the use of three recipes with varying percentages of organic and inorganic inclusions to produce lime-based white plaster and dark gray mortar coatings and fillings. The results indicate that the complex was constructed in the late 6th to the first half of the 7th centuries CE and underwent stages of ecclesiastical use, destruction, and post-ecclesiastical use before its collapse and abandonment. The results are in good agreement with the regional widespread church construction during the late Byzantine period, a period of regional economic prosperity.

The physician and chemist Heinrich Mückter (1914-87) is widely known for his role in developing thalidomide at Grünenthal, whose market launch led to one of the most serious pharmaceutical scandals in history. Less scholarly attention has been paid, however, to his involvement in Nazi Germany's typhus control and vaccine research and production between 1942 and 1945. Drawing on a variety of historical sources, this article reconstructs his work at a delousing facility in the Białystok District and at the Institute for Typhus and Virus Research of the German Army High Command in Krakow under hygienist Hermann Eyer (1906-97). We show that Mückter participated in a racially framed typhus control programme and in ethically dubious vaccine production methods. He also conducted unethical and methodologically questionable vaccine experiments on human beings in Krakow, including underage test subjects and exploiting the structural vulnerability of the occupied Polish population. In addition, we reassess assumptions about cooperation between Eyer's Wehrmacht institute and the research station at Buchenwald concentration camp under SS physician Erwin Ding-Schuler (1912-45). Taken together, we argue that Mückter operated within a broader network of civilian and military scientists, health officials, and representatives of the pharmaceutical industry who accelerated the erosion of ethical boundaries in biomedical research and contributed to an exterminatory health and population policy in the occupied East. These practices, termed the 'Nazi typhus complex', reveal how preventive medicine, biomedical research, and exterminatory policies were intertwined in the context of an anti-Slavic war of annihilation and the Holocaust.

This paper examines the role and significance of the Bosnian ayans during the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), a period in which the Bosnian Eyalet, for the first time on a larger scale, became a military theatre—an area of devastation and suffering. The study highlights the social engagement and sense of responsibility demonstrated by the ayans, particularly during decisive moments of the conflict. Special attention is given to the petitions they addressed to the Ottoman capital, through which they reported on the deeply alarming situation in Bosnia and urgently requested military assistance in terms of manpower and material resources. Evidence suggests that some of these appeals yielded certain positive outcomes. Nevertheless, historical sources indicate that, at the time, the ayans across the Bosnian Eyalet were not always equal to the task. The paper also presents examples in which members of the urban elite neglected their duties and abused their authority. Such conduct-especially under wartime conditions-may be regarded as a betrayal of the interests of the Ottoman state, which, as was often the case, ultimately inflicted the greatest suffering upon the local population.

The article reflects on personal correspondence as a historical source that once held significant value not only as a testament to its time but also for literary, theatrical, and music scholars. Among the materials preserved in the Archive of the National Museum is an extensive collection of correspondence from dozens of notable figures in Czech — and, in some cases, international — culture and science. The article highlights two distinguished figures: František Petiška-Vinant, a physician, poet, prose writer, and actor with the Jára Cimrman Theatre, and academic painter Drahomíra Dvořáková, known for her distinctive illustrations and hundreds of portraits of prominent personalities.

ABSTRACT Linkage methods for constructing historical longitudinal datasets range from manual matching to fully automated procedures, with or without the use of machine-learning techniques or other forms of artificial intelligence. This article examines the extent to which these record-linkage techniques are transparent, repeatable, and consistent, focusing on two aspects that may be regarded as black boxes: the involvement of experts when algorithms fail to produce an unambiguous result, and the use of machine-learning methods based on trained data. At which stages are linkage outcomes shaped by human judgment (beyond the initial formulation of rules and techniques), and what are the strengths and weaknesses of such interventions? The wide variety – and often remarkable ingenuity – of linkage procedures employed across different databases provides an important starting point for this analysis. At the same time, it becomes clear that many publications offer limited transparency when describing specific steps or decision-making processes. Although this critique of black-box elements is fundamental, it does not detract from the substantial effort and impressive creativity with which researchers have addressed the challenge of record linkage. The article concludes with a discussion offering suggestions to establish a stronger foundation for (semi-)manually linked databases and to improve the manual component of the record-linkage process in a more systematic manner. Owing to the limited scope of this article, the analysis focuses on the record-linkage practices of several major databases containing historical nominal data.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the implementation of the Deep learning approach in history learning at SMA Negeri 4 Semarang, including aspects of lesson planning, classroom implementation, the challenges encountered, and the efforts made to optimize its application. This research employs a qualitative method with a case study approach conducted at SMA Negeri 4 Semarang during the even semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. The research subjects consist of history teachers and students involved in the learning process. Data collection techniques include observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, with source and technique triangulation applied to ensure the validity of the data. The results show that the implementation of Deep learning has been integrated into lesson planning through learning objectives based on higher order thinking skills, the selection of contextual learning materials, the use of active learning models such as Project-Based Learning, Problem-Based Learning, and Discovery Learning, as well as the application of authentic assessment. The implementation of learning demonstrates active student engagement through discussions, analysis of historical sources, presentations, and project-based activities. However, the implementation of this approach still faces challenges, including differences in students’ critical thinking abilities and teachers’ adaptation to the new approach. Overall, the Deep learning approach at SMA Negeri 4 Semarang contributes to creating history learning that is joyful, meaningful, and mindful for students.This implies that the application of the Deep Learning approach in history learning promotes a more student-centered learning process. Therefore, this research contributes to the body of knowledge on the implementation of Deep Learning in history education at the senior high school level, as well as providing practical contributions for teachers and educational institutions in developing more innovative, contextual, and student-centred learning strategies.

The nomenclatural status of Bufo praetextatus Boie, 1826, described based on specimens collected by Jan Cock Blomhoff, has long been uncertain. Although this binomen has priority over the widely used B. japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1838, its application has been hindered by lost type material and misinterpretation of its original description. Through a detailed textual analysis of Boie’s work and corroboration from historical sources, we demonstrate that terms previously interpreted as type localities (“Vitikairu, Fikikojeru et Nakfudo”) are in fact phonetic transcriptions of vernacular Japanese names for toads. Furthermore, Boie’s description lists a broad distribution across Japan, not one restricted to Nagasaki. With Blomhoff’s collections including regions now known to be inhabited by three distinct, hybridizing species of Japanese Bufo (B. japonicus, B. formosus, B. torrenticola), it is impossible to determine which species Boie’s specimens represented. We therefore conclude that Bufo praetextatus Boie, 1826 must be considered a nomen dubium and that the prevailing use of B. japonicus should be maintained to ensure nomenclatural stability and accuracy.

This article interrogates the concept of Indigeneity in South Asia through the case of the Bhīls, one of the largest Adivasi groups in India. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, and historical sources, it examines how Bhīl identity becomes articulated as ‘Adivasi’ in moments of state recognition and displacement. While the term ‘Indigenous’ has remained largely unfamiliar to most Adivasis, it has been adopted by certain Adivasi groups and tribal leaders for strategic purposes: to advance claims to land ownership, foreground histories of displacement, and demand social justice. However, the means and methods of claiming Indigeneity remain rooted in paradigms drawn from colonial anthropology, census classifications, and postcolonial bureaucratic criteria, particularly using the category of ‘Scheduled Tribe’. Such paradigms have naturalized essentialist notions of tribal autochthony, isolation, and cultural distinctiveness, thus giving rise to the idea of Adivasi as the ‘other’ of Hindu traditions. These frameworks continue to shape how Adivasis must enact ‘tribalness’, specifically by removing any association with what might be perceived to comprise Hindu traditions, in order to secure recognition and rights. One notable way this enactment occurs is when well- intentioned folklorists claim Indigeneity by constructing histories of religious origins, thereby replicating Indigeneity using the outdated criteria of origins and autochthony. Therefore, this article argues for reconceptualizing Indigeneity not as a timeless essence but as a discourse strategically mobilized in response to dispossession, displacement, and struggles over land and sovereignty. In the South Asian context, Indigeneity emerges as a political vocabulary of belonging, rather than a static identity rooted in origins.

One of the current issues of military-historical science in the Russian Federation at the present stage is the search for data about participants of the First World War. As is known, in Soviet historiography this military campaign was considered “imperialistic”. Accordingly, it was not among the topical themes for study. In the Soviet Union, veterans of the First World War, even true heroes, did not enjoy any benefits. Due to ideology, they did not consider this war a subject of pride; even vice versa, they tried in every way to disguise and level their participation and combat feats, and the memory of those who died during the battles was almost forgotten. The purpose of the study is to investigate the biography of Nabiulla Akhmetgareevich Vakhitov (1886–1940) – a participant of the First World and Civil Wars. Special attention in the article is paid to his military service: first as a lower rank of the Russian Imperial Army, and later as an officer of an infantry reserve regiment. The actualization of interest in this persona is also due to the fact that he was a prominent figure in the socialist movement among the Tatars, as well as an associate and relative of the revolutionary Mullanur Vakhitov. The leading method in studying the biography of N.A. Vakhitov was an integrated approach based on the research of various types of sources. Special historical studies (monographs and research articles), published and unpublished historical sources of the early 20th century are involved in the work. Thanks to the service record of Praporshchik N.A. Vakhitov found in the archive, new facts from his biography were revealed; important aspects related to his military service in various units of the Imperial Army were detailed; the time, place, and exact name of the military educational institution he graduated from during the First World War, which was previously unknown, were clarified. For citation: Abdullin Kh.M. Officer Nabiulla Akhmetgareevich Vakhitov (1886–1940) – a Participant of the First World War. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2026, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 73–82. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2026-16-1.73-82 (In Russian)

The study of ethnocultural and everyday contacts of the Middle Volga multi-ethnic agrarian societies imposes a special responsibility on humanitarian researchers. The named topic belongs to the category of complex and delicate ones, and, due to its emotional perception by society, like no other, requires carefully thought-out, balanced assessments. The Middle Volga village is distinguished by a multinational and poly-confessional composition of the population. Neighboring for centuries, ethnic and confessional groups of the peasantry found their niche in its socio-cultural space and learned to find a common language with each other in various spheres of everyday life. In the era of capitalist modernization, their interaction became even more intensive. The author of the article directly links the success in developing these issues with the identification and extraction of the necessary information from a large array of historical sources and the conduct of a critical evaluation of the information. Finding this circumstance extremely important, he focuses his attention on the source study aspect of the study of the topic, shares his own search experience with the scientific audience, and analyzes the information potential of the documentary base available to researchers. For citation: Nikolaev G.A. Ethnocultural and Everyday Contacts of the Rural Population of the Kazan and Simbirsk Governorates in the Second Half of the 19th – early 20th Centuries: Source Study Aspect. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2026, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 54–72. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2026-16-1.54-72 (In Russian)

This case report details an exploratory instructional session for dental students led by librarian-instructors at the University at Buffalo. Using historical source materials from the Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection, an hour-long session was developed to introduce year-one dental students to the history of their profession and its ongoing collaboration with important clinical populations. At the request of course faculty, the University at Buffalo's Dental Liaison Librarian, History of Medicine Curator, and History of Medicine Archivist were invited to develop and lead a session on the history of dentistry for a first-year course, Profession, Practice, and Community Dentistry (PDO 801). A core feature of this course is the introduction of students to eight underserved dental patient populations-referred to as "communities of focus." To supplement student learning, library staff utilized the holdings of the Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection to bring together stories, artifacts, and printed materials that spoke not only to the history of the profession, but also to the history of the communities of focus. Thought prompts were developed to guide students during a textual analysis activity that analyzed representative materials. Overall, this interdisciplinary collaboration provided the opportunity to develop and implement a syllabus-informed historical instructional session that offered targeted insights into dentistry's past. Through guided discussions, hands-on exploration, and textual analysis of historic materials, instructors worked to inspire and educate participating dental students as they progress further along their path as providers of patient-forward care.

Background. Scheuermann's disease is a structural spinal deformity characterised by thoracic or thoracolumbar hyperkyphosis, defined by anterior wedging of ≥5° across three or more contiguous vertebrae, Schmorl's nodes, and endplate irregularities. Incidence ranges from 0.4% to 10% in adolescents. The atypical form shows higher prevalence among young athletes. Aim. The purpose of this article is to evaluate and summarise the current state of knowledge regarding Scheuermann's disease. Material and methods. A narrative literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, and Scopus, with keywords related to Scheuermann's disease. English-language articles from September 2015 to January 2026 were included, with exceptions for historical sources. Results. The natural course is mostly benign. Conservative treatment, comprising of physiotherapy, bracing, and analgesia, aims to halt progression, reduce pain, and improve posture, with bracing achieving approximately 50% correction and major pain improvement. Surgical treatment, standardised as a posterior approach, offers adequate correction with fewer complications than anterior-posterior approach. The key complication is junctional kyphosis. Sports participation is permitted post-treatment, as tolerated. Conclusions. Scheuermann's disease is an important cause of juvenile thoracic hyperkyphosis, with persisting gaps in etiology, diagnostics, and management. Most patients lead normal lives. Conservative treatment is sufficient in most cases, with surgery reserved for patients that didn’t respond to initial measures. Deformity progression is reported in long-term observations, regardless of treatment.

History represents a set of facts from the past events that were real and genuinely occurred in their time. Historical sources are crucial for reconstructing and generalizing history so that it can be comprehended by students. However, the limited availability of historical sources poses a significant challenge for students when learning history. This limitation can be addressed by utilizing museum websites as learning resources. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of museum websites as a learning resource for history education. Research and Development (R&D) methodology was employed in this study. The research sample consisted of 180 high school students selected from a population of 564 students in Pekanbaru City using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out through observations, expert validation questionnaires, product trial questionnaires, and historical thinking skills tests. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively using t-tests to assess the impact of museum websites as a learning resource for students. The results indicated that the developed museum website was valid and reliable, and the t-test analysis showed a significant impact of the museum website as a history learning resource, with a significance value of 0.000 (less than 0.05).

The extensor muscles of the hand play a crucial role in thumb and finger movement. Thumb extension is primarily mediated by the extensor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis brevis muscle, and extension of the index finger is facilitated by the extensor indicis muscle and extensor digitorum muscle. This report describes a rare anatomical variation, the extensor pollicis et indicis accessorius, in which a single tendon bifurcated to insert on both the index finger and thumb. This variation was identified bilaterally during routine dissection of a 92-year-old female donor. The donor had been embalmed with a formaldehyde-based fixation method. On each side, an accessory extensor pollicis et indicis accessorius muscle was present in the deep posterior compartment of the forearm, giving rise to a single tendon that bifurcated distally to insert on both the dorsal aspect of the thumb and the dorsal expansion of the index finger. Measurements of the extensor pollicis et indicis accessorius muscle were not significantly different. Several case studies have documented the existence of such anomalies, but bilateral descriptions are rare. Historical and contemporary sources differ in defining extensor pollicis et indicis accessorius. Based on a comprehensive literature review and the present bilateral anatomical finding, this report recommends using the term extensor pollicis et indicis accessorius muscle for this configuration and proposes revising existing classification systems to include accessory extensor muscles originating from the extensor pollicis longus muscle, the extensor indicis muscle, or the ulna, rather than limiting them to extensor pollicis longus muscle anomalies.

ABSTRACT Photography was strictly regulated in concentration camps, and usually, only SS photographers were allowed to take pictures. However, an exceptional case from Auschwitz is documented in which prisoners were allowed to design pictures within the SS photo studio. The uniqueness of this case sheds lights on the practices of photography controlled by the perpetrators, and the implications for the usage of their visual documentation today. I analyze these photographs according to a method I coined ‘integrated visual history,’ reading them within their context of origin to turn ostensible unspectacular wedding photos into historical sources for defiance and expressions of agency.

The future is new: Historical versus contemporary medicinal plant knowledge in Jamaica.

ABSTRACT The French siege that took place at the Grand Village of the Natchez in 1730 was an important battle that resulted in the expulsion of the Natchez people from their homeland. Here I describe the ten detailed narratives of this battle and the three contemporaneous maps of the battlefield that have survived. I also consider the relationships of the various authors to the events they chronicled. The narratives are largely consistent with each other, although their structures vary according to each author’s perspective and sources of information. The maps provide the spatial context for understanding the narratives, as well as crucial information on how the French and Native combatants were deployed. This review lays the groundwork for the two articles that follow in this issue: a translation of the Delaye narrative (Sayre 2026) and an archaeological investigation of the battlefield (Boudreaux et al. 2026).

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Alfred Frauenfeld’s memorandum on the problems of administering the occupied eastern territories as a historical source reflecting internal debates and contradictions within the system of Nazi administration in Ukrainian lands during the Second World War. The focus is placed on clarifying the circumstances of the document’s creation, its substantive content, the author’s line of argumentation, and its place within the broader context of the formation of the Third Reich’s occupation policy. The scholarly novelty of the article lies in an integrated reading of the memorandum through the prism of everyday administrative practice and intra-governmental competition within the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine». The document is examined not only as a source of factual information but also as evidence of an attempt to reconsider the occupation strategy. The study specifies the nature of Frauenfeld’s criticism concerning particular policy areas-education, culture, agrarian relations, and labor mobilization and demonstrates that the alternatives he proposed were pragmatic rather than humanitarian in character, aimed at increasing the efficiency of control over the region. Conclusions. Frauenfeld’s memorandum reveals deep discrepancies between the ideological directives of the Nazi leadership and the practical requirements of governing the occupied territories. The document reflects an effort to explain the growth of resistance and the decline of local loyalty as consequences of miscalculations in administrative policy, without questioning the fundamental principles of the occupation regime. As a source, it makes it possible to trace decision-making mechanisms, competition among various occupation authorities, and the transformation of approaches to the organization of «Eastern policy». Its critical analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of Nazi rule in Ukraine and sheds light on the internal logic of the occupation apparatus. Keywords: Nazi occupation, Reichskommissariat «Ukraine», Alfred Frauenfeld, memorandum, administrative policy, occupation authorities, Second World War, Southern Ukraine.

Civic education serves as a key instrument for citizenship formation, although its orientation varies across national contexts. This study comparatively analyses civic education in Malaysia and Indonesia by examining how historical experience, national identity, and socio-cultural contexts shape curriculum orientation and civic values. Using a qualitative literature-based approach, the study analyses academic articles, policy documents, curriculum guidelines, and historical sources from both countries. The findings reveal distinct developmental trajectories. In Malaysia, civic education evolved from Pendidikan Sivik to Pendidikan Sivik dan Kewarganegaraan, emphasising patriotism, ethnic harmony, and social cohesion in response to multicultural pluralism. In contrast, civic education in Indonesia is anchored in Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, with Pancasila functioning as the ideological foundation for national identity, democratic values, and citizenship responsibilities. Overall, the study demonstrates that while both countries employ civic education for nation-building, differences in historical experience and ideological orientation lead to divergent curricular emphases and civic outcomes.

Da‘wah represents a fundamental mission of Islam aimed at guiding humanity through ethical communication and intellectual engagement. Among the Qur’anic approaches to da‘wah, hikmah functions as a central methodological principle that emphasizes knowledge, moderation, empathy, and contextual understanding. This article examines hikmah as an effective method of da‘wah and investigates how it was practically embodied through the preaching activities of early Muslim women during the Prophetic era. Employing qualitative and historical analysis based on Qur’anic teachings, Prophetic traditions, and early Islamic historical sources, the study explores women’s participation in religious instruction, transmission of hadith, moral counselling, social reform, and family-based religious guidance. The findings reveal that early Muslim women were active representative in the dissemination of Islamic teachings and applied wisdom-centred strategies that strengthened communal learning and spiritual development. Their approaches reflected intellectual authority, ethical persuasion, and socially responsive communication, demonstrating that women’s da‘wah contributions were integral to the formation of the early Muslim community. The article argues that the Prophetic model establishes an inclusive framework of da‘wah in which hikmah operates as a guiding principle, offering enduring insights for contemporary Islamic preaching and women’s engagement in religious outreach.