Historical Product Research Articles

Problematizing Chieftaincy Succession Squabbles in the Cameroon Grassfields Studies

Chieftaincy institution constitutes a significant aspect of the socio-cultural heritage and feature within the Bamenda Grass fields. Its historical role in the maintenance of peace and promotion of development at the local level is incontestable. Recently the institution that was yesterday a symbol of harmony, development and cultural pride has suddenly become an object of discord and rivalry. In reality, the authority and legitimacy of chiefs in the Cameroon Grassfields is increasingly being contested and questioned. It is sustained in this paper that chieftaincy that used to be a problem shooter in communities in the Bamenda Grassfields has become itself a problem to the socio-economic and political developmentefforts of grassroots population. Following a critical historical approached based on the content analysis of primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that the multiplication of dual chieftaincy crisis in the Bamenda Grassfields is the historical product of the socio-cultural degradation of the chieftaincy institution. In order to carry out this workboth quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in interpreting and analyzing Data. A thematic cum chronological approach was used in presenting the findings.

An exploration of selective justice in the International Criminal Court

With the development of history, human society has experienced the development stage from disorder to law, from domestic law to international law. International law came into being and developed in the context of increasing exchanges between states. International criminal law has emerged and developed in modern times on the basis of the continuous development of international law. The International Criminal Court is also a form of international legal system that has emerged when human society has developed to a certain stage.To punish international criminal criminals more effectively through the trial of the International Criminal Court, to stop, prevent or deter the occurrence of international criminal crimes and potential international criminal criminals is an inevitable historical product of the development of human society to a certain stage, and it is a milestone progress. The International Criminal Court has played a positive role in the protection of human rights in all countries, especially in developing countries. Based on the principle of complementary jurisdiction, the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court encompasses a set of jurisdictional principles, conditions and procedures to ensure the legality and impartiality of its exercise. These principles, conditions and procedures of jurisdiction have certain particularity. Since the establishment of the International Criminal Court, there has been a problem of selective justice, so this paper tries to discuss the meaning of selective justice in the International Criminal Court, the development of selective justice in the International Criminal Court and the influencing factors of selective justice in the International Criminal Court.

ECOTOURISM OF BONJERUK TOURISM VILLAGE

Bonjeruk tourist village with Nostalgia Tourism Branding develops Cultural and historical Tourism Products, Rural Nature and Culinary which will give an impression to visitors how to live peacefully in the countryside with beautiful natural nuances and noble culture so that they will feel comfortable after all this time busy with the hustle and bustle of life in the area of origin. The data collection methods used in this research are observation, interview, and documentation, data analysis in this research is descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the research conducted, Bonjeruk village ecotourism has a variety of tourism potential that is beautiful and interesting to visit, the potential of ecotourism includes tourists can do English learning activities, enjoy rice fields and enjoy the agricultural products of the local community, one of which is coffee. The next potential is to enjoy the historic buildings of Dutch heritage.

Determining dangerous chemicals on the surface of metallic historical artefacts

The problem is to determine the threat of chemical damage to a person upon his contact with historical artifacts from metals. For this purpose, experimental studies of the process of accumulation of chemicals on the surface of historical metal products were carried out. The objects of this study were 3 samples of historical cold weapons selected from the museum fund, as well as samples from modern sheet steel. The blades of museum objects were rubbed with a special ash-free swab, which was burned, and the chemical composition of the residue was determined. This makes it possible to obtain data on compounds from a significant surface area. A list of chemical elements that accumulate on the surface of metallic historical artifacts over time has been established. Theoretically, the possibility of the appearance on the surface of historical artifacts made of iron of such chemical elements as Mercury, Barium, Stibium, Phosphorus, Plumbum (Lead), Thallium, Chromium, Selenium, Cadmium has been theoretically proven. This can pose a threat to the health of museum workers and collectors who are in daily contact with such items. The results of the experiment are provided with samples of modern steel, which, in order to accelerate the process of elimination of impurity elements, warmed up for 3 hours in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 700 °C. The surface of these samples was studied using an electron microscope, and local emission analysis of the chemical composition was carried out. The obtained results confirm the process of elimination of ions of individual chemical elements from the metal in the process of its heating. We can observe the release of Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Cu ions to the surface. Based on the results obtained, plots are built that describe the change in the chemical composition of the metal surface throughout the history of existence. The use of the author's method of testing makes it possible to study the problem of safety of handling historical monuments in general. The results of the study are important for establishing the authenticity of metallic historical artifacts and assessing possible risks in contact with them.

Development and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Acetylsalicylic Acid Dry Powder for Pulmonary Administration.

Aspirin is an historic blockbuster product, and it has been proposed in a wide range of formulas. Due to exacerbation risks, the pulmonary route has been seldom considered as an alternative to conventional treatments. Only recently, owing to overt advantages, inhalable acetylsalicylic acid dry powders (ASA DPI) began to be considered as an option. In this work, we developed a novel highly performing inhalable ASA DPI using a nano spray-drying technique and leucine as an excipient and evaluated its pharmacokinetics compared with oral administration. The formulation obtained showed remarkable respirability and quality features. Serum and lung ASA DPI profiles showed faster presentation in blood and higher retention compared with oral administration. The dry powder was superior to the DPI suspension. The relative bioavailability in serum and lungs claimed superiority of ASA DPI over oral administration, notwithstanding a fourfold lower pulmonary dose. The obtained ASA DPI formulation shows promising features for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious lung pathologies.

HISTORY AS ANTIDOTE: THE ARGUMENT FOR DOCUMENTATION IN DIGITAL HISTORY

ABSTRACTThe ephemeral nature of computer‐enabled historical work is a well‐documented concern within the field of history. The quick pace of technological change often renders digital scholarship obsolete, which in turn encourages historians to retreat to the stable and durable comfort of print, even as digital methodologies enrich our research and expand the audience for it. What has been missing so far in the conversation about digital history is a clear understanding of how it differs from traditional historical products, what can be gained from it, and how we might document the work undertaken using these machine‐based methodologies. Because it is best understood as a process rather than as a product, digital history must have a history of its own to tether it to the scholarly community and to ensure that it endures past the active phase of any project. This article argues that digital historians should catalog their work using a normalized template following the Digital Documentation Process, a guide for producing documentation that is suitable for computer‐based historical scholarship and tailored to its specific parameters. Self‐documentation is beneficial to those who create digital history and those who consume it. It is urgent to establish a field‐wide expectation that digital history will be consistently documented as a matter of course, lest we lose scholarship that has already been produced and forgo the enormous opportunities that computer‐enabled methodologies offer to historians.

International Film Festivals as a Field for Agonistics and Resonance: Contact Zones with Russian/Soviet Films

The international film festival, which seems to have landed in South Korea by accident in the mid‑1990s, is a historical product. Technically, film festivals in South Korea were a hybrid and indigenous cultural movement that appeared at the crossroads of the Korean democratic movement in the 1980s and the global situation in the post-cold war era in the 1990s. From the 1980s film movement to the establishment of the art house cinema in the 1990s and the Busan International Film Festival in 1996, these developments did not emerge as parallel events, but rather as a culmination of epic tensions. The main purpose of this article is to expand on previous discussions that have never shown much interest in how the international film festival combines global and local aspects. The film movement created by Korean films and the international film festivals of the 1980s and 1990s symbolised the journey to social resonance aimed at communicating with the audience about new Korean films by highlighting ‘agonistics’ and ‘resonance’ between Korean and ‘other’ films.

Mohammed Rasul Hawar and his attention to writing contemporary Kurdish history 1923-2006

Abstract: Muhammad Rasul Hawar as an intellectual Kurdish figure, appeared in the 30s and 40s of the last century in the political and educational field in southern Kurdistan, he was engaged in politics through (Hiwa) party, the same time he was very active in the field of journalism, he published a lot of historical, political and social essays in the Kurdish Arabic journals and newspapers after 1950s. After he was settled in London in 1980, he wrote a Bunch of historical work. The purpose of this paper is, shedding light on his life, stages and characteristics of historical writings by Hawar and mentioned the historical products. This research depends on the analytical history method for sharing information in the frame of scientific research. The research consists of two sections and results the first section emphasis on the (life of Muhammad Rasul Hawar and his historical products), the second section is about (Muhammad Rasul Hawar’s interest for history, motives, stages and characteristics of writing history). Key words:(Muhammad Rasul Hawar, Sheikh mahmood, history, simko, Kurdish and Northern Kurdistan).

Cultural Site Landscape Value Analysis and Research on Planning and Design

The site is the historical product of the development of human society. Its scientific value, historical value, and artistic value affect cultural education, economic life, historical research, ideology and other aspects. Protect and rationally plan the site. The landscape is significant. However, with a series of influences such as the open construction of urban expansion, man-made destruction, and natural erosion from the outside world, the remains of the site have been seriously threatened. For the needs of site protection, the planning of site landscape can effectively balance the relationship between site protection and utilization. the realization of cultural value and social value of the site also largely depends on the rational planning of the site landscape. Displaying the information contained in the ruins to the public can enhance people's understanding of regional culture and arouse national pride. Scientific planning of site landscape can optimize the small urban environment and improve the quality of life in the community.

Is Expected Inflation the Best Long-term Sustainable Growth Rate?

When using the income approach to value a business, selecting a sustainable long-term growth rate is a necessary input into the valuation model, one that can have a material effect on the value of the business. The business valuation literature has provided little guidance for estimating and understanding sustainable long-term growth rates. Apart from relying on macroeconomic indicators and historical industry averages, appraisers have few options for selecting sustainable long-term growth rates and are often relegated to making arbitrary assumptions. The objective of this article is to examine the accuracy of using historical industry average growth rates, historical average gross domestic product growth rates, and expected inflation as sustainable long-term growth rates. The accuracy of the forecasts was examined vis-à-vis actual growth rates for twenty-one selected industries from 1991 to 2021 for the purpose of selecting the most accurate forecasting method. The forecasts premised on expected inflation proved to be the most accurate. In light of the results, the notion that expected inflation may be the best estimate of sustainable long-term growth was explored.

From the Editor

Sustainable growth is one of the key inputs in the income approach. I have seen wide variation in practice over time with respect to selection of a sustainable growth rate ranging from long-term targets for inflation, expected industry growth rates, T-Bond yields and expected growth of the Gross Domestic Product. This list is clearly not exhaustive; I have seen many different variations with high growth companies. Shannon Pratt illustrated the significance of the long-term growth rate in the following passage from Valuing a Business:As the example illustrates, minor differences in sustainable growth rates can have very significant impacts on an opinion of value. This issue contains two papers that directly address the issue of sustainable growth. Dr. Gene Trevino analyzes the issue from the standpoint of the accuracy of using historical industry growth rates, historical gross domestic product growth rates and expected inflation rates as sustainable long-term growth rates, while Dr. Brad Cornell and Richard Gerger approach the topic by analyzing historic growth of public companies. Their findings are surprisingly similar.David Neuzil and Joe Thompson revisit the Value Driver Formula and illustrate short-comings of a traditional Gordon Growth Model in valuing a business that invest heavily in research and development.Finally, the issue has a Special Report from the International Valuation Standard Council (“IVSC”) on Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) issues in valuation. The IVSC has been busy developing technical resources for valuation professional in the evolving area of ESG and its application in business valuation. The Special Report provides an overview of those resources and ongoing work in the area.To all our readers, enjoy the issue and let me know if you have any strong opinion or further thoughts on our articles – letters to the editor are welcome.

HABITUS DAN LINTASAN DHARMADI DALAM EKSISTENSI KEPENYAIRAN SASTRA BANYUMAS

literature’s treasures. Therefore, it is necessary to study in full by examining the poet's biography, relations and acknowledgement, as well as awards and ideological thoughts of the poets. Dharmadi is a part of the local literature of Banyumas’ poet by instilling and determining his position as a poet with a long process to gain legitimacy. The purpose of this study is to perpetuate the assets of Banyumas' local literary treasures and provide the alternative resources in viewing Banyumas literature from the genre of poem and poetry. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the theory is the sociological literary criticism of the cultural production arena by Pierre Bourdieu. The results of this research show that the habitus and trajectory are strong supporting factors in Dharmadi's existence of the literary poetry in Banyumas arena. Dharmadi's habitus consists of three elements; historical products habitus, preconscious habitus, regular and patterned habitus. In addition, finding the trajectory of Dharmadi which is individual as a route in the poet's journey to reach the position of the poet in the arena of Banyumas cultural production.

Religious Reputation Culture: A Community Based Tourism Development Approach

Abstract The key to a thriving tourism industry is addressing how tourism can benefit society by increasing economic opportunities, supporting socio-cultural systems, and maintaining healthy ecosystems on which communities depend. The tourism industry can no longer focus solely on “how many” tourists visit a destination, or even “how much” money spent at one destination, as a measure of success. Sustainability can be effective if it is carried out by taking time and sustainable efforts, as well as adapting to changes that occur. In this study, the concept of historical heritage tourism and Resource-Based View is used which shows that culture and corporate reputation are seen as very valuable intangible assets. Historical heritage tourism is the key to sustainability. The development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is very important for the sustainable development of tourism because historical tourism products can reflect historical values and stories while meeting the emotional needs of tourists.This study aims to explore a new approach in improving sustainable tourism destination development centered on the concept of religious reputation culture. Religious reputation culture is a set of structures, routines, rules, and norms that guide and limit behavior that distinguishes members of one organization from another and is used as a collective perception and assessment of the good name of a tourism destination.The new concept of religious reputation culture plays an important role when an organization engaged in the tourism industry is faced with a change in new habits. The contribution of this research is mainly to the study of reputation and religiosity that when a destination is faced with a different condition, tourists will look for a reputable destination. The pandemic condition encourages tourists to be more aware with a reputation that is halal, thoyib and safe. With the phenomenon of tourism 4.0 accompanied by tremendeous changes in costumer megashifts, tourist destinations must be able to explore and exploit existing knowledge to form a culture of religious reputation as the main capital in carrying out innovation strategies carried out by destinations in order to achieve sustainable destination performance. With a religious reputation culture, the Indonesian’s reputation as a safe, comfortable and competitive tourism destination needs to be continuously developed through various means, so that a positive image will continue to be raised and widely informed, to encourage tourists to have interest and motivation to visit Indonesia. Key word :Religious Reputation Culture; Sustainable Tourism Development; Community Based Tourism

WAR AND ITS IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

War is a socio-political and ecological event, which is an extreme form of resolving socio-political, economic, ecological, religious, ideological, as well as national, territorial and other conflicts between states, people, nations, classes and social groups through military violence. The causes of war are as diverse as socio-political, socio-economic, and environmental problems that are perpetuated through violence, such as military-mediated violence. The result is a change in any sphere of public life - social, political, economic, ecological, spiritual, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Countries are moving to a fully military state. Modern warfare ensures the achievement of a set of goals not only through military armed violence but also through other means of war, such as scientific-technical, economic-ecological, diplomatic, ideological and then the nature and directions of the new world order. According to the modern view, war is a historical product of the emergence and development of the opposing forces in society. Throughout the history of mankind, war has been a constant companion of human life. There have been fair and unfair wars. Fair wars have often been a stimulus to social change, a new shift in social relations, and a shift in the direction of a historical progress in general. But in the age of modern nuclear war, when nuclear weapons of mass destruction were developed in the arsenal of means of warfare, war has become incompatible with the objective law of community development, with the goals of sustainable development of society, because the war itself and the process of preparation for war have a devastating impact on the sustainability of the environment. Because war causes mass migration of people, unemployment, poverty, socio-economic poverty, environmental degradation. People displaced by the war use unconventional food to save their lives in the form of pets, that destroys the natural environment - flora and fauna. Greenhouse gases emitted as a result of explosions are causing climate change, endangering many species, examples of which abound in war history, bringing the sustainability curve closer to the bottom. The soldiers and the population have to buy large reserves of water and food before the war, they are forced to change their mindset to adapt to new circumstances, focusing not on long-term sustainability but on short-term decisions, all of that causing depression, hopelessness. At this time, a great importance is given to the aspiration of mankind for peace or the salvation of the world; the more perfect the society, the more determined the goal is to move towards sustainability or preservation of the environment and life, which acts as a positive catalyst in their lives. Even an evil person by nature becomes a good rational being as a result of the influence of goodness, although the goodness manifested in actions against war, striving for peace, without this goodness cannot be transformed into harmony, but the main thing is striving for goodness both in the environment and in saving lives. Will there always be a dilemma in the development of humanity, mutual harmony, sustainability or confrontation? I am confident that humanity will show common sense and choose the path to perfection, good action that is sustainable development.

Исследование физических пространств и их роль в улучшении качества городской жизни

Every city has interconnected aspects, one of which is physical spaces that are influenced by social and economic aspects and influence the city's socioeconomic aspects. A city with suitable physical and spatial properties can help facilitate the social and economic flows of the city and aid the city's vitality in general. On the other hand, physical spaces with an architecture that is incompatible with social, cultural, and environmental conditions can deepen urban problems. The living quality concept is a compound variable dependent on society's development level, and it can be defined and executed by devising suitable indices. Concern about modern life quality is among the aspects of contemporary societies which can be a function of the quality of the surrounding. Physical space characteristics have the highest contribution to increasing or decreasing the sense of safety. In fact, quality of life is a historical product of cultural, social, economic, and political structures, and it cannot be analyzed separately from these entities. Social security is among the important criteria for urban life, which is thought of as a fundamental need for citizens living in desirable cities.

Toward an ecological view of learning: Cultivating learners in a data-driven society

Although modern education is expected to solve social problems, it has brought about new problems. While theoretical critiques of education have not always been successful, with the transition to a data-driven society, education as a historical product is actually losing its efficacy. However, this does not mean that acquisition of knowledge and skills is becoming unnecessary. Prompted by the need to change the purpose of public education, we are forced to rethink the nature of education boldly. Competency-based education, as advocated by the OECD, appears to have led to such rethinking; however, it is widely accepted as a revised version of modern education. If this trend continues, the contradiction between education and society will deepen further. To overcome this contradiction, we must change our view of education. With education and learning having an asymmetrical relationship to begin with, the clue to changing our view of education lies in re-examining our view of learning. A more comprehensive way of learning that has accompanied human history is attracting the attention of various disciplines. I present a redefined framework for learning that is inherent to humans, which I call the ecological view of learning, and explore an alternative to modern education, learning from the Japanese thought on ‘Manabi (learning).’

Coral Sr/Ca records provide realistic representation of eastern Indian Ocean cooling during extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole events

Extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events are amplified by non-linear ocean–atmosphere interactions and are characterized by pronounced cooling in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. These non-linear feedbacks are not adequately represented in historical products of sea surface temperatures that underestimate the magnitude of extreme pIOD events. Here, we present a sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction based on monthly coral Sr/Ca ratios measured in two coral cores from Enggano Island (Indonesia), that lies in the eastern pole of the IOD. The coral SST reconstruction extends from 1930 to 2008 and captures the magnitude of cooling during extreme pIOD events as shown in recent satellite and reanalysis data of SST that include ocean dynamics. The corals indicate that the 1961 pIOD event was at least as severe as the 1997 event, while the 1963 pIOD was more comparable to the 2006 event. The magnitude 1967 pIOD is difficult to assess at present due to poor replication between coral cores, and may be comparable to either 1997 or 2006. Cooling during the 1972 pIOD was short-lived and followed by pronounced warming, as seen in the moderate pIOD event of 1982. A combination of coral SST reconstructions and an extension of new reanalysis products of SST to historical time scales could help to better assess the severity and impact of past pIOD events such as the ones seen in the 1960s.

Study on space diversity and influencing factors of Tunpu settlement in central Guizhou Province of China

The Tunpu settlements are the historical product of the co-evolution development of the unique geographical and cultural environment of Guizhou and the military defense policies of Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD), which created products such as the station troops and station farms. In this study, taking 10 Tunpu settlements in central Guizhou as the research objects, the space diversity of the Tunpu settlement and its influencing factors were analyzed based on the theory and calculation method of plant community species diversity. The results showed that: (1) On the whole, the space α-diversities of the military Tunpu settlements and the commercial Tunpu settlements were relatively high, with strong spatial similarity, while the residential Tunpu settlements had a lower degree of space α-diversity and significant difference. The space α-diversity of different types of the Tunpu settlement presents a variety of changes from the core protected areas to coordinated control areas. (2) There was a significant correlation between the spatial network and spatial morphological indicators and space β-diversity among the Tunpu settlement, and the stepwise regression showed that spatial morphological indicators had a strong explanatory power for the space β-diversity among the Tunpu settlements. (3) The space diversities of the Tunpu settlements were affected by the multiple synergies of natural environment, policy support, social-economic factors and cultural customs. Among them, policy factors and cultural factors were the dominant factors in the space diversity characteristics of the Tunpu settlements. By analyzing the space diversity law and its driving factors of the Tunpu settlements, this study could provide an important scientific basis for the protection planning and management of traditional settlements.

Orania: A white homeland in post‐apartheid South Africa

AbstractThis paper employs the race formation theory to trace the historical origins of the idea of Orania, an exclusively White town in post‐apartheid South Africa. A key finding is that Orania is a historical product of the centuries‐old, racist idea of a White homeland in South Africa which is referred to as The Boer Republics in South African historiography. Throughout South African history, White separatist ideas have always served as the foundation for the Afrikaner White homeland narrative. This paper uses the concept of White identity politics to frame the discourse of the “vulnerable White minority” that White residents of Orania deploy to conceal their White separatist ideas under the aegis of culture. This article demonstrates that the practice of White identity politics in Orania offers learning opportunities for anti‐racist academics who research new forms of racism in the 21st century.

Study on Spatial-Distribution Characteristics Based on Fire-Spot Data in Northern China

Forest fires are an important disturbance in forest ecosystems and can affect the structure and function of forests. These must be mitigated, to eliminate the associated harmful impacts on forests and the environment as well as to have a healthy and sustainable environment for wildlife. The northern region of China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Hebei provinces) is one of the important deciduous broadleaf forests and boreal-forest ecosystems in China. Based on the monitoring of historical remote-sensing products, this study analyzes and explores the spatial- and temporal-distribution patterns of forest fires in Northern China in 2020 and 2021, providing a strong scientific basis for forest-fire prevention and management. The number of monthly forest fires in the northern region in 2020 and 2021 was counted, to obtain seasonal and interannual forest-fire variation. The results show that the number of forest fires occurring in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces in 2021 is smaller than that in 2020. The occurrence of forest fires is, mainly, concentrated in spring and autumn, especially in April and October. The number of forest fires that occurred in Hebei Province in 2020 and 2021 was almost the same, showing a slight increasing trend, especially with more growth in February. It is worth noting that Heilongjiang Province is the region with the highest number of forest fires, regardless of the comparison of the total number of forest fires in two years or the number of forest fires in a single year. Spatial-clustering analysis (Ripley’s K) was used to analyze the spatial-distribution pattern of forest fires, in each province of northern China, and the results showed that forest fires were significantly aggregated in all four provinces. The experimental analysis conducted in this paper can provide local forest managers and firefighting agencies with the opportunity to better plan for fighting fires and improve forest-management effectiveness. Based on mastering the characteristics of the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest fires, fire-prevention publicity and education should be strengthened, and scientific forest-fire-prevention measures should be applied to plan reasonable forest-protection policies. This will contribute towards a healthy and sustainable environment.