Historical Period Research Articles

The Urban Transformation of Mesopotamian Cities

Architecture and urban design have undergone profound transformations due to various factors, including economic, political, religious, cultural, and environmental influences. These transformations reflect human development and intellectual evolution. Studying these transformations provides a key to understanding the history of civilizations, their development, and their interaction with their surroundings, serving as a mirror that blends rich heritage with contemporary challenges. There is a lack of clarity regarding the transformations in urban design across different historical periods, as well as the reasons and factors influencing these changes. This study aims to establish a mechanism for tracking these transformations over time and identifying the factors that influence them. The research hypothesizes that multiple factors drive urban design to evolve from one form to another over time. The study adopts a combined approach, integrating historical, descriptive, and comparative analytical methods. The research concludes that urban design transformations are not driven by a single factor but by the interaction of multiple elements, primarily environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors. These factors have shaped urban structures throughout history, reflecting societies' ability to grow and adapt. The transformations observed in cities are continuous and progressive, often involving modifications to the overall form, expansions, or additions over time while maintaining the core elements of the city. This pattern has been followed since the city of Ur, except for Seleucia, where the transformation was abrupt due to the adoption of the Hippodamian planning and division system.

Analysis of the Projected Climate Impacts on the Interlinkages of Water, Energy, and Food Nexus Resources in Narok County, Kenya, and Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa

The current changing climate requires the development of water–energy–food (WEF) nexus-oriented systems capable of mainstreaming climate-smart innovations into resource management. This study demonstrates the cross-sectoral impacts of climate change on interlinked sectors of water, energy, and food in Narok County, Kenya, and Vhembe District, South Africa. This study used projected hydroclimatic extremes across past, present, and future scenarios to examine potential effects on the availability and accessibility of these essential resources. The projected temperature and rainfall are based on nine dynamically downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP 5) of the Global Climate Models (GCMs). The model outputs were derived from two IPCC “Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)’’, the RCP 4.5 “moderate scenario”, and RCP 8.5 “business as usual scenario”, also defined as the addition of 4.5 W/m2 and 8.5 W/m2 radiative forcing in the atmosphere, respectively, by the year 2100. For the climate change projections, outputs from the historical period (1976–2005) and projected time intervals spanning the near future, defined as the period starting from 2036 to 2065, and the far future, spanning from 2066 to 2095, were considered. An ensemble model to increase the skill, reliability, and consistency of output was formulated from the nine models. The statistical bias correction based on quantile mapping using seven ground-based observation data from the South African Weather Services (SAWS) for Limpopo province and nine ground-based observation data acquired from the Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory (TAHMO) for Narok were used to correct the systematic biases. Results indicate downscaled climate change scenarios and integrate a modelling framework designed to depict the perceptions of future climate change impacts on communities based on questionnaires and first-hand accounts. Furthermore, the analysis points to concerted efforts of multi-stakeholder engagement, the access and use of technology, understanding the changing business environment, integrated government and private sector partnerships, and the co-development of community resilience options, including climate change adaptation and mitigation in the changing climate. The conceptual climate and WEF resource modelling framework confirmed that future climate change will have noticeable interlinked impacts on WEF resources that will impact the livelihoods of vulnerable communities. Building the resilience of communities can be achieved through transformative WEF nexus solutions that are inclusive, sustainable, equitable, and balance adaptation and mitigation goals to ensure a just and sustainable future for all.

Temporal and spatial dilemmas, chaotic struggles and collective disarray: Memory narratives in Party Going

Henry Green’s novel Party Going is a microcosm of the social transformation in Britain during the two World Wars. By narrating the experiences of a group of affluent young people stranded at London’s Victoria Station, the novel reveals the societal issues of class conflict, ethical decay and cultural upheaval behind the impending war and the decline of the empire. This narrative triggers the author’s contemplation on the disappearance of the collective memory, represented by the wealthy class. Green seamlessly intertwines individual and collective memories, unveiling the crises of stagnant individual lives and confrontations within the community over time and space constraints. During this period, the wealthy class attempts to escape reality through distorted recollections and futile physical practices. Addressing this predicament, the author elucidates the unreliability of individual memory, exposing the failure of collective memory when confronted with war and death. Through the plot and character descriptions, Green profoundly expresses the challenges faced by British society in a specific historical period, along with a continuous concern for collective identity and historical memory.

Architectural and astronomical heritage of Iran: a study of Chogha Zanbil and Radkan Tower

Abstract This study examines the architectural and astronomical significance of Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat and Radkan Tower, emphasizing their cultural, scientific, and engineering contributions. Built in distinct historical periods, these monuments demonstrate the evolution of ancient Iranian timekeeping and astronomical practices, transitioning from shadow-based solar observations to advanced solar tracking techniques. Chogha Zanbil (circa 1250 BC) functioned as both a ceremonial center and a rudimentary solar observatory, while Radkan Tower (660 AH/1262AD), attributed to Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, was designed as a precise calendrical tool, aligned with cardinal directions and the Vernal Equinox. Using descriptive, interpretive, and comparative analyses, this study explores how celestial knowledge was embedded within architectural heritage, reinforcing these monuments' relevance in sustainable heritage conservation and cultural memory. The comparative analysis situates Chogha Zanbil and Radkan Tower within a broader scientific and architectural discourse, illustrating their contributions to global astronomical knowledge and engineering advancements. Additionally, this research aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, advocating for the preservation of historic observatories as vital components of cultural and scientific heritage.

Effects of Implementing a Standardized Risk Stratification and Triage Workflow for an Established Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT).

Rationale: The Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT) model was developed to facilitate multi-specialty decision making and expedite therapeutic interventions for patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). PERT implementation has previously been associated with survival benefit in some studies, though specific workflow components that confer survival benefit have not been identified. Methods: As a quality improvement initiative, we implemented three specific workflow interventions to an existing PERT program at an academic medical center: 1) designated triage responsibility to a specific group of providers; 2) assigned guideline-based risk stratification to all calls at triage; and 3) established ICU admission guidelines based on risk stratification. We used the electronic medical record to review clinical outcomes for all PERT calls for 2-years after implementing the revised workflow and compared these to outcomes for the preceding 2-year period. We used logistic regression to compare the odds of in-hospital mortality before and after the workflow revision, with multiple models adjusted for clinically relevant variables. Results: During the study period (2019-2023) there were 420 unique patient PERT activations with confirmed PE; 253 patients were managed using the revised workflow and 167 patients were managed using the historical workflow. The proportion of patients meeting the primary endpoint of in-hospital death at 30-days following the workflow revisions was significantly lower than during the historical period (6.3% vs. 18.0%, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated the revised PERT workflow to have a protective effect against in-hospital mortality (OR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.16-0.59; P < 0.001). This mortality benefit remained significant after adjustment for demographics, clinical factors, hemodynamic instability, Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) Class, or Bova Stage. The workflow revisions were also associated with increased use of advanced therapies but did not change the proportion of patients with major bleeding or ICU or hospital length of stay. Conclusions: In an existing PERT program, implementation of three specific workflow revisions centered around risk stratification and level of care triage improved survival for patients with PE. These findings suggest that incorporation of a standardized approach and risk stratification are valuable components of the PERT response.

Increase in new-onset type 1 diabetes diagnoses among Brazilian children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Increase in new-onset type 1 diabetes diagnoses among Brazilian children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Different responses of extreme and mean precipitation to land use and land cover changes

Land use and land cover changes (LULCCs) can influence precipitation via changes in surface energy, water flux, and large-scale atmospheric circulation, with great implications for the sustainable development of nature and society. However, the impacts and mechanisms of these contributors to extreme precipitation changes compared with mean changes still need to be investigated. Here, we used the moisture budget equation to decompose precipitation changes into three primary contributing factors (evapotranspiration, atmospheric mean circulation, and water vapor) based on CMIP6-LUMIP experiments. A global reduction in mean precipitation due to LULCCs can be attributed to relatively equal contributions of changes in evapotranspiration and atmospheric mean circulation over the historical (1995–2014) and future (2080–2099) periods. In contrast, during the top drying month, the precipitation reduction is approximately 2–3 times greater than the multi-year mean change. The dynamic contributor representing the mean circulation change surpasses evapotranspiration as the primary contributor driving the extreme precipitation decrease in the majority of the landscape. The socioeconomic impacts of LULCCs-induced extreme precipitation changes are greater than those of the mean state, especially in the future.

Disentangling the oceanic drivers behind the post-2000 retreat of Sermeq Kujalleq, Greenland (Jakobshavn Isbræ)

Abstract. Ocean temperatures have warmed in the fjords surrounding the Greenland Ice Sheet, causing increased melt along their ice fronts and rapid glacier retreat and contributing to rising global sea levels. However, there are many physical mechanisms that can mediate the glacier response to ocean warming and variability. Warm ocean waters can directly cause melt at horizontal and vertical ice interfaces or promote iceberg calving by weakening proglacial melange or undercutting the glacier front. Sermeq Kujalleq (also known as Jakobshavn Isbræ) is the largest and fastest glacier in Greenland and has undergone substantial retreat, which started in the late 1990s. In this study, we use an ensemble modeling approach to disentangle the dominant mechanisms that drive the retreat of Sermeq Kujalleq. Within this ensemble, we vary the sensitivity of three different glaciological parameters to ocean temperature: frontal melt, subshelf melt, and a calving-stress threshold. Comparing results to the observed retreat behavior from 1985 to 2018, we select a best-fitting simulation which reproduces the observed retreat well. In this simulation, the arrival of warm water at the front of Sermeq Kujalleq in the late 1990s led to enhanced rates of subshelf melt, triggering the disintegration of the floating ice tongue over a decade. The recession of the calving front into a substantially deeper bed trough around 2010 accelerated the calving-driven retreat, which continued nearly unabated despite local ocean cooling in 2016. An extended ensemble of simulations with varying calving thresholds shows evidence of hysteresis in the calving rate, which can only be inhibited by a substantial increase in the calving-stress threshold beyond the values suggested for the historical period. Our findings indicate that accurate simulation of rapid calving-driven glacier retreats requires more sophisticated models of iceberg mélange and calving evolution coupled to ice flow models.

Lexical Stratification in 20th-Century Croatian Children's Poetry

Aim: Using selected works from the corpus of 20th-century Croatian children’s poetry, this study aims to demonstrate how Croatian has been consciously inherited and preserved and how the standard language keeps developing across different lexical layers. The analyzed works belong to the sixth stage of the Croatian language history, spanning the entire 20th century. This period is marked by the consoli-dation of the key features of the standard language, codi-fied by normative manuals aligned with the doctrines of Croatian Vukovians. The focus is on analyzing the relation-ship between the literary functional style and the standard Croatian language, highlighting the significant influence of literary works on the development of standard Croatian.Methods: The analysis encompassed poems by four nota-ble 20th-century Croatian children’s poets – Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Vesna Parun, Zvonimir Balog, and Luko Paljetak. Lexical stratification was examined using normative manu-als from the relevant historical periods and modern Croatian dictionaries, both synchronic and diachronic descriptions are provided. The methodological framework divides the vo-cabulary into temporal, regional, and functional layers.Results: The findings revealed temporal, regional, and func-tional strata of Croatian vocabulary. The study demonstra ted the connection between the poetic language of the analyzed works and earlier Croatian literary and linguistic tradition, uncovered dialectal influences in two of the authors, and shed light on linguistic innovation in line with the principle of elastic stability. Compared to the literature of the first half of the 20th century, in the latter half, there was a shift away from passive vocabulary, with a more pronounced prefer-ence for lexical innovation and neologisms.Conclusions: 20th-century Croatian children’s poetry exem-plifies a synthesis between tradition and innovation. While drawing upon the literary and linguistic foundations es-tablished over centuries, the authors of selected works en-rich the standard language through imaginative wordplay, creative word formation, and diverse stylistic approaches. These findings validate the viability of Croatian as a literary medium, confirming that literary works have always been the guardians of the lexicon, emphasizing the interaction between linguistic heritage and contemporary expression, while maintaining its distinct identity.

NATIONAL TRADITIONS OF DIPLOMACY AS THE KEY TO UKRAINE'S REVIVAL

The aim of this paper is to prove the hypothesis: the national expierience of Ukraine’sDiplomacy is a bases of future revival of Ukrainean State. The author examined all stages ofthe development of Ukraine’s diplomacy: from Kievan Rus to the nowadays. Chekalenko Liudmylaproved main concept of historical periodization of this process. The main idea of authoris based on a principally important concept of the formation and development of the foreignpolicy paradigm of Ukraine during a significant historical period of Ukrainian statehood. Ourstate, same as its policy, originates from the Trypillya culture, develops through the Skiff eraand forms a powerful Kyievan Rus.The author proved that the roots of tolerance, respect for each other, non-interference inthe internal affairs of other states, diplomatic protocol, etc. have been laid in Ukrainian diplomacysince ancient times in the Byzantine Empire.This is in those times that not only the general concept of the world and human existencebut also the principles of international existence, patriotism, humanism, tolerance, conventionalrelations and diplomacy by Bizantic influence were formed on our lands. Next period that coversthe times of Cossack State contains a lot of elements of the statehood and foreign policyactivity of those times that were inherited and developed by the Cossack Army.Ukrainian Diplomacy during the Cossack state period, according to the author, initiatedthe military foundations of diplomatic means and foreign policy decisions. The author came tothis conclusion after analyzing numerous documents from the era of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi'shetmanship.The period of the years 1917–1920 is marked by the struggle for the independence of theUkrainian state, civilized entrance into the world of international relations, use of diplomaticmeans and methods to defend the Ukrainian interests. The article proves that the Diplomacy ofUkraine in 1917–1920 acquired signs of Europeanness and modernity, which meets the criteria of international law laid down in the diplomatic foundation of the development of the state'sforeign policy structures.In the period of Soviet existence, the forms of international activity of Ukraine withinthe USSR were being under review. Ukraine was deprived of its own foreign policy and diplomacy,and was completely dependent on Moscow. Unfortunately, at that times Ukraine wasmore often not a subject but object of the foreign policy and deplomacy in the above-mentionedperiods when the овідаєThe problem was compounded by the fact that throughout the centuries of its rule, theRussian Empire did not recognize the existence of the Ukrainian people and Ukraine, its culture,language, and traditions. The tsarist centuries were supplemented by 70 years of Sovietpower, when the communist party ruled the U.S.S.R. Textbooks were written specifically aboutthe history of the Soviet russia and not about Ukraine. Only with the independence of Ukrainedid it become possible to write and publish our own Ukrainian textbooks about the objectivehistory of our people.

Tierra agrícola y agua de riego: transformaciones históricas de acceso y manejo en el norte de Mexquitic, San Luis Potosí

Objective: Analyzing the management of agricultural land and irrigation water historical transformations in the La Parada-Justino-Bocas river basin and their social impacts at north of Mexquitic, San Luis Potosí. Methodology: Ethnographic work, bibliographic review, and archive consultation with a political ecology approach for the processual analysis. Results: Four key periods that affected the access and management of resources were examined: 1) the Tlaxcalan founding of Mexquitic and the dispossession of communal resources by hacendados to maximize their corporate interests (1591-1900); 2) the haciendas La Parada and San José del Corte dismantling for agrarian distribution (1900-1929); 3) the ejidal agricultural bonanza with resources overexploitation for commercialization (1930-1976); 4) the worsening drought in parallel with neoliberal reforms with uncertain impacts (1977-2023). Value: The analysis explains the settlement and the use of resources in a place in the Potosino plateau. Limitations: The study generalizes and synthesizes more complex historical periods. Conclusions: Persistence of unequal power relations. Local and external family elites have monopolized and overexploited resources and subordinate people throughout different historical periods.

Shape and drilling technology of semi-precious stone beads in National Museum Somdet Phra Narai, Lopburi

This article aims to investigate the shapes and drilling technologies of semi-precious stone beads that are displayed in Somdet Phra Narai National Museum, Lopburi. Three types of semi-precious stone beads are inspected: 1) carnelian beads, 2) agate beads and 3) greenstone beads. The methods carried out for the inspection include making silicone impressions of the drill holes of the beads and examining them under scanning electron microscope. The identification of drilling technologies is supported by comparisons between drill holes of beads during early Historic period in South Asia. The result shows that the carnelian and agate beads share similar shapes and drilling technique to carnelian and agate beads that were found in South Asia contemporary to the Iron age in Thailand, which was approximately 1500-2500 years ago. On the other hand, most greenstone beads show different shapes and drilling technique. Such differences may suggest that different workshop traditions. This study reveals data that have hitherto not been investigated. The resulting data can be used as a database for work related to ancient stone beads in Thailand.

Documenting Ancient Materials for a Digital Materials Library Project. The Case of Three World Heritage Sites in Algeria

ABSTRACT Interventions on built and archaeological heritage require a comprehensive understanding of all its components, particularly the building materials used and the construction techniques employed. To assist various stakeholders involved in restoration and reconstruction efforts, a Digital Materials Library (DML) dedicated to the Algerian heritage is being developed. This tool will serve as a knowledge system, covering ancient materials from different regions and historical periods. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodological framework for identifying the most common materials used during the Roman period in Algeria. The study, based on an analysis of three ancient sites — Timgad, Djemila, and Tipaza — led to the identification of a range of materials that have been categorized into three major families: Clay-based materials, natural mineral stones, and wood. The discussion explores different applications of these materials, drawing from on-site observations of existing examples and reliable sources. It also examines the origin of materials, both local and imported, shedding light on the trade networks that linked these sites to material sources. Finally, the article considers the current availability of certain replacement materials, which is crucial for future reconstruction efforts.

Inadequacies in the representation of sub-seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in Earth system models

Abstract. Sub-seasonal phytoplankton dynamics on timescales between 8 d and 3 months significantly contribute to annual fluctuations, making it essential to accurately represent this variability in ocean models to avoid distorting long-term trends. This study assesses the capability of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to reproduce sub-seasonal surface ocean phytoplankton variations observed in ocean colour satellite data. Our findings reveal that, unlike sea surface temperature, all models struggle to accurately reproduce the total surface ocean phytoplankton variance and its decomposition across sub-seasonal, seasonal and multi-annual timescales. Over the historical period, some models strongly overestimate sub-seasonal variance and exaggerate its role in annual fluctuations, while others underestimate it. Our analysis suggests that underestimation of sub-seasonal variance is likely a consequence of the coarse horizontal resolution of CMIP6 models, which is insufficient to resolve mesoscale processes – a limitation potentially alleviated with higher-resolution models. Conversely, we suggest that the overestimation of sub-seasonal variance is potentially the consequence of intrinsic oscillations such as predator–prey oscillations in certain biogeochemical models. ESMs consistently show a reduction in variance at sub-seasonal and seasonal timescales during the 21st century under high-emission scenarios. The poor capability of CMIP6 models at simulating sub-seasonal chlorophyll dynamics casts doubt on their projections at these temporal scales and multi-annual timescales. This study underscores the need to enhance spatial resolution and constrain intrinsic biogeochemical oscillations to improve projections of ocean phytoplankton dynamics.

Reconstruction of Cropland for the Rikaze Area of China Since the Tubo Dynasty (AD 655)

The reconstruction of cropland across historical periods offers valuable insights into the relationship between climate change and human–environment interactions. By extracting key demographic and tax revenue data from historical documents, we estimated cropland data during the Tubo, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties for the Rikaze area in China. Subsequently, according to the characteristics of cropland fragmentation in the Rikaze area, we employed geographically weighted regression (GWR) to reconstruct the 1 km × 1 km cropland cover datasets across the four dynasties for the Rikaze area. The findings are as follows. The amount of cropland showed that the change in cropland in the Rikaze area in the four periods was extremely high, which reflects the great instability of cropland in the Rikaze area. Under the combined action of social unification, cropland production policies, and a suitable climate, the Tubo dynasty was the most significant period of cropland development in the Rikaze area, with the area of cropland reaching 591,927 mu. However, under the influence of the nomadic regime and harsh climate in the Yuan dynasty, the cropland area was sharply reduced, reaching only 18,338 mu. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the cropland area increased steadily, reaching 200,000 mu and 547,000 mu, respectively. The spatial distribution of cropland shows that the cropland in the Rikaze area is mainly distributed in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, the middle and lower reaches of the Nianchu River, and the Pengqu River Valley. Counties and districts with better agricultural conditions, such as Jiangzi, Bailang, and Renbu, are the main concentration areas of cropland in the Rikaze area. The overall spatial distribution pattern of cropland shows fragmented distribution along rivers, highlighting the characteristics of valley cropland. The research in this paper represents the active exploration of the reconstruction of cropland distribution under complex terrain conditions.

“Uses of History” in Research on Racialized Exclusionary School Discipline

Responding to calls to more deeply engage history in research concerning educational inequalities, the purpose of this study was to understand if and how research on racialized exclusionary school discipline makes use of the past. Drawing on a “uses of history” framework, we analyzed research studies on racialized exclusionary school discipline published between 2000 and 2022. Findings indicated that approximately 60% of articles used history and did so primarily reflective of an “informing” function utilizing select historical periods and events to frame studies of contemporary racialized school discipline. Commonly referenced periods included the 1990s specific to zero tolerance policies, mass incarceration, and the criminalization of Black youth. Articles tended to overlook relevant aspects of earlier 19 th and 20 th century histories. In addition to using history to inform, we also found that articles used history to build “explanatory bridges” that often made tacit, causal arguments connecting historical racial discrimination to that of the present. In contrast, 40% of articles were ahistorical, treating today’s trends as a contemporary issue. Overall, findings indicated that research increasingly recognizes the history of racialized exclusionary school discipline, though the typical timelines omit certain historical periods of relevance, and the uses of history themselves are often limited, with opportunities for more complex analytic use. The “uses of history” within these studies as well as examples of erroneous use, raise further questions as to how non-historians can and ought to engage the history of education in education research. We conclude by discussing contributions to research and suggestions for future applications.

AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİ DƏRSLƏRİNDƏ LEKSİKOQRAFİYANIN TƏDRİSİ

Lexicography deals with both the practice and theory of compiling dictionaries. In dictionaries, various words are arranged and interpreted in a certain order. Dictionaries are compiled in both diachronic and synchronous aspects. In linguistic dictionaries, the existing materials of the language are explained from various aspects depending on the purpose of the dictionary. With the help of dictionaries, it is possible to analyze the ancient and modern forms and meanings of words, and to clarify their use in different historical periods. During the years of independence, rapid development in lexicography by improving national lexicographic traditions attracts attention. Today, lexicography is experiencing a new era, a stage. In recent times, changes have occurred in the compilation of dictionaries due to the emergence of the global Internet. One of the main development directions of modern lexicography is the computerization and electronization of dictionaries. The creation of electronic dictionaries intended for Internet users is a new stage in the development of lexicography. Today, the number of electronic dictionaries that have aroused the interest of modern linguistics is constantly increasing. It is possible to find information in various electronic dictionaries based on existing search systems. Improving the quality of dictionaries is one of the most important tasks facing Azerbaijani linguistics today.

Turkey’s 12 September coup: From trauma to nostalgia

The military coup of 12 September 1980 was one of the most radical moments of transformation in the history of contemporary Turkey. The coup aimed at annihilating the left-wing movement, which was then in its heyday, and took every effort to accomplish this. As a result, the 12 September was a traumatic experience for the generations who experienced it and for large segments of the society beyond. This article scrutinizes how the traumatic coup experience reveals itself as nostalgia in subsequent generations. By discussing the connection between trauma and nostalgia and clarifying the functions nostalgia fulfills in the face of trauma, the article contributes to the intricate debate on the nexus between these two concepts. It historicizes and contextualizes the memory of the coup, with a particular focus on how silence and lacunae characterize it, which significantly contributed to the emergence of nostalgia in subsequent generations by creating a sense of rupture. The article scrutinizes how “soothing and utopian images of the past” are manifested in the social and political imaginaries of the subsequent generations of left-wingers. How the periods before and after 12 September were constructed historically and how subsequent generations imagined the break between these two historical periods are questions directly related to the emergence of nostalgia. Drawing on fieldwork conducted with members of the subsequent generations, the nostalgia of 12 September is scrutinized with an analysis centered around how the 1970s were gloriously and epically grasped and, in connection with this, how a sense of political guilt was internalized by subsequent generations.

Impacts on compound drought heatwave events in Australia per global warming level

Abstract Droughts and heatwaves are amongst the most frequent hazards in Australia. They cause severe impacts to society and the environment, and the magnitude of impacts increase when they are compounded- occurring simultaneously or sequentially. Using CMIP6 projections dynamically downscaled with the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model to a 10 km resolution over Australia, we examine the impact of climate change on compound drought heatwave events (CDHWs). We define droughts using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and for heatwaves use the Excess Heat Factor. In the historical period, most models capture the temperature-precipitation correlation well, however, most fail to capture the observed strengthening of this relationship over time. The models also over-estimate the number of CDHWs. In the historical period, the choice of SPEI or SPI has little impact on CDHWs, however for climate change impacts, using SPEI results in more severe impacts with less uncertainty. Under SSP370, by the end of the century, for SPEI CDHWs, there are around 3 more events/year, versus little change for SPI CDHWs. However, the duration of both events increase by around 3 days. A global warming level (GWL) analysis shows spikes in impacts when moving from 2 to 3°C, with a doubling in the number of SPEI CDHWs for Northern Australia. Moving from 3 to 4°C of warming, the length of SPEI CDHWs increases from 8 to 13 days in Northern Australia. This highlights the urgent need to reduce emissions to avoid more than 2°C of warming. A storyline analysis reveals that even in a wetter future, CDHWs will increase due to increasing temperatures and heatwaves, showing that as the climate warms, CDHWs are likely to increase despite uncertainty in precipitation projections. This research applies a novel approach to examine CDHWs using downscaled climate simulations, considering two drought metrics, GWLs and storylines, offering new insights to disentangle uncertainty in future compound extreme events.

The Impact of Law on Public Discourse and Communication

This paper examines the intricate relationship between legal systems and public discourse, emphasizing how laws both shape and are shaped by communicative practices across different societies and historical periods. By tracing the historical evolution of communication laws—from ancient oral traditions to the complex realities of the internet age—the paper demonstrates how legal frameworks regulate public expression, speech, and media engagement. Key areas of focus include freedom of speech, censorship, defamation, hate speech, social media regulation, and emerging trends in digital communication law. Special attention is given to the power dynamics inherent in communication regulation and the global divergence in legal norms. The study highlights the growing tension between ensuring open communication and protecting societal values, proposing that the law serves as both a constraint and enabler of discourse. Through case studies, international comparisons, and legal theory, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of law in shaping the possibilities and limits of public communication in a rapidly evolving media landscape. Keywords: Communication Law, Public Discourse, Freedom of Speech, Censorship, Defamation, Hate Speech, Social Media Regulation