BackgroundResearch has emphasized the importance of helping children develop understandings of death that are conceptually healthy accurate and emotionally supportive. Yet, open conversations about death remain stigmatized, particularly with children. Nonetheless, children express curiosity and a desire to discuss and understand death. Adults, however, report having feelings of discomfort and being too unqualified to facilitate these dialogues. Because adults may believe these discussions are unnecessary, there is a need to clarify the depth of children's knowledge of death.Study AimsThis review sought to clarify what children understand about death and how they come to learn about it.ResultsFindings suggest that children develop an understanding of death through several key components across childhood. There are three core dimensions widely agreed upon in the literature: (1) biological cessation, (2) irreversibility, and (3) universality. There are also additional components that remain more actively explored and less consistently established. These include (4) applicability, (5) personal mortality, (6) causality, and (7) noncorporeal continuation. This knowledge may be acquired naturally through cognitive development and can also be shaped by direct exposure (e.g., the death of a loved one or pet) and/or indirect experiences (e.g., media depictions). When learned indirectly and without guidance, there is an increased risk of children formulating inaccurate or distressing attitudes toward death.ImplicationsBuilding on these insights, we offer developmentally adapted approaches for supporting children's understanding of death within pedagogical settings.

Inconsistent outcome measurement in depression psychotherapy trials: A systematic historical and meta-analytic review over the past 50years.

East African human-wildlife conflict: Policy challenges and proposed solutions from Kenya.

This article critically reflects on the participation of men in Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG), a discipline whose expressive and aesthetic nature has been socially and pedagogically associated with femininity. From a gender perspective, it analyses how sport has operated as a device for reproducing stereotypes, limiting access to certain physical practices based on sexual characteristics. Through a theoretical and historical review, the pedagogical origins of RG are examined, tracing the influence of methods developed by Dalcroze, Bode and Medau and how these influenced its recognition as a sport exclusively for women. The literature review conducted in scientific databases reveals an alarming scarcity of research on the opinion of male participants in RG. These studies present discourses that reveal cultural tensions surrounding the incorporation of men, evidencing acceptance and rejection in different competitive contexts. It is concluded that the effective inclusion of men in this discipline requires not only regulatory modifications, but also an educational approach that breaks down prejudices, stereotypes and gender biases that associate practices with a specific gender. It is argued that RG, far from being an exclusively female practice, constitutes an opportunity to diversify bodily experience, overcome hegemonic models of masculinity and move towards a critical and inclusive physical education.

Women in Geology: An Historical Review

This article analyzes the career of Adolphe Tonduz (1862–1921) as a key figure in botany and early conservation awareness in Costa Rica. Through a detailed historical review, it examines his training in Switzerland, his arrival in the country at the end of the 19th century, and his central role at the Physical-Geographical Institute, where he led the collection and inventory of flora. Tonduz carried out systematic and rigorous work that allowed him to document nearly 20,000 specimens and consolidate the National Herbarium, providing a lasting scientific foundation for understanding Costa Rican biodiversity. The text also highlights the institutional tensions and limited recognition he faced as a collector, as well as his intellectual response through the publication of Herborizations in Costa Rica. Beyond his taxonomic contributions, the study underscores the value of his landscape observations and his early critique of deforestation associated with agricultural expansion and transportation infrastructure. Overall, the article vindicates Tonduz not only as a botanist, but as a precursor of the conservationist perspective that underpins the country's environmental management today.

Since the introduction of modern Western medicine to China, Chinese medical education, including dental education, had undergone profound changes, gradually shifting from the traditional family inheritance or apprenticeship model to the modern medical school education system. Chinese dentists actively engaged in educational practice, and successively established 8 dental schools during modern times (1909-1949). Among them, Shanghai Dental College, as the only institution successfully registered with the education department and continued to operate after the founding of People's Republic of China, held a special historical position. Currently, systematic research on the background and process of its establishment is still insufficient. This article reviews the background of the establishment and development process of Shanghai Dental College, focusing on the school construction process, facilities, course system, teachers and student training, to better understand the efforts of modern Chinese dentists in promoting dental education, and enrich the historical research of stomatology.

Pediatric bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are valuable procedures, used by pediatric pulmonologists in a wide variety of clinical scenarios. Reports of indications for BAL include investigations of infectious processes, for unusual or poorly responsive pneumonia, and non-infections reasons, including interstitial lung disease and aspiration syndromes. BAL in pediatric asthma is occasionally done in severe and uncontrolled asthma, to rule out co-morbid conditions or to investigate asthma phenotypes. We report here the results of BAL in young children with global pre-BAL diagnoses, with comprehensive analysis of the BAL cellularity and culture results, and with a post hoc review by an allergist. The results of BAL in children with enigmatic pulmonary processes were compared to the expected BAL cellularity in normal children, obtained by an expanded historical mini review. The initial objective was to perform a mini review of the collective published data for normal/control children with BAL differential cell counts with the purpose of using the results to compare normals to the information obtained on the symptomatic children with BAL results from pulmonologists in our combined allergy-pulmonary division. The exploratory study group was children 0-6 years of age who underwent a BAL from 2000 to 2024 at an academic pulmonary-allergy division. The children had presumptive diagnoses requiring investigation, including the most common diagnoses of asthma, chronic cough, aspiration, or refractory bronchitis, and in this post hoc protocol only the diagnoses provided on the pre- and/or post-operative summary by the divisional pulmonologist(s) performing the BAL were used in the post hoc analysis. Secondarily, the operative day pre- and/or post-lavage diagnoses were used to divide the children into groups (based on operative day diagnoses) to stratify their lavage results, based on eosinophils, neutrophils, culture positivity and lipid-laden macrophages. Normative data collected from the literature was used as the historically expected results for the BAL group(s) analysis. A mini review of BAL cellularity across 25+ years of literature was performed to establish normative data for our subsequent analysis. Both eosinophils and neutrophils are low or absent in normal children based on the comprehensive literature review. As a part of a larger cohort of 500 children ages 0-20 years, 317 children ages 0-6 were selected for review. The protocol was approved by the University Institutional Review Board. Using the mini review as reference, we found that eosinophil counts of one or more were recovered in over 20% of all children, regardless of bronchoscopy indication. Neutrophilia > 50% of cells and/or bacteria colony counts > 100,000 organisms were also frequent findings (>50 percent of the children). As a separate observation, lipid-laden macrophages did not isolate to aspiration indications for the bronchoscopy and lavage. An updated mini review of the cellularity expected in control children provided a context to the findings in our studied exploratory sample population. There was a high recovery of neutrophils coupled with culture positivity found across all children undergoing BAL. Eosinophils > 1 were present in up to 25% with a pre-lavage asthmatic symptom indication, but almost an equal percentage in other children with non-asthma-like conditions was surprising. Lipid-laden macrophage data was unhelpful.

The ancient knowledge of sericulture is partially obscure and definitively not known, however believed to be of accidental nature during Pre-Christian era between 2700 and 2200BC. There are two views on the origin of sericulture in the world, but for sure both India and China were the pioneers in silk production. According to the first view, the earliest authenticated literature of Chou-King of China mentioned that the empress Si-Ling-Chi, (cf. Leizu the wife of emperor of Hoang-Ti) in her very young age of 14 years invented the technique of separation of silk thread from the silk cocoon developed extensively yet naturally in the garden adjacent to the mansion. This has been reflected in the writing of Confucius (551- 479BC). The formal earliest record of silk can be traced back from the necklace obtained from the skull of child neck under burials at the excavation site of Nevasa within Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra (approx. 1500 BC). The necklace was made up of ‘seventeen barrel-shaped copper beads strung with threads’ and these threads according to A.N. Gulati, an eminent archaeologist, was a white silk apparently spun from cocoon on a cotton nep. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlements (2295 BC-3000 BC) in South India provides testimony of use of silk and obviously silk sericulture is considered as older than that. A Buddhist monk or missionary is credited with bringing the Chinese techniques of silk-reeling to India during the Gupta period (400 – 600 AD) and similarly the previous traveller might have brought the eggs of Bombyx mori.

Cell therapy for brain tumors: The first 60 years.

Reimagining primary health care: a historical and contemporary scoping review of community-based primary health care models and innovations.

In 1806, French physician Baron Jean-Louis Alibert saw a man with a desquamating rash and skin tumours. Alibert considered this to be a variant of yaws. In 1829 Alibert named the condition mycosis fungoides (MF), meaning 'mushroom-like fungal disease'. Over 100 years later, French dermatologist Albert Sézary published papers from 1938 to 1949 detailing a mysterious disease containing 'cellules monstrueuses', describing cutaneous 'monster cells'. In 1961, these clinical findings were collated together into 'Sézary syndrome'. In the 1870s English dermatologist William Tilbury Fox published a dermatology atlas detailing cases similar to what we know now as MF, with the name 'fibroma fungoides'. The atlas described MF as a type of fungus, before giving a description of yaws and painting a clinical picture that differed from that of a lymphoma. Over the twentieth century, our understandings of the origins of MF were changing and by 1975 the classification system and term we now recognize as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) was developed. Neoplastic cells have been thought to arise from chronic activation of T cells via antigen-presenting cells due to inappropriate cytokines and C-C chemokine receptors. In 2018, the World Health Organization and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer officially recognized four variants of MF. These are the classic Alibert-Bazin variant and its three variants: folliculotropic MF, pagetoid reticulosis and granulomatous slack skin. Developments in immunohistochemistry for the T-cell receptor gene in the 1990s improved the diagnosis of CTCL; however, diagnosis is still challenging. Advanced MF therapies have evolved from cytotoxic chemotherapy to novel monoclonal antibodies such as mogamulizumab, targeting proteins on T-cell lymphoma cells.

From Lichtleiter to Laser: A 200-Year Odyssey of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors.

Educational Resource repositories are a common tool used by institutions and organizations – public and private – to provide spaces to gather and access resources. We conducted a historical review of 152 OER repositories from the past two decades, identified through a comprehensive review of academic literature. This revealed that a large proportion of formerly acclaimed OER platforms are now inactive or defunct – some even by the time of publication of the papers that cite them – raising questions about their impact and sustainability. We investigated sociotechnical and institutional factors potentially affecting the lifespan of these platforms, including funding type, the presence or lack of community-building tools and user contributions, and types of ownership, platform, resource, and access. This study also outlines inconsistencies in the terminology and criteria used to define OER repositories and proposes a clarifying typology to differentiate them from other resource platforms, such as referatories and proprietary Open Access resource platforms. This research does not provide definitive reasons for the failure of repositories but establishes a foundation for future research on the longevity, sustainability, and evolution of OER infrastructures.

Molasse: a historical review of 200 years of research

It is essential to comprehend the current U.S.-Canadian trade relations and their potential future implications, as they can have significant and far-reaching consequences. The effects of Trump’s recent 2025 tariffs will be analyzed by taking a closer look at five major industries of trade, immediate effects on the national economies, public and expert attitudes, as well as potential future outcomes. First, the literature review will discuss the significance of this research. Second, a historical review will examine U.S.-Canadian trade relations overall and across five major industries. Third, a regression analysis will project trade levels under a best-case scenario; next, there will be a discussion of public opinions regarding the policy; finally, there will be a discussion on the optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic future scenarios backed up with expert views.

Food-borne infections originating from Turkey but detected abroad: A historical review and recommendations.

The purpose of this article is to describe Chicago's public health response to the Venezuelan migrants during its New Arrival Mission, review key challenges that plagued The Mission, and make recommendations for transcultural providers. In this historical review, interviews with key informants are conducted. Additional information is curated from press releases, gray literature, and media outlets. Starting in 2022, Chicago initiated the New Arrival Mission, providing housing, education, and health care including mental health services to approximately 50,000 migrants until 2025. This article reviews public health crises, including infectious disease outbreaks in large, congregate shelters and health care access of this population that challenged the existing health care delivery model. Chicago successfully leveraged preexisting models and forged collaborations between diverse stakeholders helping to mitigate poor public health outcomes for both migrants and Chicagoans. Transcultural providers are advised to foster partnerships across organizations to address challenges during a migration crisis.

This study investigates the effectiveness of human resource (HR) labor dispute resolution strategies in Zambian workplaces, focusing on disputes reported from 2000 to 2023. The research objectives include causes of labor disputes, resolution strategies, challenges faced in dispute management, and recommendations for enhancing these strategies. Utilizing an archival research design, the study draws from government records, newspaper archives, and reports from the Ministry of Labor to compile a comprehensive dataset of significant disputes. Data analysis involved content analysis techniques, allowing the identification of recurring themes related to the causes and outcomes of these disputes. This review of 40 labor dispute cases in Zambia reveals that communication breakdowns, inadequate compensation, and poor working conditions are recurrent factors shaping human resource conflicts. Communication issues accounted for 65% of labor disputes in Zambia, with inadequate compensation and poor working conditions contributing 20% and 15%, respectively. Notable cases included the Zambia Railways Workers' Union, Mineworkers' Union, and Konkola Copper Mines disputes. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive strategies to improve communication, compensation, and workplace safety in Zambia's labor environment. furtger More study highlights the critical role of effective communication, adequate compensation, and improved working conditions in resolving labor disputes in Zambia. By analyzing 40 cases from 2000 to 2023, it identifies communication breakdowns as the leading cause of conflicts. The findings underscore the need for strategic interventions to enhance workplace relations, ensuring sustainable dispute management and improved labor outcomes.

Historically, impression techniques have been fundamental in successful denture fabrication, evolving from rudimentary materials like wax and plaster to sophisticated elastomeric materials that enhance the accuracy and comfort of dentures. Over the years, various impression techniques and materials for denture fabrication have been developed. Advances were based on a deep understanding of oral anatomy and the desire to preserve the integrity of soft tissues while ensuring a stable and retentive fit for the prostheses. The selection of the appropriate impression materials and technique directly influences the biomechanics of the final denture. It is fundamental to producing more detailed and accurate impressions that better serve patient needs. The field of removable prosthodontics is poised for further advancements as digital technology continues to evolve. However, the integration of these innovations must be supported by rigorous research and collaboration among clinicians, academics and the industry.