Assessment of power generation and water conservation potentials of floating photovoltaic systems on China's lakes and reservoirs: Historical period and future scenario

Language and literature, which have long served as core elements of cultural identity, continue to play a crucial role in shaping and sustaining collective memory and social values. This paper examines the historical and contemporary dynamics of multilingual literary traditions in Lalbagh, Murshidabad, and analyses their contribution to cultural identity formation. It explores the interaction of Persian, Urdu, and Bengali across different historical periods and identifies the key factors influencing their continuity and transformation. There is limited research that comparatively analyses the coexistence of these linguistic traditions within a localized socio-cultural context. The study reveals that despite the dominance of Bengali in formal domains, Urdu and traces of Persian persist in cultural and religious practices, supported largely by oral traditions such as marsiya, nauha, and Baul songs. However, challenges such as modernization, language shift, and inadequate institutional support threaten the sustainability of these traditions. The study situates Lalbagh within a broader historical and cultural framework and highlights the importance of community participation, documentation, and institutional support in preserving linguistic diversity and sustaining cultural identity.

Cemeteries are a primary source of evidence for the late prehistoric and early historical periods in Sicily. An abundance of tomb goods is available for study from modern republications of ‘legacy data’, especially for the southeast of the island, which was a focal point of Greek colonization in the central Mediterranean. This area also contains an unusual concentration of Final Bronze and Iron Age sites, which permits an extended view of indigenous cultural development over six centuries or more. Adopting an empirical approach, the article compares dress items, tools, weapons and pottery from four key sites—Pantalica, Cassibile, Monte Finocchito and Monte Casasia—which were major centres of indigenous population at various times between ca. 1200 and ca. 550 BC. Several trends and patterns are identified that enhance our understanding of continuity and change, interaction and ritual practices in relation to cultural identity over a period that also encompassed Greek and Phoenician colonization. Comparisons between burials at Finocchito, Syracuse and mainland Greece from the eighth and seventh centuries BC highlight bilateral and asymmetrical aspects of cultural interaction between indigenous people and Greek settlers in Sicily.

Abstract. Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass loss is a main contributor to rising Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL), exhibiting decadal variability due to surface mass balance (SMB) changes. Greenhouse gases (GHG) have long been identified as a key driver of GrIS mass loss through warming-induced runoff. However, there has not been a formal attribution of historical GrIS SMB changes to GHG and the potential role for other forcings such as anthropogenic aerosols (AAER). Here, we use the Community Earth System Model version 2 large ensemble and single forcing large ensemble (CESM2-LE and CESM2-SFLE) to formulate a detection and attribution analysis for historical GrIS SMB changes. We show that the decadal variability of SMB is forced by historical radiative forcing attributable to both GHG and AAER through their forced changes of runoff. This highlights that, in addition to the frequently mentioned GHG, AAER also contributes to SMB changes during the historical period. GHG influences GrIS runoff mainly through long-term radiatively-forced warming, while AAER influences it through the decadal variability of atmospheric circulation that projects onto a Greenland blocking pattern, leading to relative cooling from cyclonic circulation over Greenland pre-1980 and relative warming from anti-cyclonic circulation thereafter. The attribution of SMB, and specifically runoff, to AAER has a lower signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) than the attribution to GHG due to both a weaker signal and wider confidence intervals. The lower S / N in attributing runoff changes to AAER is partly due to a smaller temperature response in AAER than in GHG and partly due to a mean state temperature dependency of the runoff sensitivity. In simulations with only AAER, the climate is colder than in simulations with all forcings or only GHG, leading to more time below freezing when temperature variations do not affect runoff as much. We resolve this issue by comparing simulations with all forcings with simulations in which everything-but-AAER is changing, thereby stressing the need to account for mean state dependencies when conducting detection and attribution with single forcing simulations.

Background/Objectives: Schizophrenia is one of the most extensively studied yet conceptually unstable disorders in the history of medicine and brain sciences. Since its formalization at the turn of the twentieth century, the disorder has been repeatedly redefined, reflecting changes in clinical observation, diagnostic philosophy, and neuroscientific models of brain function. The objective of this review is to critically examine the historical evolution of schizophrenia as a medical construct and to analyze how shifts in diagnostic systems have shaped the search for biological and molecular biomarkers. Methods: A narrative-historical review of the literature was conducted, integrating classical psychiatric texts, diagnostic manuals, and contemporary neuroscientific studies. Key milestones in the conceptualization of schizophrenia were analyzed alongside the development of biological hypotheses, including neurochemical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging, genetic, immunological, omics-based, and digital approaches. Emphasis was placed on identifying conceptual continuities, ruptures, and methodological limitations across historical periods. Results: The analysis reveals that the evolution of schizophrenia has been characterized by increasing diagnostic standardization accompanied by growing biological heterogeneity. While successive biological models have provided valuable insights into specific aspects of the disorder, none have yielded single, robust diagnostic biomarkers. Instead, findings consistently reflect partial overlaps between clinical phenotypes and biological signals, strongly influenced by historically derived diagnostic categories. Conclusions: The persistent absence of definitive diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia reflects not only technical limitations but also the historical construction of the disorder as a heterogeneous clinical category. Understanding this historical context is essential for interpreting current findings in brain sciences. Future research is likely to benefit from stratification-based, dimensional, and integrative frameworks that move beyond categorical diagnosis while preserving clinical relevance.

Introduction . The article examines the main aspects of song writing as a special sphere of Russian culture during the Great Patriotic War. The author focuses on its evolution from the dominated propaganda models projected onto public consciousness in the 1930s of the 20th century to universal individualistic narratives that appealed to the inner world and value system of an individual who found himself in the maelstrom of social upheavals and war years of 1940s. Based on this, the purpose of the article is to examine the main aspects of song writing as a special sphere of Russian culture during the Great Patriotic War. In the course of the study, the author used the following methods : hermeneutic, comparative, system analysis, comparative, etc. The author used a set of military songs from the Great Patriotic War as sources. He also studied various aspects of the songwriting of Soviet performers and composers of those years, as well as genre features of the texts of poetic works, folklore, everyday elements of songwriting in the period under review. Various genre and stylistic features of the Soviet song brought into existence by wartime and the tasks that were set before the Soviet society in this difficult historical period are also analyzed article. Results . The author analyzed various aspects of the creative activity of the authors of Soviet songs, revealed the process of generational change in the Soviet musical culture that occurred during the Great Patriotic War. In addition, the article highlighted the general and specific in the creative approach of individual authors. The features of the state policy of those years aimed at the formation and development of musical culture in the period of history under review and are also considered in the article. Conclusion s. The author substantiated the connection between the events that were fateful for the existence of Soviet society and the state with the cultural trends of that time, which found expression in the Soviet song, as the most vivid manifestation of the national spirit and popular consciousness in this difficult period in the history of the country.

The article analyzes the historical conditions that shaped the attitude of evangelical churches in Ukraine toward the state and outlines the main models of their interaction in the current socio-political context. Particular attention is paid to the theological understanding of the prophetic role of the Church, which involves maintaining a critical distance from state power and a readiness to expose injustice, corruption, and abuse at the local level. The problem of the ideologization of the Church in different historical periods is also considered, and the responsibility of Christians as citizens for active participation in socio-political processes with a view to the future transformation of the state is emphasized.

The purpose of this essay is to review and analyze how the evolution of nursing has influenced the shift from empirical care to science and its impact on the quality of care. This evolution is linked to the concept of health and illness in each historical period. Its narrative dates back to antiquity, with care beginning simultaneously with the appearance of humankind on Earth, in order to preserve life and allow it to continue. Women assumed the role of caregiver, linked to the concept of fertility and reproduction, given their nature as life-givers. Later, care evolved under the influence of Christian thought, a period in which the concept of health and illness acquired a religious value determined by charity and philanthropy. By the 18th century, with the advent of capitalism, church and state separated, and medicalization emerged. The concept of health focused on the fight against disease and on knowledge, oriented towards finding the cause of illness and its treatment. Given the technological complexity, the need for healthcare personnel arose, giving rise to the figure of the physician's assistant, who was considered merely an agent of information and execution, without the right to make judgments, discernments, or much less to offer critical thinking. Therefore, care focused on subordination and technical tasks. By the 19th and 20th centuries, nursing was consolidated as the art and science of care, with defined responsibilities, standardization, and the use of protocols based on scientific knowledge. Clinical decisions are integrated with critical thinking and evidence-based nursing (EBN), allowing for a systematic evaluation of information to provide effective and timely responses to health problems. These aspects have redefined care, shifting it towards a personalized, comprehensive, and holistic approach that fosters the integration of theory with practice. The methodology used was a literature review on the history of nursing, evidence-based nursing (EBN), and care management.

Ceyhun Arslan’s monograph, “The Ottoman Canon and the Construction of Turkish and Arabic Literatures” (Edinburgh University Press, 2025) is a comparative overview of how Ottoman Turkish and Arabic texts contribute to the body of work that can be described as the “Ottoman canon” or the “Ottoman literary reservoir.” The book utilizes the practice of close textual reading of Ottoman Turkish and Arabic primary sources within the Tanzimat in the Ottoman context, and the nahda in the Arab context. Arslan analyzes these texts through their common themes and “afterlives,” independent from geographical location, literary movements, or historical time period, and in conversation with each other. In showing how the Turkish and Arabic texts engaged with each other, and with the larger Ottoman canon, Arslan exposes the literary and cultural domains that do not necessarily align with political power hierarchies. He then calls for rewriting literary history by moving beyond nationalist and disciplinary divisions (such as classical vs. modern or Arabic vs. Turkish) and by recognizing the multilingual, imperial, and translational character of the Ottoman canon.

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of historical and projected variability in the wind climate over Ireland and its adjacent marine regions, including the North Atlantic Ocean, Irish Sea, and Celtic Sea. First, the long-term wind characteristics are examined using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset for the historical period (1979–2008), followed by an evaluation of five CMIP6 Global Climate Models (GCMs) to determine their performance in representing regional wind climatology. Based on spatial validation and relative bias analyses, the most suitable model is selected to investigate future wind changes under the SSP2-4.5 and 5-8.5 scenarios. The CMIP6 historical data is also compared locally at seven measurement stations. Two future projections are considered for the near-term (2031–2060) and mid-term (2071–2100), focusing on inter- and intra-annual variability and extreme wind behaviour. The results indicate an overall decrease in mean wind speed across the study area, with more pronounced reductions under SSP5-8.5 and during the mid-term period. In terms of seasonality, reductions are more pronounced during winter and summer than in the transitional seasons. According to the extreme value analysis based on the generalised extreme value distribution, general declines in extreme values are detected at selected critical locations, especially at wind speeds with large return periods.

This study focuses on the Barga short-tune folk songs of the Hulunbuir region in Inner Mongolia, systematically tracing their historical development and examining the influence of tribal migration and social change on both the content and social functions of these songs. The research reveals that Barga short-tune folk songs are characterized by regular rhythms, distinct beats, and simple, easily singable melodies. Their thematic scope has evolved over historical periods, expanding from hunting life to grassland pastoralism, warfare, and significant social events. The lyrics vividly reflect the lifestyles, emotional experiences, and cultural psychology of the Barga people. This study primarily employs a combination of literature review and lyrical text analysis to systematically classify and compare folk songs across different historical periods, revealing their core functions and cultural value within Barga society. The research not only enriches the historical understanding of Barga folk songs but also provides new perspectives for interdisciplinary studies in ethnomusicology and ethnic history, while offering practical implications for the preservation and cultural transmission of folk songs.

ABSTRACT Museums housing cultural artifacts have long faced restitution claims while these are only beginning to affect natural history museums. Conversely, the law on cultural property restitution does not reflect a such distinction. This article examines the puzzling disconnect between cultural museums and natural history museums regarding restitution, and the comprehensive legal framework that governs it. By developing a genealogy of today’s museum landscape that builds on Foucault’s The Order of Things and Discipline and Punish, the article understands museums as institutions that constitute and enforce a given structure of knowledge and permit exercising control over the material world. Either function is contingent on a historical period’s epistemic configuration, and changes therein are key to understanding why eclectic Renaissance collections, the famous Wunderkammern or cabinets of curiosities, disintegrated into disciplinary museums. Understanding the genealogy of museum diversification is essential for critically approaching and eventually overcoming the false dichotomy between natural history and cultural museums regarding restitution.

The article analyzes means of expressing temporal relations in T. Pratchett’s novel “Monstrous Regiment” and describes them in terms of temporal matrix – a model of artistic time, elements of which are connected paradigmatically and syntagmatically. The focal point of the study is the paradigmatic properties of the temporal matrix. The aim of the undertaken research is to show the heterogeneity of the paradigmatic organization of artistic time in the fantasy genre and to describe its properties. The authors argue that in texts, units of different semantic groups convey their temporal potential, thus constructing fictional (event) time and historical (real) time, which is the scientific relevance of the study. The study reveals that in T. Pratchett’s “Monstrous Regiment” means of constructing the artistic images of WAR and RULER create cyclical time, whereas military vocabulary, certain cultural names and food product names as well as precedent texts, serve to refer to specific historical periods, thus ensuring the credibility of narration.

In this study, diagnostic schemes for sea fog and lower atmospheric ducts were established based on the WRF model. Using these schemes, four groups of ten-year continuous simulations were conducted for the Hangzhou Bay area, covering the historical period and three future scenarios, to investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of lower atmospheric ducts associated with sea fog and their response to changes under different emission scenarios. The simulation results showed that in the Hangzhou Bay area, the occurrence rates of elevated ducts and simple surface ducts were 5.81% and 5.65% respectively, while the occurrence rates of surface-based ducts and composite ducts were relatively low, at 3.15% and 0.25%. The duct rate exhibited a bimodal monthly pattern in summer and autumn with a trough in winter, which was consistent with the onset and withdrawal of the East Asian summer monsoon. Among sea fog-associated ducts, elevated ducts accounted for the highest proportion (27.43%), while the proportion of simple surface ducts was extremely low. Their peak occurrence coincided with the high-incidence season of sea fog, slightly earlier than the overall ducts’ average. Under future scenarios, the occurrence rates of the four types of atmospheric ducts increased with rising carbon emissions, with the largest increases in autumn and winter and a weaker increase in spring. For sea fog-associated ducts, due to the decrease in sea fog events during the scenario periods, the changes in different duct types varied. The occurrence rates of simple surface ducts and surface-based ducts both decreased significantly compared to the historical period. The average rates of elevated ducts and composite ducts increased slightly, with the increasing areas concentrated in the eastern offshore areas. However, the amplitude of seasonal oscillations in these two types of ducts was strengthened during the scenario period, and this amplitude showed a negative correlation with carbon emissions.

Building on Cowen’s idea of “reading the global”, this article analyzes the emergences of Area Studies (AS) in British, American, and Chinese universities during different historical periods of significant change in the world order. Drawing on relevant literature, I first demonstrate the metamorphosis of this field over time from classical to contemporary forms and currently toward more critical perspectives. Subsequently through an analysis of key policies and institutions, I argue that AS has emerged from competitions among great powers, reflecting a realist “reading of the global”.

Abstract Kinship studies recently have been going through a new wave of attraction in archaeogenetics and archaeology. Interdisciplinary cooperation remains an important challenge in these endeavours. Any research that requires interdisciplinary efforts will lead to reductive and potentially misleading conclusions if that cooperation is restricted to a range that is too narrow. The consequences usually are inadequate research results and insufficient ranges of interpretation. Moreover, such methodologically limited inquiries also may entail ethical concerns. Some of this is also valid for kinship analyses, in the study of the deep past as well as for contemporary communities. The present article examines the recently presented case of (‘Pannonian’) Avar excavations to demonstrate how archaeogenetic and archaeological interpretations may tend to ignore socio-cultural complexities. By arguing for the inclusion of socio-cultural anthropology in professional interdisciplinary kinship analyses of the deep past, concepts such as polygyny, levirate, ghost marriage and the notion of ‘female exogamy’ are examined for the case under scrutiny. The article illustrates how certain kinship practices—often misinterpreted in solely genetic terms or entirely ignored—can be understood as ethnographically grounded while also having a cross-cultural meaning suitable for comparison that is indispensable for the study of kinship in any historical period.

Effective sewage management is vital for public health, sanitation, and environmental protection in urban areas. This study examines the historical development and current status of sewage collection and disposal systems in Bogura, the largest municipality in northern Bangladesh. It explores three key historical periods: pre-1947, 1947–1971, and post-1971. Data were collected through interviews with senior citizens, municipal officials (including the town planner and executive engineer), household surveys, municipality records, and secondary literature. Findings reveal that sewage disposal before 1947 was largely unmanaged, with waste dumped in open areas or ponds. From 1947 to 1971, limited improvements occurred through the establishment of municipal dumping sites. Post-1971, significant improvements in sewage infrastructure were observed, including the utilization of septic tanks and pit latrines, and improvements in the drainage systems. The study highlights persistent challenges such as inadequate treatment facilities, rapid urbanization, and poor maintenance. It recommends integrating modern technologies, strengthening governance, and fostering community participation in sanitation initiatives.

Abstract Compound dry–hot events (CDHEs) have been significantly exacerbated under global warming. The Mongolian Plateau, characterized by its distinctive geographical location and high climate sensitivity, serves as an ideal region for understanding CDHEs in continental arid and semi-arid environments. Using CRU reanalysis data and the NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 dataset, we constructed the Standardized Compound Dry–Hot Index (SCDHI) to quantify CDHE severity. Employing trend analysis, cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), and the Shapley Additive Explanation model, this study investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of summer CDHEs under historical and future emission scenarios and attributed CDHE responses to distinct extreme climatic drivers. The results reveal that during the historical period, CDHEs intensified across 99% of the Mongolian Plateau, with 93% of the region exhibiting statistically significant trends. The most substantial changes occurred in the hyper-arid zone, where the SCDHI decreased at a rate of 0.0212 per year. Projections under the SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585 scenarios suggest continued exacerbation of CDHE severity by the mid-to-late 21st century. Notably, higher emission pathways correspond to greater severity, particularly within the southwestern hyper-arid zone. While extreme temperatures predominantly influenced historical CDHEs, drought conditions are expected to become dominant in the future. Crucially, maximum temperature remains a pivotal driver of future CDHE intensification, primarily through its regulation of potential evapotranspiration. By comprehensively evaluating the spatiotemporal evolution and underlying mechanisms of CDHEs, this study elucidates the dynamics of extreme climatic events in arid and semi-arid regions and provides a robust scientific basis for regional climate adaptation strategies.

Abstract The closure of rural schools is a stark symbol of community decline amid rapid urbanization. In China, approximately 80% of rural primary schools have closed since 2001. While existing literature explores the impacts of school closures on resource allocation and community vitality, limited attention has been given to the historical evolution of the relationship between rural schools and rural governance, which fundamentally shapes their contemporary dynamics. Focusing on China, and drawing on historical analysis and policy review, this study investigates how rural schools have historically interacted with governance structures and functioned as critical nodes for institutional integration, social capital formation, and cultural continuity. This paper develops a tripartite analytical framework based on an institutional, networked, and cultural assemblage, which traces the dynamic relationship between schools and governance across five historical periods: the traditional imperial era, the Republican period, Socialist reconstruction (1949–1978), the reform era (1978–2012), and the contemporary rural revitalization (2012–present). Findings reveal that rural schools have long operated not merely as educational sites but as multifunctional infrastructures, especially social infrastructure, that are deeply embedded in local governance, relational networks, and cultural reproduction. Historically, their roles shifted from instruments of sociopolitical control to conduits of individualized rural-urban mobility, and more recently, to contested sites of place-based revitalization. Theoretically, the study advances a governance-centered perspective, moving beyond instrumentalist accounts of rural schooling. Empirically, it provides a longitudinal analysis of the dynamic entanglement between education and state-society relations. Ultimately, the paper calls for a reimagining of rural schools worldwide, viewing them not merely as service providers but as foundational infrastructures that support cultural continuity and institutional resilience amid global rural decline.

ABSTRACT Current mainstream literature examines the evolution of worker management and management structures in SOEs solely at the macro level, treating state and managerial actors as a unified bloc that, across all historical periods, has dominated transformations in worker management structures. This article argues that transformations of SOE management structures are shaped by a complex and shifting tripartite relationship among state bureaucrats, enterprise managers, and ordinary workers. The analysis identifies distinct historical phases: an initial period of imbalanced state-manager cooperation; a period of tripartite integration during the Maoist era that fostered workplace participation; and a post-reform era in which a reinforced state-manager alliance prioritized efficiency, marginalizing workers’ democratic roles. Currently, a nascent three-pillar dynamic is emerging, characterized by increased state supervision, managerial accountability, and a modest restoration of workers’ consultative and management rights, though a fully balanced structure remains unrealized. By integrating macro-structural shifts with micro-level workplace politics, this framework offers a new perspective on the contingent and contested evolution of workers’ democracy within China’s political economy.