Historical Note Research Articles

THE ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article is dedicated to the description of the origins of medical terminology. A brief historical note on the earliest written sources that have come down to us starting with Egyptian medical treatises written in hieroglyphs on papyrus is given. The contribution to the development of medical terminology of such great scientists and philosophers of antiquity as Alcmaeon of Croton, Homer, Aristotle, Hippocrates and the followers of his school, the Hippocratics, is considered. The Hippocratics were the first to describe diseases based on observation, and the names given by them to many conditions are still used today. The etymology of the terms introduced by these scientists is given in the article. With the Hellenistic era the names of Herophilus, Erisistratatus are associated. The emergence of the Alexandria Medical school predetermined the development of Medicine for many centuries to come. The article also highlights the processes of term formation that took place in Latin from the 2nd century BC, namely, the borrowing of Greek terms with their subsequent latinization. The mutual influence of Greek and Latin in the process of term formation is considered. The names of Lucretius Kara, Hippocrates, Celsus, Rufus of Ephesus are associated with the Roman period in the history of medical terminology. Throughout the subsequent development of medical science, medical terms of Greek-Latin etymology penetrated into the term systems of national languages, assimilating into them and turning into internationalisms.

Editorial

Dear friends,
 Last year we moved to open editorial software that is hosted by Ljubljana University. We are still adapting to this new address and the new way of work. We apologise for any inconvenience that this move has created and hope to get everything running smoothly as soon as possible.
 Please note that our address is
 https://journals.uni-lj.si/sgj
 We are still working as volunteers and splitting our duties with our younger coworkers. You may have noticed that the administrator has become very strict when articles are not prepared according to the guidelines. To avoid any prolonged delays in getting your article approved, please read the guidelines carefully and make sure to follow them.
 We are still experiencing problems with our reviewers as, unfortunately, many of them have no time to review our submissions. I would like to appeal to you to please help us out. As a specialized journal, we have access to only a limited number of researchers. Let's all make an effort to be a part of the prominent scientific community on the Web of Science and SCOPUS!
 This issue covers a diverse range of content, and as the editor, I particularly enjoyed reading the historical articles. We have an excellent article from Croatia on the development of gymnastics in their country up to the year 1903. The authors are mostly from Brazil, with the rest coming from Slovenia, Portugal, Japan, Turkey, and the USA.
 Anton Gajdoš prepared his 26rd short historical note introducing Eberhard Gienger from Germany.
 Just to remind you, if you cite the journal, its abbreviation in the Web of Knowledge is SCI GYMN J. 
 I wish you enjoyable reading and many new ideas for research projects and articles.
 Ivan Čuk 
 Editor-in-Chief

Historical Notes on the Founding of the Surgical Palliative Care Society.

The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed the emergence of the hospice movement as a response to the increasing medicalization of death and the associated suffering. Palliative care, a term coined by the Canadian urologic surgeon Balfour Mount, represents an expansion of hospice philosophy upstream within the health care system extending to the care of hospitalized patients with life-threatening illnesses. This article offers a brief history of the development of surgical palliative care, i.e., palliative care directed specifically toward relief of suffering associated with serious surgical illnesses and culminating in the formation of the Surgical Palliative Care Society.

МАТЕРИАЛЫ АРХИВНЫХ ФОНДОВ О ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА ОХРАНЫ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ. 1965–1980-Е ГОДЫ

The article presents a review of Russian archival funds related to the protection of historical and cultural heritage and the activities of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (hereinafter VOOPIK, or the Society). The study is based on materials from various state organizations, including the State Ar-chive of the Russian Federation (GARF), the Perm State Archive of Socio-Political History (PermGASPI), the State Archive of the Perm Krai (GAPK), the Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Oblast (CDOOSO), the United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Oblast (OGACHO), and the Perm Museum of Local Lore (PKM). The relevance of the study lies in the growing interest of the state, academia and society in both grassroots activism and mass voluntary organizations in the late Soviet Union. The Soviet experience is particularly valuable as many of its initiatives are being revisited in contemporary Russian reality. The main basis for Soviet studies are ar-chival sources, which are regularly introduced into academic circulation. The aim of the article is to study and classi-fy archival sources on the above topic. In addition to the review, the article provides a brief historiographical over-view of the problem's research status, as well as a historical note on the activities of the VOOPIK. The author identi-fies several types of sources in archival funds and provides a brief description of each. An important role in studying the activity of Soviet mass organizations is played by the determination of the levels of research – from the republi-can (RSFSR) to regional (oblast, krai, ASSR) and grassroots (district, city) levels. This division justifies the use of both central and regional archives, as the archival sources from Central Archive (GARF) provide an understanding of the specifics of the functioning of the central apparatus of the VOOPIK, while the sources of regional archives recre-ate a picture of activism on “grassroots level” where the main productive activities of the Society took place. When using archives of different levels, one can change the optics of research and study VOOPIK from different angles. The study pays particular attention to the “Letters to VOOPIK” written by Soviet citizens to authorities, media, and voluntary organizations regarding the protection of historical and cultural heritage. These letters, which were a com-mon practice in Soviet everyday life, can shed light on the motives and goals of the activists.

The Department of Civil Engineering, UWI St. Augustine: A Historical Note of 1972-2001

This paper is a continuation of a history of the Department of Civil Engineering at The University of the West Indies (UWI) at St. Augustine. It thus extends an account of its formative decade 1961-1971 previously published (in 2013) in The West Indian Journal of Engineering. The three subsequent decades covered herein encompass milestones, and transformations: (a) beginning of graduate level research, (b) commencement of an MSc programme in Construction Engineering and Management, (c) change of name from Civil to ‘Civil and Environmental’ for embracing the heightened awareness of environmental concerns, (d) relocation into a purpose-built building with a floor space of approximately 5,000 m2, (e) construction of new environmental engineering, engineering geology, highway engineering, soil mechanics and structural engineering laboratories, (f) expansion and modernisation of the fluid mechanics laboratory, and (g) introduction of the semester system with its credit-based curriculum and assessment. Besides, there was a fivefold increase in student enrolment, followed by a sharp decline, and an increase in academic staff strength from six to twenty. This period also witnessed a gradual loss of regional diversity of its undergraduate students from a high of approximately 50 % in 1972 to less than 10% in 2001. On the other hand, there was a notable, and opposite, change in gender (female/male) ratio among the students – from less than 10%/90% in 1972 to approximately 50%/50% in 2001. Finally, the accreditation of the department’s degree programmes by the Engineering Council in the United Kingdom (UK), as well as the triennial visit of overseas external examiners, inherited from its inception, were maintained. Keywords: Civil Engineering; Coastal Engineering; Environmental Engineering; Education; History; University; West Indies

Youth Village Hedenesse: The Rise and Demise of a Progressive Youth Initiative

:This brief historical note chronicles the emergence of "Hedenesse," a self-governing youth village in West Zeeuws-Flanders, The Netherlands, after World War II. A short background sketch leads into a description of the repurposing of a cluster of bunkers and a summary of principles that underpinned the youth village. The next section profiles the participating youth and the activities they undertook. The conclusion points to the reason for the youth village's demise and its lesson of demonstrating the importance of long-lasting support for the viability of innovative youth initiatives.

Blots and brains. A note on the centenary of Hermann Rorschach's death.

This historical note is a commemorial of Rorschach, the person, and Rorschach the test. Hermann Rorschach died 100 years ago, not quite a year after the publication of his book containing the 10 inkblots. These have reached an iconic status, but the "Rorschach Test" as used in psychiatry, legal organizations and aptitude assessments is not quite what Hermann Rorschach designed it for in the first line. A first section of this article introduces Hermann Rorschach as a man with very broad interests and an inclination to ask cognitive science questions that are still challenging today. A second section provides a critical summary of the fate of the ten inkblots after Rorschach's death - how they conquered the whole world in a time with a pronouced "psychometric attitude", and also how they failed in some attempts to measure personality traits in special populations. A final section focuses on recent research on one particular aspect of a testee's associations to the inkblots: "movement responses", i.e. the perception of implied motion. Here, neural and behavioral correlates have been demonstrated by modern neuroimaging techniques. One study, which set out to validate both the Rorschach as a personality test and the view that the two cerebral hemispheres correspond to divergent "personalities" is also summarized. The viewpoint concludes by suggesting that future work with inkblots should consider Rorschach's original intention to use inkblots to uncover basic laws of perception. Modern applications of computer-generated pseudorandom stimuli (random dot arrays or stochastic noise) would have been embraced by Hermann Rorschach as he appreciated the impact of visual noise for the study of vision and visual cognition.

EDITORIAL

Dear friends,
 
 We are all eagerly waiting the Olympic Games in Tokyo. In the meantime, you can enjoy our first issue of Science of Gymnastics Journal this year. We have entered the thirteenth year of publication. Let’s hope this number will bring us good luck!
 
 In this issue we have many interesting articles. The first is by William Sands and his colleagues. They tried to answer the big question whether gymnastics is rising or sinking. It opens questions we need to consider, including whether to pursue the Olympic motto Faster, Higher, Stronger or perhaps “a healthy mind in a healthy body” is a worthy goal too.
 
 There is a wide spectrum of other important research projects that our authors from many different parts of the world contributed. We are proud of our diversity and the range our authors cover.
 
 We also have a small anniversary, i.e., this issue presents Anton Gajdoš’s 20th short historical note, introducing two German gymnasts, Alfred Schwarzmann (Olympic all-around champion ) and Walter Stefans, who were both members of the winning team at the OG in Berlin 1936.
 
 From our June issue onward, we will add a DOI number to each article as the University of Ljubljana and our Faculty of Sport have been authorized to generate DOI.
 
 We strongly recommend all authors to use Grammarly or Instatext (you can find them using any search engine on the internet) before sending their manuscript to the editor. Both tools are free and can improve your writing.
 
 Just a reminder that if you cite the journal, its abbreviation in the Web of Knowledge is SCI GYMN J.
 
 I wish you enjoyable reading and many ideas for new research projects and articles,

A historical note on the complexity of scheduling problems

In 1972 E.M. Livshits and V.I. Rublinetsky published a paper in Russian, in which they presented linear-time reductions of the partition problem to a number of scheduling problems. Unaware of complexity theory, they argued that, since partition is not known to have a simple algorithm, one cannot expect to find simple algorithms for these scheduling problems either. Their work did not go completely unnoticed, but it received little recognition. We describe the approach and review the results.

Perspective and retrospective of the Indian Social Science Academy, Allahabad, India

We present here a brief historical note on the Indian Social Science Academy (ISSA), Allahabad, the only academy for social sciences in India. This academy has been established in 1974 at Allahabad, India. The aim of this note is to bring out information about the history of the ISSA and its academic activities to the scientists, educationists, researchers, engineers and policy makers during this 75th year of our independence.

Closed-form expressions to Gompertz-Makeham life expectancies: a historical note

Results well known in the actuarial community about closed-form expressions to Gompertz and Gompertz-Makeham life expectancies for a person aged x are still being independently rediscovered to this day. This note seeks to acknowledge previous results about closed-form expressions to Gompertz-Makeham life expectancies, especially in the actuarial science field, hoping to stimulate interdisciplinarity and provide the background for further developments, especially since the derivation of closed-form expressions for life expectancy (and annuities) based on particular mortality laws are matters of interest for multiple fields such as actuarial science, biology, demography, statistics among others.

Retracted Article: Islamic Psychology: Historical Notes from Herbert George Wells (1866–1946)

AbstractIslamic psychology, the science of the nafs (“self” or “psyche”), is the medical and philosophical study of the psyche from an Islamic perspective and addresses topics in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and psychiatry as well as psychosomatic medicine. There are many studies of many early Muslim and non-Muslim scholars on Islamic psychology. In this article, we present Herbert George Wells' (1866–1946) opinions about Islamic psychology to attract attention to the importance of Islamic psychology on human and community health. Wells wrote the following in his books: Islam was full of the spirit of kindliness, generosity, and brotherhood; it was a simple and understandable religion. Islam appeals to no revelation, no authoritative teaching, and no mystery. The statement it makes is, it declares, a mere statement of what we may all perceive and experience. Islam prevailed because it was the best social and political order the times could offer. It was the broadest, freshest, and cleanest political idea that had yet come into actual activity in the world, and it offered better terms than any other to the mass of mankind. Islam swept for a time across the Mediterranean scene, with very considerable reactions upon medieval science and thought. Islam was never saddled with a creed. With the very name “Islam” (submission to Allah), there is no quarrel for those who hold the new faith. Based on the studies of early Eastern and Western scholars, we strongly believe that Islamic psychology should be integrated with modern medical practices. For this purpose, we think that health professionals should be informed on Islamic psychology and it should raise awareness about the importance of Islamic psychology on human and community health.

Editorial

Dear friends,
 In June we moved to open editorial software that is hosted by Ljubljana University. We are still adapting to this new address and the new way of work. We apologise for any inconvenience that this move has created and hope to get everything running smoothly by the end of this year.
 Please note that our new address is
 https://journals.uni-lj.si/sgj
 There has been news from the Web of Science recently: our journal has been evaluated in the Journal Citations Reports. The full report is available at the end of the Journal. As far as we understand it, a report in the JCR is the first step towards calculating the impact factor of a journal. Our results are not spectacular, we will be placed in the 4th quarter (Q4), but to be placed alone is a huge success on its own. Perhaps our articles are like wine, the older they are the more citations they gain.
 By the way, in SCOPUS by SNIP we are in the third quarter, very close to the second.
 We are still experiencing problems with reviewers, as unfortunately many have no time. Allow me to appeal to you to please help out! We are running a very specialised journal and have access to only limited numbers of researchers. Let us all make an effort to be part of the prominent scientific community on the Web of Science and in SCOPUS!
 This issue is mostly dedicated to rhythmic gymnastics with six articles focusing on it. The rest are articles on artistic gymnastics and physical education. Authors are again from all around the world: Tunisia, Oman, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Brazil, Czechia, Turkey, Croatia, USA and Greece. 
 The first World Championship in parkour in Japan was historic. It would be great to have a paper on this new gymnastics sport discipline.
 Anton Gajdoš prepared his 25rd short historical note introducing Shigeru Kasamatsu from Japan.
 Just to remind you, if you cite the journal, its abbreviation in the Web of Knowledge is
 SCI GYMN J. 
 I wish you enjoyable reading and many new ideas for research projects and articles.

We Need to Talk about Kekulé: The 150th Anniversary of the Benzene Structure

AbstractAlthough the paper published by Kekulé in 1865 is generally accepted as the seminal document regarding the elucidation of the structure of benzene, it was not for another seven years that Kekulé introduced a “collision theory” which, in his view, made the 1,3,5‐cyclohexatriene formulation at last acceptable. 2022 is therefore an appropriate year to celebrate the 150th anniversary of his proposal. The present Perspective focusses in particular on how Kekulé’s mind has evolved during that short period of time. After a short introduction, followed by a historical note about the emergence of aromatic chemistry and the role of Kekulé as founder of structural organic chemistry, this Perspective discloses in three chapters the step‐by‐step unveiling of the 1,3,5‐cyclohexatriene structure and focusses on Kekulé’s own dubiety about this formula. Eventually, in 1872 Kekulé’s benzene saga is completed in the article in which he discloses his final theory on the structure of benzene. In the last section, a short review is presented on the later quest for a fully symmetric single‐formula representation of benzene.

Historical note: Horace Dobell's report of cystic fibrosis in 1872

In 1872, Horace Dobell, a respected Victorian physician, described the key features of cystic fibrosis, with pancreatic insufficiency, pulmonary disease, and familial recurrence, plus effective treatment of steatorrhea with a pancreatic extract, and was aware of the combination of digestive and pulmonary disease in the pediatric population! This antedated modern descriptions of the full disorder by over 60 years.

Editorials

Dear friends,
 We hoped COVID-19 would leave us without any serious consequences; however, ScholarOne, the manager of the editorial program we used for many years, has increased their prices so much that we can no longer afford them. In an effort to find a more cost-effective solution, we moved to a new open-source editorial software that is managed by the Ljubljana University. This move required a huge amount of work and means a NEW ADDRESS as well as some delays on the way. We apologise for any inconvenience and hope to get everything running smoothly again by the end of the year. 
 Our journal can now be found at this new address:
 
 https://journals.uni-lj.si/sgj
 
 The first article - a case study from Brazil - is about an Olympic champion on rings and his preparation strategy to achieve his goals. Very interesting reading! Even though it provides no scientific evidence to explain why he won at the OG, we decided to publish the article. In our view, such outstanding results are closely related to athlete's personal characteristics and abilities which are difficult to quantify. What we also want to emphasise with this article is planning. Many coaches work without proper planning, whereas here we have an example of good planing. Once we have more knowledge about how gymnasts won their titles, meta analyses will probably help us determine the data that define success. Let us just say this is the first step on this path.
 Other contributing authors in this issue come from Germany, Serbia, Poland, Slovakia, China, USA, South Korea, Spain and Greece. Again, many different aspects of gymnastics are presented.
 There are also new challenges for researchers. In the middle of October, Flavio Bessi organised International Freiburg Gymnastics Congress online. You can find it at https://www.sport.uni-freiburg.de/en/events/international-gymnastics-congress.
 Anton Gajdoš drafted the 24rd short historical note introducing Aljaž Pegan from Slovenia.
 Just to remind you, if you cite the journal, its abbreviation in the Web of Knowledge is
 SCI GYMN J. 
 I wish you enjoyable reading and many new ideas for research projects and articles. 
 Editor-in-Chief

A Note on the SEC's Decision in 1964 to Remove Differences between Its Filing Requirements and Companies' Annual Reports to Shareholders

ABSTRACT This historical note explains the background and impact of the decision in 1964 by the Securities and Exchange Commission to amend its proxy rules to require substantial conformance between the accounting practices in its filing requirements and those in registrants' annual reports sent to shareholders.

Some Historical Notes about Basil Ujarmel

Some Historical Notes about Basil Ujarmel

Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Updated Classification Based on Clinical Hallmarks.

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as progressive, combined cardiac and renal dysfunction. In this mini review, a historical note on CRS is presented, the pathomechanisms and clinical hallmarks of both chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease are discussed, and an updated classification of CRS is proposed. The current consensus classification relies on the assumed etiology and the course of the disease, i.e., acute or chronic CRS. Five types are described: type-I CRS presenting as acute cardiac failure leading to acute renal failure; type-II CRS presenting as chronic cardiac failure leading to chronic renal failure; type-III CRS presenting as acute kidney injury aggravating heart failure; type-IV CRS presenting as chronic kidney failure aggravating heart failure; and type-V CRS presenting as concurrent, chronic cardiac and renal failure. For an updated classification, information on the presence or absence of valvular heart disease and on the presence of hyper- or hypovolemia is added. Thus, CRS is specified as “acute” (type-I, type-III or type-V CRS) or “chronic” (type-II, type-IV or type-V) CRS, as “valvular” or “nonvalvular” CRS, and as “hyper-” or “hypovolemia-associated” CRS if euvolemia is absent. To enable the use of this updated classification, validation studies are mandated.

Institution building and leadership in nutrition in Indonesia up to the 1980s -- A historical note

Institution building and leadership in nutrition in Indonesia up to the 1980s -- A historical note